The indices of rapid assessment of forest health (RAFH) were given and their rationalities were tested based on BP neural networks in terms of convergence effects of BP networks established according to pattern recognition of training data and the consistency tests between simulation outputs and expected outputs with three methods including percent error, linear regression and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency. The results of convergence effects showed that the networks could converge properly with 16 or more neurons in hidden layer, which indicated that there was a significant, nonlinear correlation between the inputs derived from training data values of 3 indices consisting of stand structure, severity of pest and disease and soil thickness and the target outputs resulting from precision assessment of forest health (PAFH). The reults of consistency tests demonstrated with mean relative error (-6.140 9%), the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (0.905 4) as well as the slope (α=0.968 3) and the intercept (b=0.049 0) of the regression equation indicated high consistency between simulation outputs and excepted outputs. Therefore, stand structure, severity of pest and disease and soil thickness could be considered as indices of rapid assessment of forest health (RAFH).

The eco-geographic distribution and coenologly characteristics of Cupressus gigantea were systematically studied. The results show that the barred and discrete distribution of C. gigantean is narrow only along the riversides of Yalutsangpo; Habitats of four C. gigantea populatiors overed three horizontal distributions zone of the humid, the sub-humid and the semi-arid. The communities of C. gigantea consist of 130 species of diodophyte plants originating from 106 genera and 43 families with significantly ancient and complex characteristics; Many plants in these communities with typical properties Tibet or Himalayas specific. C. gigantea is a uni-predominant species in the arbor layer, microphyll and simple leaf hemicryptophytes are dominated in the shrub and grass layers. The structure of plant communities tends toward simple and the plant composition ture to sparse from the sub-humid to the semi-arid zone .

The experiments were performed in Hengtoushan Forest Farm and Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province. The long, perceptible ring and missing ring of knots were analyzed for Pinus sylvertris var. mongolica plantation. The results showed that the long of knots ranged from 2 to 32 years (mean value is 12.3) and perceptible ring of knots ranged from 1 to 25 (mean value is 7.9) for P. sylvertris var. mongolica plantation. Most dead branches (or knots) (99.8%) have missing rings and the number of missing rings ranged from 0 to 22 (mean value is 4.4). There were 88.6% of all the knots have 1～7 missing rings and only 11.2% of all the knots have more missing rings (over 7). The phenomenon of missing ring for knots in the stand below 30 years was not obvious, but the number of missing rings increased rapidly with stand age increasing. The number of knots that have missing rings decreased with the increasing of knot height, but the long, perceptible ring and missing ring of knots increased with the increasing of knot height then reach a balance status after the peak value. The relationship between the number of ring and long of knots was positive linear. The missing rings increased with the increasing of knots long. The mean value of missing ring increased with the increasing of DBH and decreased with the increasing of crown width. The results of this research could provide the theory foundation of manual pruning for P. sylvertris var. mongolica plantation.

Emmenopterys henryi, an endemic species in China, is one of the grade Ⅱ rare and endangered plants for the National Key Conservation. The method of tally was used to analyze the field data in 9 different habitats. The structure and patterns of E. henryi were examined by applying the spatial difference substituting for temporal change. The distribution patterns of E. henryi were discussed on the basis of assembling intensity indexes,such as Variance/ mean,negative binomial distribution,mean crowding and index of patchiness. The results showed that there was comparability in the size-class structure of E. henryi in different habitats. All the populations showed a declining trend because of the lack of seedlings. The pattern scale of all the populations was 8～32 m². The distributions of the populations were mostly clumped. The patterns of saplings were clumped. However,they were the random distribution on the stages of middle and large trees. At last,protection measures were proposed. Firstly,the corresponding measure should be taken to protect the mother tree. Otherwise,the study on the dynamic of seed to seedling should be strengthened.

In the paper, LB10-D200 lidar was used to continuously monitoring the atmosphere in Beijing during the April, 2006, and then to analyzed the collected data to reveal the vertical structure and movement of dust atmosphere. The E-BAM dust monitoring instrument, AERONET, MODIS and DREAM models were used to compare and analyze. The result was that: There were 10 days in April with the AOT more than 1,the highest reached 4. The results were consistent between lidar data and other monitoring methods. Lidar results could present the spatial-time structure of vertical dust layers. The dust AOT contributed about 60%～80% to the whole AOT.

Change patterns of each ecological factor,such as spatial and periodic distribution of wind, sun light and temperature, redistribution of precipitation, are closely relate to canopy closure in stand forest. To properly estimate the distribution of canopy closure is a foundation of recognizing and utilizing ecological service function of forest. Due to the complexity of objective world and uncertainty of remote sensing data,we don't always find out the variables that significantly impact the estimation of canopy closure but in term of common sense select sufficient variables to analyze. In this paper,Bootstrap approach based on partial least squares regression and RMS_q principle based on least squares estimate were used to find out optimal variables to construct the estimation model of canopy closure. The results showed using the Bootstrap approach attributed to improve the estimation precision of regression models. Additionally,despite of more variables, the Bootstrap approach worked on well while the RMS_q carried out slowly.

Physiological and biochemical indexes of detached leaves of Pseudosasa japonica which treated with different doses of Hg~ 2+ and certain doses of La³⁺ were determined in order to study regulating effects of La³⁺ on physiological response of bamboo leaves and the relationship between La³⁺ and polyamine metabolism under Hg²⁺ stress. The results showed that the accession of cell membrane permeability and the descent of chlorophyll and protein content were inhibited obviously in the presence of 0.25 mg·L^-1 La(NO₃)₃ under 10 mg·L^-1 mercury bichloride stress,and the damage of leaves was relieved noticeably. Under 50 mg·L^-1 mercury bichloride stress,La³⁺ had no significant influence on relieving the damage of leaves. While Under 200 mg·L^-1 mercury bichloride stress,synergistic effect of La³⁺ and Hg²⁺ appeared,La³⁺ even aggravated the damage of leaves. La³⁺ could also increase SOD activity and inhibit the elevation of POD activity,keep stabilizing of protective enzymes under 10 mg·L^-1 mercury bichloride stress. Alleviative effect of La³⁺ on mercury toxicity of P. japonica leaves was likely related with polyamine metabolism. La³⁺ treatment could promote noticeably endogenous putrescine (Put)、spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) content of leaves under 10 mg·L^-1 mercury bichloride stress,which coincided with alleviative effect of La³⁺ ,and presented obviously positive correlation with the change of SOD activity. The study suggested that increasing of endogenous polyamine content was likely a pattern of alleviative effect of La³⁺ on mercury toxicity,and polyamines exerted positive effects on reducing injury of leaves under Hg~ 2+ stress.

The effects of three fire treatments of T1 (leaf burn),T2 (branch burn) and T3 (stem burn) on net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,water use efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for young leaves of Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica and Quercus mongolica saplings were studied in this research. The results were shown as follows: 1) All net photosynthetic rates of young leaves of three tree species,except Q. mongolica whose net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased after T3 treatment,significantly increased after three fire treatments. 2) The water use efficiency of new leaves for Q. mongolica significantly decreased after T1 and T2 treatments,for F. mandshurica significantly increased after T1 treatment and there was no clear change for J. mandshurica after three treatments. 3) There was significant increase of new leaves' transpiration rate for Q. mongolica after T1 and T2 treatments,but no clear changes for F. mandshurica and J. mandshurica. 4) There were no regular change patterns of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for new leaves of three tree species. The results indicated that the influences of fires on net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of young leaves related to the parts of burning and the fire-resistant capacity of saplings. The burning of some tree species will stimulate the tree's growth.

RAPD markers were used to characterize the genetic diversity and relationships among 182 elite genotypes selected from second-generation trials as breeds for advanced generation breeding in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Twenty-nine 10-mer primers generated a total of 311 fragments,245 (78.8%) of which were polymorphic. Cluster analyses allowed for all 182 genotypes to be grouped into 11 clusters. AMOVA analyses showed that a high proportion (96.8%) of total genetic diversity resided within the field trials from which the elite genotypes were selected,whereas genetic diversity among field trials was low but significant (Φ_st =0.032,P<0.001). These results demonstrate that high levels of genetic diversity exist within the second-generation breeding population of Chinese Fir and hence suggest that there is good potential for genetic gains from further breeding.

In order to shorten the vegetative growth period and provide fine conditions for hybridization breeding of Paulownia plants, the effect of combinations of phytohormone and sucrose in the MS media and temperature on in vitro flowering of Paulownia australis, P. fortunei and P. elongata was investigated. The results indicated that the highest percentage of P. australis and P. fortunei in vitro flowering might reach 90% and 95% under the condition of 15 ℃ culture temperature, 50 g·L^-1 sucrose and MS+0.9 mg·L^-1 NAA+12 mg·L^-1 ZT or MS+1.2 mg·L^-1 NAA+10 mg·L^-1 ZT medium respectively, and that of P. elongata 93.3% under 25 ℃ culture temperature, 50 g·L^-1 surcose and MS+1.2 mg·L^-1 NAA+10 mg·L^-1 ZT medium.

Ten pairs of AFLP primers were screened out and used for the analysis of forty-four clones, which came from twenty species and hybrids of five sections in Populus. Percentage of polymorphism fragments produced by each pair of AFLP primer was 100%. All these data indicated that considerable genetic variation existed among species and clones at DNA level. Using UPGMA cluster analysis from AFLP data,molecular genetic distances among sections, species, and clones were calculated, and the relationship among them was described quantitatively. Compared with the classical taxonomy,the result of cluster analysis among sections was consistent completely, and the results of cluster analysis among intrasectional species and intraspecies clones were basically similar. We built DNA fingerprint of the 44 Populus genotypes. In this fingerprint, every plant has its own band. Finally, the feasibility of selecting and mating parents and early selection of progenies were discussed based on the results of molecular markers.

Cuttings propagation technology and related oxidase changes of Corylus avellana Barcelona were studied with media and auxin comparison experiments. The dynamic change of activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) during rooting were also investigated. The results showed that only the mixed media can enhance the percentage of cuttings rooting in the media experiment. Rooting percentage of cutting with 200×10^-6 IBA treatment was 60%, rooting percentage of cutting with 200×10^-6 α-NAA or ABT₁ treatment was 15% and 20%, the cuttings of control did not root. The adventitious rooting displayed three distinct phases I.e. induction, expression and elongation. The peroxidase activity in IBA-treated cuttings increased during induction and expression phase declined in the elongation phase. There were two peaks of the POD activity respectively on the 20th and 60th during rooting, Polyphenol oxidase activity in IBA-treated cuttings increased during induction phase, and then declined slowly during expression and elongation phases. Indoleacetic acid oxidase activity of IBA-treated cuttings increased slowly during induction phase and then increased sharply during expression phases and decreased during elongation phases.

The pollen grains of wild Rosa rugosa from Shandong (MP, RCH), Liaoning (ZHH) and Jilin province (HCW, HCN, HCP) were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that the pollen grains of wild Rosa rugosa were prolate or perprolate, and their equatarial view was long ellipse, long ellipse leaning toward rectangle or ellipse leaning toward spindle and the polar view was 3-labed-rounded, the two poles were plane or embowed. They all had 3 colposates which annularly distributed in equal space, and the pollens belonged to N₃P₄C₅ model. The sculptural type of the wild Rosa rugosa was striate-foveolate with many stripes and tectum punctures in the exine sculptures. It was worth to note that the morphology and distribution of the stripes and punctures were markedly different among 6 wild materials, and the exine sculpture could be the important evidence for classification and identification of wild Rosa rugosa. The clustering analysis of the pollen characteristics suggested that the relationship between HCW and HCN was close, as well as MP, ZHH and RCH, whereas the relationship between HCP and the other 5 wild materials were very distant. Finally, the origin and evolution of wild Rosa rugosa in china were discussed in terms of the clustering result and the evolution rules of botanic pollen.

The shell structure indexes (seal grade, thickness, density, mechanical strength and cell diameter of shell) and kernel qualities (rate of wormed nut, rate of dissilient nut, kernel ratio, kernel colour, MDA content) of different cultivars in walnut (Juglans regia) were studied. Correlation between structure indexes and kernel qualities was analysis showed that there were significant correlations among the structure indexes, which were also significantly correlated with the kernel qualities. The tighter seal grade was and the thicker the shell was the lower the strain rate, rate of dissilient nut, rate of warmed nut and MDA content of oils in stored walnut kernel were and the stronger the anti-oxidation capacity of walnut was. The results suggested that shell structures should be take into consideration as a factor to evaluate qualities of walnut. The indexes of shell structure, such as seal grade and thickness should receive sufficient attention.

The natural distribution, habitat and regeneration of Sorbus pohuashanensis were studied based on literature, specimen and on-site investigations. From the south to the north of China, most of S. pohuashanensis naturally occur in the mixed broad-leaved warm temperate forest, and some of them occur in the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved temperate forest, which is part of the humid mountain vegetation zones. The species is scattered in 4 vegetation types (including 12 forest community types): the mixed broad-leaved mountain forest, the mixed coniferous and the broad-leaved mountain forest, the pure larch mountain forest and mountain top shrub forest. The altitudinal distribution of the species ranges from 500 to 2 200 m with mainly occuring between 1 200 and 2 000 m. In Hebei, Bejing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin and Taishan, Shandong province,most of its altitudinal distribution is above 1 000 m. However, it occurs below 1 000 m in Heilongjiang province and Laoshan, Shandong province and between 800～1 000 m in Wulingshan, Hebei province. The species grows mostly on semi-sunny slopes, semi-shade slopes, shade slopes and gullies, however, it grows on sunny slopes in Wulingshan, Hebei province. The mountain brown soil and dark brown soil are the main types of soil in the whole range of the species distribution. The results suggest that the altitude, temperature and air humidity may affect the distribution of the species. The species can regenerate through seeds and sprouts from roots and stumps. The stump-sprouting is the main style of regeneration.

5 pair samples, including 4 ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and their isolates from tissue isolation, 1 saprotrophic fungi fruitibody and its isolate from tissue isolation, which were collected in Lishui area, in Zhejiang Province, were selected in this study. To determine wheather the isolates from tissue isolation were their own pure cultures or not, RAPD molecular marker was used to analyse the genetic relationships among 5 fuitibodies and their own isolates, and the differences of the sequences of ITS among these fruitbodies and their own isolates were compared by clone sequencing of PCR products. The results of RAPD analysis revealed that the fuitibodies and their corresponding isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius, Lactarius piperatus and Boletus appendiculatus can be clustered into one group at the similarity coefficient level of 0.949, 0.953 and 0.969 respectively, but for Russula vinosa and Clitocybe odora, they were clustered into one group only at the similarity coefficient level of 0.04 and 0.08 respectively. The sequence comparing of ITS revealed that the fuitibodies and their corresponding isolates of P. tinctorius, L. piperatus and B. appendiculatus shared the same size and completely homologous sequence respectively, but for R. vinosa and C. odora, they were remarkably different not only at the size but also at the numbers of the ITS band among the fuitibodies and their corresponding isolate. The results of RAPD analysis, supported by the results of ITS analysis, indicates that the isolates of P. tinctorius, L. piperatus and B. appendiculatus were the pure cultures of their fuitibodies respectively, but it is not true for the R. vinosa and C. odora. In addition, the results of ITS analysis also revealed some unnamed companion fungi or bacteria lived in the fuitibodies of R. vinosa and C. odora. In conclusion, the present study suggests that RAPD, combined with ITS analysis could be used to identify the pure cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi more effectively and accurately.

The surveys on current status of waterbirds at 15 sites of Qinghai Lake were conducted from April to September of 2006, with the aim of further strengthening the conservation and management of wetlands at Qinghai Lake. Totally 68 species were recorded, under the 7 orders, 12 families. Of 68 species recorded during the investigations, 15 species were firstly observed at Qinghai Lake. Spring migration peak of waterbirds at Qinghai Lake is at the end of April. The waterbird diversity varied with different habitats, and there was lower diversity at sandy habitats such as Luci Island and Erlangjiang, resulted from the lower food richness at sandy habitats.

Inorganic aerogels composites with wood can express virtue both of wood and nano inorganic aerogels. Wood-SiO₂ aerogel nanocomposites were fabricated by Sol-Gel method and super critical dry. Silica gels used in function of wood modification was researched in this paper. Using silica gels were fabricated with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ethanol (EtOH), water and HCl/HF acid by controlling Sol-Gel condition and component.Three kinds of solution the molar ratio of TEOS/EtOH/H₂O/HCl/HF is FU1=1.00∶15.35∶7.45∶0.02∶0.01,FU2=1.00∶5.43∶10.10∶0.02∶0.04,FU3=1.00∶5.47∶5.77∶0.02∶0.06,which the silica gels can be fabricated in 120 min. the silica gels were aging 1～3 d in-21 ℃ and then rised room temperature in 12 h.with of super critical dry the SiO₂ aerogel nanocomposites were fabricated which used in function of wood modification.

Ni-P alloy was deposited on the surface of birch veneer by using ultrasound-assisted electroless plating method. Electromagnetic shielding effectivness(ESE)of plated birch veneer was used as index to discuss plating temperature and time under 100 W ultrasonic irradiation, and compare the effect of ultrasound power of 0, 100 and 250 W. At the same time, the relationships of microstructure of the layer, surface morphology and P content to ultrasound power were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersion spectrum(EDS). Bonding strength of the layers deposited under 0 and 100 W ultrasonic irradiation was measured by vertical pulling method. The results show that the effect of ultrasonic irradiation is more obvious when plating temperature is lower. The ESE plated birch veneer under 62 ℃ for 20 min under 100 W ultrasonic irradiation is up to 60 dB in the frequencies from 9 kHz to 1.5 GHz. Ultrasound-assisted electroless plating needs lower temperature and less time than conventional electroless plating. Ultrasonic irradiation makes P content increase and surface morphology un-uniform. However, the layers deposited under ultrasonic irradiation are still crystalline. High bonding strength exists between the layer and wood surface no matter ultrasound-assisted or not. Excessively high power ultrasonic irradiation is disadvantageous for electroless plating. 100 W ultrasonic irradiation is feasible after comprehensive analysis.

An intumescent waterborne amino-resin fire-retardant coating for wood?was synthesized and its fire-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties were investigated. The main film-builder of C was urea-formaldehyde resin blended with polyvinyl acetate resin,and the intumescent fire-retardant system of C was guanylurea phosphate(GUP)-ammonium polyphosphate(APP)-pentaerythritol(PER)-melamine(MEL). The specimens of plywood painted respectively with a commercial intumescent fire-retardant coating(A), synthesized coating?,the main film-builder of coating C(B)and the unpainted plywood(S-JHB),were analyzed by cone calorimetry(CONE). The results showed that remarkably decreased heat release rate(HRR) and total heat release(THR),increased mass of residual char(Mass),markedly postponed time to ignition(TTI),reduced carbon monoxide production rate(P_CO)and smoke production rate(SPR)and total smoke production(TSP)were observed in the CONE test of plywood painted with coating C. The overall fire-retardant and smoke-suppressant performance of the synthesized coating C was much better than that of the commercial coating A. The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results of coating C and its film-builder B indicated that the thermal degradation process of B was slowed down by the addition of the intumescent fire-retardant system and the charring of coating C was remarkable.

This experiment uses polystyrene cystosepiment and the straw board composite as the core board of wall material. Simulated using the ANSYS finite element software the quantity of heat when it transmits from the room to outdoor through the core board material under the winter condition. Analyses through a single-factor when P,S changes respectively, the temperature distribution, thermal conductivity and heat flux of type1,type 2 and type 3 ; Through four factors seven levels of uniform experiment, when P and S change at the same time, the insulation properties of type 2 and type 3 composite material are similar; and predict the thermal insulation properties of composite materials. The actual test results of straw/PS composite is the heat resistance of type 1 is 0.20 m²·(K·W^-1 ), type 2 and type 3 is 1.13 m²·(K·W^-1), and the same as the results of finite element analysis,so ANSYS can be used in heat preservation performance simulation analysis of polystyrene cystosepiment and straw board lamination compound materials.

Dead fuel moisture content (DFMC) prediction is a very important component in fire danger rating,its accuracy becomes the crucial determination of fire behavior and fire weather forecasting.Methods for predicting DFMC based on equilibrium moisture content (EMC),are physically precise and reliable if the study objects could be described exactly.Therefore,they are the most important methods in DFMC prediction.The theoretical basis of the methods and their applications are reviewed in the paper.The results indicate as below:1) There are four major EMC models among which Simard model,Van Wagner model and Anderson model are all empirical with limited application,whereas Nelson model is semi-physical one and has been used widely.2) Although EMC is affected by fuel type,systematic research on this area has not been conducted yet. 3) Although few studies on factors affecting timelag have been carried out,it is still sure that fuel types, fuel physical characteristics can affect fuel timelag. 4) Catchpole et al. Method,which was based on Nelson model,has been used widely and opened up a vast range of prospect for making use of EMC and timelag.5) EMC and timelag had become the foundation for DFMC prediction in NFDRS of the United States and CFFDRS of Canada and other like systems.

Birds, bees and butterflies not only are important components of urban ecosystems, but also can effectively improve the artistic appeal of the ecological garden. From the point of the urban biodiversity conservation and landscape quality, it is imperative that effective measures to be taken to attract and protect them. Unfortunately both the newly-built green space and old gardens in China have low species diversity, and so far, few researches have been conducted on how to attract them. Based on their behavior and habitat requirements, this paper presented several specific measures in landscape design, including providing foods, water and habitats. Plants that attract birds, bees and butterflies were recommended according to different area, and the general methods for winter feeding, nesting boxes placement, bird-attracting roof and waterscape design were introduced. Finally, some further details concerning urban construction and green space maintenance were discussed, and some specific suggestions were put forward, in terms of attracting and protecting birds, bees and butterflies.

10 solutions of different concentration of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S were used to culture the hedges in the experiment while the traditional hedges growing on soil is used as control. 8 indexes including cutting length, number of cutting burl, diameter of cutting, fresh mass of cutting, dry mass of cutting, index of fresh hydrophytic root, lignification degree of cutting, survival rate of cuttings have been measured and analyzed. The difference between solution hedges and soil hedges is significant. The content of nutrition irons effects cuttings quality and rooting percentages directly. The lignification degree is negatively correlated with diameter of cutting, cutting length, number of cutting burl, fresh mass and dry mass, while the survival rate of cuttings is positively correlated to lignification degree and index of fresh hydropuytic root. Among all solutions No.5, No.6, No.8 have good affection for hedges culture, their cuttings are usually have suitable diameter and length, and high rooting percentages. No.6 is the best solution.

Chamaecytisus palmensis is an evergreen legume shrub. It was introduced to China in 2002 for the first time from Australia and since then many studies, including forced germination treatments, germination test, direct sowing, container seedling and cutting seedling propagations, over-winter response, have been conducted in three districts (Dingxi, Tianshui and Wudu) of Gansu province in 2002—2005. The results showed that germination of C. palmensis took very long probably because the seeds had lipidic coat and a 63% of the seeds had hard cost, and its 1 000-seed mass was 23.92 g. The six forced germination treatments were applied, and the effects of sodium carbonate and detergent treatments were moderate, however safe and practical among them. The viablility of all treated seeds were 82%, and the germination rate was 94.5% in lab. The field germination test showed that the seeds imbibing to coat rupture had the fastest germination speed, the seed imbibing without coat rupture had moderate germination speed and poorer germination rate, whereas the seeds without any treatment had slower germination speed and best germination rate. The average germination rate and survival rate were 91.1% and 82.1% of three types of seed. The suitable soil mulching depth was 2～3 cm. The cutting propagation had a higher callus produce rate of average 60.0% and lower rooting rate of average 20.5%. And the rooting rate of ABT treated cutting was higher than that of control plant, 10-hour treatment with ABT was better than 2-hour treatment, upper and middle section of shoot was better than lower section. Chamaecytisus palmensis is a shade-intolerant and fast-growing species, and its one-year old seedlings had an average over 1 m height and about 1 cm basal diameter, about one and a half years old seedling had an average over 2 m height, 3 cm basal diameter. The one year old seedling grew better in Dingxi district than in Wudu, whereas over 1-year-old seedling grew better in Wudu district either. The one year old seedlings were able naturally live through winter in Wudu but not in Dingxi and Tianshui mainly because of the differences in their climate factors. The results suggested that C. palmensis could be cultivated in the area of 33°24′ latitude and the southern area of Longnan, Gansu. However, it is very difficult to cultivate the species at large scale in Longnan area because the seedlings need to be protected for surviving over the harsh winter.