The niche breadth and niche overlap of 15 main arbor populations in Thuja sutchuenensis forests were analyzed by a quantitative method. The result showed that the importance value and horizontal spatial niche breadth of T. sutchuenensis was the biggest, the horizontal spatial niche breadth of Carpinus fargesiana, Quercus semicarpifolia and Carpinus cordata var. chinensis was bigger than other species, the horizontal spatial niche breadth of Daphniphyllum oldhamii, Tsuga chinensis, Acer sinense and Macrocarpium chinense was smaller than other species. There was a positive correlation between the horizontal spatial niche breadth and the importance value. Thuja sutchuenensis had bigger horizontal spatial niche overlap with other species, this result reflected that T. sutchuenensis had strong capacity in adaptation and competition. The horizontal spatial niche overlap between the dominant species in T. sutchuenensis forests was smaller, this result showed that T. sutchuenensis forests was stability. The height niche of T. sutchuenensis was smaller than that of Quercus semicarpifolia, Q. phillyraeoides and Acer davidii, because the number of mother trees and saplings was smaller. The height niche overlap betweenThuja sutchuenensis with Cyclobalanopsis gracilis, C. fargesii, Quercus phillyraeoides and Tsuga chinensis was bigger, the reason for this phenomenon was that these species had stronger interspecific competition in light factors.

To reveal the relationship between species diversity and biomass in Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis) plantation that located in the Dongmen State Forestry Farm of Guangxi, 18 sample plots were established and the total biomass, arbor layer biomass and undergrowth biomass of communities were subsequently harvested. The results were as follows: 1) Species richness in eucalypt plantation had remarkable positive correlation with biomass of arbor layer, undergrowth and community(α＝0.001), its correlation coefficients was 0.693 5, 0.702 8 and 0.710 6 respectively. 2) LAI(leaf area index) had remarkable positive correlation with species richness and undergrowth biomass(α＝0.001), its correlation coefficients was 0.731 0 and 0.685 6 respectively. 3) Arbor layer biomass had remarkable correlation with soil organic matter and hydrolysable N, its correlation coefficients was 0.641 6 and 0.620 3 respectively. Species richness had remarkable correlation with soil organic matter and correlation coefficient was 0.635 9. Among them, correlation was significant at the 0.1 level. Under growth biomass had little correlation with nine soil nutrients and correlation coefficients was under 0.4 To sum up, species diversity was advantageous to the promotion biomass of Eucalyptus plantation, and the variation of LAI and soil nutrient in small scale could result in the difference of species diversity and biomass in different sample plots. 

Forest plant communities in Three Gorges Reservoir Area were studied by the methods of two way indicators species analysis (TWSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The results showed that forest plant communities were classified into 33 formations by TWSPAN, they were Form. Pinus henryi, Form. Pinus armandii, Form. Pinus massoniana, Form. Cunninghamia lanceolata, Form. Cupressus funebris, Form. Pinus massoniana-Quercus variabilis,Form. Pinus massoniana-Castanopsis fargesii, Form. Pinus massoniana-Grdonia axillaris, Form. Cunninghamia lanceolata-Castanopsis fargesii, Form. Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata, Form. Quercus variabilis, Form. Quercus albu,Form. Quercus aliena-Quercus variabilis, Form. Quercus dentata var.oxyloba, Form. Fagus lucida, Form. Dendrobenthamia japonica var.chinensis, Form. Liquidambar formosana, Form. Castanea seguinii, Form. Platycarya strobilacea, Form. Betula albosinensis, Form. Betula utilis, Form. Cerasus conrodinae-Quercus spinosa, Form. Cercidiphyllum japonicum-Padus obtusata, Form. Bothrocaryum controversum, Form. Celtis sinensis, Form. Lithocarpus cleistocarpus-Castanea henryi, Form. P. strobilacea-Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Form. Lithocarpus glaber, Form. Castanopsis eyeri, Form. Ormosia henryi, Form. Machilus pingii, Form. {G. asillaris}and Form. Quercus spinosa. Results of ordination by DCA reflected basically the relationship between plant communities and environmental factors, axis 1 and axis 2 reflected mainly the thermal and moisture gradients respectively.

We studied the frost hardiness (FH) in stems and needles of different Pinus bungeana provenances during frost hardening by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and conventional electrolyte leakage (EL), compared the correlation of the two methods, and optimized EIS method for studying FH of plant. The experiment was conducted on three 8yearold provenances (Mangshan of Beijing, Liangdang of Gansu and Xiaoyi of Shanxi) of P.bungeana planted in Shisanlin Nursery of Beijing. During frost hardening, one yearold stems and needles from the provenances were measured respectively with EIS and EL. DoubleDCE model and ModelA were respectively used for the EIS analysis of the stems and the needles that were not exposed to controlled freezing treatment. After controlled freezing tests, the FH of stems and needles were assessed by EIS and EL. Without controlled freezing tests, relaxation time (T₁) of stem, intracellular resistance (r_i) of stems and needles were highly correlated with FH (R²=0.79～0.86), while after controlled freezing tests, extracellular resistance (re) of stems and needles, cell membrane time constant (τ_m) of needles had a high correlation with FH (R²=0.92～0.94). There was a significant linear correlation between EIS and EL in assessing the FH of stems and needles of P.bungeana. However, EIS underestimated FH than EL did. In conclusion, the EIS is one of the feasible methods for assessing FH, especially without employing a controlled freezing test.

The characteristics of flowering (type I), nonflowering(type II) and flowering reversion (type III) bamboo(Phyllostachys heteroclada), involving chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, protein content and key enzymes activity were studied. The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of type I and type III were obviously unstable, comparing with type II. The change tendency of above mentioned indexes seemed almost opposite between type I and type III. Soluble sugar and total sugar contents, and activity of sucrase of type I increased, and the endingvalues and average values were more than those of the other two types. On the other hand, type I had fewer soluble protein content, less activity of GS, and more great soluble sugar/soluble protein than other two types, while the total sugar/total protein ratio was similar among the three. In general, the carbon metabolism increased and nitrogen metabolism decreased apparently at flowering stage of P. heteroclada, which suggested that the change of carbon and nitrogen metabolism could be a signal of the bamboo transition from growth to development. 

Genetic variation on rooting ability of stem cutting and 3～5 years old growth of 12 Larix kaempferi×L. olgensis hybrid families，including polycrossed and fullsib families，and 4 corresponding openpollinated female parent families were analysed and contribution of parents on the variation among hybrid families were studied. Result indicated that there were very significant differences in both rooting traits and growth traits among hybrid families, which demonstrated that maternal and paternal effects were obvious and these traits had great potential for hybrid family selection. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations within rooting traits, and within growth traits of families were highly significant, while the correlation between rooting traits and growth traits was insignificant. This results showed that it was highly promising to pick out the right families with better performance in fast growth and high rooting quality. According to the subordinate function values, 4 fast growing and high rooting families were selected, whose mean height, basal diameter and 3 year survival rate after afforestation were higher than the average of 4 open pollinated families by 24.7%，28.9% and 55.6% respectively, while the rooting ability remained the same.

In this paper, the genetic relationship among 49 female Ginkgo biloba germplasms originating from Japan, France and China was studied using 64 Eco RI/MseI primer combinations (Mse I primer is the fluorescent marker). Seven primers, that were able to produce high polymorphic and clear bands, were screened, and with them total 1 219 bands and 132 specific loci (including 11 absent bands and 121 monomorphic bands) were produced, of which 1 200 bands were polymorphic, and accounted for 98.44% of the total. The identification percent age of each primer combination was 100%. The similarity coefficient (SC) of these germplasms ranged from 0.39 to 0.83, along with different genetic variations. When SC was set at 0.51, the studied germplasms could be divided into two groups. To be interesting, the some from the same origin were not assigned to the same group. Most female germplasms from Shandong Province were classified into one group, indicating their remarkably genetic distinction and distant relationship from others. Compared with ‘Yeziyinxing', ‘Haiyang' is more primitive. Based on the comprehensive analysis on female germplasms' specific loci, similarity coefficients and cluster results, 16 germplasms, i.e, ‘Pendula' from France, ‘Huangjinwan' from Japan, ‘Panxian 1', ‘Lingchuan', ‘Anlu', ‘Dongan 1', ‘Xishandafoshou', ‘Rongcheng', ‘Juxian', ‘Tancheng', ‘Taian 1', ‘Taian 2', ‘Taian 3', ‘Laoshan', ‘Haiyang' and ‘Lingyan' from China, were recognized relatively more important among the 49 female G. biloba germplasms.

A genetic transformation system of embryogenic calli (Cinnamomum camphora) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens was established. Experimental result indicated that efficient transformation was obtained with embryogenic calli as acceptor. Hygromycin of 50 mg\5L^-1 was efficient in screening embryogenic calli. When the OD600 value of Agrobacterium was 0.6, a high transformation rate was gained. The infection time of 40 min, combined with co culture time of 3 d, remarkably enhanced transformation rate. Results of PCR proved that the GUS gene had integrated into embryogenic calli of C. camphora genome.

The systemic mosaic and malformation symptoms were observed on the leaves of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) from Bo’ao, Qionghai, Hainan Province and Xinghai Park, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. With the infected tissue culture, host range determination, serological assay and viral particle morphological observation, dsRNA analysis, the pathogen was identified to be cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Cloning of the coat protein gene and analysis of the nucleotide sequences further demonstrated that this CMV isolate was tentatively assigned to the IB subgroup of CMV.

The indicator system establishment and type division are contents of social forestry research. This study investigated the indicators of the natural resource, social economy and the forest resources over the area of 87 counties in Gansu Province, among which 21 indicators were selected as the main bases used for the type division of social forestry system in Gansu Province according to the indicator selection principle. We conducted factor analysis and cluster analysis of the indicators with SPSS software. Produced 12 main factors of the natural resource, social economy and the forestry resources were analyzed by using hierarchical cluster, and the result indicated that 87 counties of Gansu Province were divided into five social forestry type areas. The five type areas were evaluated comprehensively in the light of the natural resource, social economy and the forest resources. According to the result of comprehensive evaluation，the development direction of social forestry about the five type areas were proposed.

The relationship of mycorrhizae and diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and secondary plantation at different ages on the Loess Plateau was measured with by BIOLOG method. It was found that in 8, 15, 23 and 30 a plantation forestland, with the age increased, the mycorrhizal infection rate increased at the early stage and then declined. The average well color development (AWCD) increased. The richness index(S) and the Shannon index (H) increased at the early stage and reached to peak value at 23 a and then gradually declined, The mycorrhizal infection rate were significantly correlated with the number of nodules were significant correlation (y = 414.82x-188.73, r=0.927, p<0.05) in different forestlands. The principal component analysis showed that with the ages increased, the microbial community structure and function in rhizosphere soils of R.pseudoacacia plantation existed continuity of the time. The secondary forest perfomed better than the same age plantation, and its capacity of carbon utilization was similar to that of the older plantation. The correlation analysis of the mycorrhizal infection rate and the number of nodules, the number of bacteria colonies, the richness index(S), the Shannon index (H) indicated that, the arbuscular mycorrhizae promoted the stabilization and function diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soils of R.seudoacacia. The mycorrhizae influenced more significantly the microbial community of younger R.pseudoacacia plantation in terms of afforestation time and it had more remarkable effects on diversity of microbial community of secondary forest than R.pseudoacacia plantation with regard of afforestation measures.

The subcellular localization and mass spectrum identification of the protein (m 24 ku, pI 6.8) related to witches' broom of Paulownia tomentosa×P. fortunei were investigated with prepared specificity antibody with the colloidal goldlabeling electron microscopy and mass spectrometry techniques. The results indicated that the specific protein was mainly localized in the cell wall, vacuole and chloroplast regions of the healthy seedling leaves and stem apexes cells, while the protein was not found in the same regions of the cell of the infected seedlings, which suggested that the phytoplasma infected interrupted the protein synthesis. Moreover, the protein was preliminarily assessed as the cognate protein of the rice chloroplast molecular chaperone Q6K822_ORYSA after analyzed by matrixassisted desorption ionization timeof flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) through analysis of the MALDI-TOF-MS data using the public database MSDBI.

Morphology and life cycle of three morphotypes of Kurisakia onigurumi(Shinji) were studied. The biological characteristics of a new morphotype, with smaller over summering females, were described in detail. Its appearance diagrams of various biotypes were presented with detailed legend.

Three pteromalid wasps of genus Pteromalus parasitizing larvae of Rhynchaenus empopulifolis （Coleoptera: Curculionidae）were found in Beijing, China, including a new species P. miyunensis sp. nov and a newly recorded species P. procetus, as well as another known species P. semotus. The total natural parasitism rate of these three species was about 12.27%（±2.16%）. They may be potential natural enemies in biological control of the weevil. In this study, morphological characters of the three species were described in details, and photos of the important characters of the new species were provided. A key to these three species and other two relevant species to the new species was developed. The specimens are preserved in Insects Collection of China Academy of Forestry, Beijing.

By inoculating pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings with pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the death course and manner of host parenchymatous cells in pine wilt disease were studied. Programmed cell death (PCD) was observed with fluorescence micrographic technique in parenchymatous cells of host cortex in succession after being inoculated. It appeared typical apoptosis characters as follows. Chromatin became condensated and margination looked like the shape of crescent. The nuclei were distorted, and exhibited irregular fragmentation until eventually degenerated. All of these cell apoptosis phenomena took place not only near the inoculated dot, but also in the tissues where the nematodes did not reach. The quantity and degree of the cell apoptosis increased gradually and nematode spread over after infection with the time. This paper for the first time proposed that the PCD took place in infected pine host and provided cytology evidence that B. xylophilus was able to induce PCD in infected host pine parenchymatous cells. PI(propidium iodide) fluorescence dyeing technique was for the first time applied in plant PCD research. This study suggests that PI fluorescence dyeing technique would be a useful method in plant PCD study.

From July of 2006 to July of 2007, four Great Black headed Gulls (Larus ichthyaetus) installed with PTTs at Qinghai Lake were tracked accomplishing autumn and spring migration and returning to the breeding site. According to the signals received from ARGOS, the first gull left Qinghai Lake on 2nd of August and the last one on 14th of August. The four gulls migrated towards four different directions, and made several stopovers about 200～1 300 km away from Qinghai Lake, with the longest stop of over 80 d before arriving at the wintering ground, Bengal Bay which is about 2 100 km away from Qinghai Lake. The first gull arrived at Bengal Bay on 3rd of November, and the latest one on 3rd of December, and they spent 81～116 d in their migrations. After four months (118～149 d) stay in Bengal Bay, the gulls left the wintering site in succession from the first of March to 30thof March in the next year, and arrived at Qinghai Lake from 23th of March to 17th of April. The results showed the spring migration routes of all the gulls expect for one were different from that of autumn ones. One of them might fly directly towards breeding site, and arrived at Qinghai Lake in 6 d, while the other 3 gulls took 15, 18 and 32 d, respectively. The latest one arriving at Qinghai Lake stopped at the Yellow River of Ninxia for 20 d before coming backed to the Qinghai Lake. Based on the spring and autumn migration routes, some important stopovers sites were determined in the paper.

Some hybrid electroconductive elements of fiber/powder, fiber/fiber type composed of copper fiber（SF）,stainless steel fiber（CF）,nickel powder（Ni）graphite powder（CP）were added to urea formaldehyde（UF） resin to make 3 layers Larix plywood with electromagnetic shield effectiveness（SE）.The influence of different electroconductive element spreading and hybrid type on electromagneticshield effectiveness and shear strength（ST）of Larix plywood was researched. The results show that the all the ST can meet or exceed the nation standard. The SE is 5.62～21.14 dB with SF/CP; the SE is 000～21.14 dB with SF/Ni; the SE is 10.53～28.76 dB with CF/CP; the SE is 12.30～28.76 dB with CF/Ni; the SE is 6.34～21.14 dB with SF/CF. The model of SE is significant; the model ST is insignificant. In comparison with powder element, fiber has more advantageous influence on SE. SF has more advantageous influence on SE than CF.