Based on biogeochemistry cycle theory, the paper constructed a bioremediation time effect model of heavy metals in the soil by plant, and we used Pinus massoniana plantation as an example which was successfully used in Chengdu Plain, five geochemical pollution elements (As, Hg, Pb, Al and Cd) in the soil material, soil, plants and litters were investigated. Accordingly, a warning model of the forest eco geochemical was developed. The simulation results showed that the phytoremediation capabilities of P. massoniana forest for soil pollution elements of As、Hg、Pb、Al、Cd were great, especially for Pb and Al, The contaminated soil with the heavy metals would be completely purified by the plantation in a period of time.

In this study we investigated the windbreak effects of a shrub(Artemisia ordosica) with its 20% cover established for the purpose of sandfixation. Wind velocity was measured at different locations and heights along the shrub belt and of the random distribution shrubs by using multiplesensor automatic anemoscope (GB 228) during windy season (from February to April). Statistical analysis indicated that when the cover was about 20%, the belt scheme of A. ordosica was more effective for wind breaking than its randomly distribution. Random distribution of the shrubs formed many \!narrow pipes" out of gaps between shrubs, which increased wind velocity, and resulted in greater wind velocity than that measured in the open. The flow field structure of the randomly distributed A. ordosica shrub was complicated and changeable, and the sand dunes was in status of the semi mobile or sem fixed, which allowed wind erosion and sand accumulation in the thin stands to occur. After eliminating maximum and minimum, soil surface roughness and friction speed were found to be about 4 and 1.3 times greater in the belt than in the randomly distributed shrubs, respectively, indicating that the belt scheme enhanced the function of preventing wind erosion and fixing drift sand

Based on the data collected from a standard permanent plot of a primeval Abies georgei var. smithii forest in Sejila Mountain in Tibet plateau, the biomass and its distribution were investigated by using harvest method. The results showed that the total vegetation biomass of A. georgei var. smithii forest was 424.52 t·hm^-2, of which overstory trees contributed the largest proportion (70.67%) and amounted to 300.02 t·hm^-2. The biomass of dead wood ranked the second with amount of 111.53 t·hm^-2 that accounted for 26.27% of the total biomass. The lowest proportion was in the shrub and herb layer. In the overstory layer, the biomass was allocated 19459 t·hm^-2(64.95%) to trunk, 33.96 t·hm^-2(11.33%) to bark, 20.22 t·hm^-2(6.75%) to branch, 12.39 t·hm^-2(4.13%) for leaf, and 38.48 t·hm^-2(12.85%) to root.

In this study we collected data of the acreage and tree species of plantation according to the Grain for Green Programs(GGP) in Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2006, and designed the six different schemes for planting and havesting the annual area of forests in GGP from 2007 to 2010. Furthermore, the empirical growth curves for the different planted tree species were developed based on data from national forestry inventory, and they predicted the average growth rate of plantations under various climates and site anditions. These curves were used for the estimating the carbon stock in the living biomass of the forests, in combination of wood density (WD), biomass expansion factors (BEF) and carbon fraction (CF). The prediction shows that the carbon stock in the biomass of forests in GGP in Yunnan will reach to 8.1～8.8, 19.6～25.7, 18.4～33.0, 20.3～34.9 and 23.6～35.4 TgC by the year 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050, respectively, and the carbon stock in the biomass in the previous cropland accounts for 33%～41% of all GGPland in Yunnan.

Protective enzyme（SOD、POD、CAT）,osmotic solut（Pro）,MDA, the protoplasmic membrane penetrability and the leaves water content of four stocks grafted seedlings of Catalpa bungei cl.‘Yu 1’ were studied on drought tolerance by natural drought way. The result showed: in the condition of drought stress, the protective enzymes（SOD、POD、CAT）activity of four kinds of grafted seedlings of C. bungeicl.‘Yu1’ showed the trend of risingdeclining. The protective enzyme activity of seedlings with C. bungeias stocks was higher than the other three kinds of seedlings, and SOD of which had obvious difference(P<0.05) with grafted seedlings with C. ovata. The content of praline of all seedlings showed trend ascended at first and then descending. The MDA content and the protoplasmic membrane penetrability of different grafted seedlings take on a tendency which increased continually, and changing tendency was consistent. The leaves water content of the four grafted seedlings went down. The drought tolerance of the four kinds of graftedseedlings is in the order that grafted seedlings with C. bungei> grafted seedlings with self> grafted seedlings with C. ovata > grafted seedlings with C. fargesii using subordinate function values and which had extremely significant difference between grafted seedlings with C. bungei and other seedlings(P<0.01).

Adventitious buds were induced from the excised mature zygotic embryos of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa). The highest induction rate (65.8%) of adventitious buds was obtained with 10 fold multiplication at the highest and 7\|fold multiplication at an average when mature zygotic embryos were cultured on GD + 9.85～19.70 μmol·L^-1 6BA+ 0.0～14.42 μmol·L^-1 NAA. The adventitious buds were initiated or formed directly from the cotyledons. Additional NAA inhibited the formation of adventitious buds. Buds proliferation and elongation were achieved on 1/2GD and 1/2SH without growth regulators. A proper amount of activated charcoal promoted adventitious buds elongation and root growth. The adventitious shoots of Ponderosa Pine were used to induce adventitious roots on 1/2GD and 1/2SH media supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and GA3. The results showed that NAA played a determinative role in initiating the adventitious roots. Sixteen point seven percent (16.7%) of adventitious shoots was rooted on 1/2GD with 28.84 μmol·L^-1 NAA+4.17 μmol·L^-1 GA3. In the present paper, the experimental results showed that roots were successfully induced from cultured mature zygotic embryos of Ponderosa Pine.

Genetic variation and structure of seven populations of Vatica mangachapoi on Hainan Island were investigated by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) method. A total of 777 highly reproducible and discernible loci (frequency＞5.00%) were generated from 192 individuals of 7 natural populations with 6 primer combinations, of which polymorphic loci were 99.61%. On the species level, total gene diversity (Ht) was 0.268 4; Nei′s gene diversity (H) and Shannon information index (I) were 0.266 1 and 0.420 4 respectively. On the population level, mean percentage and number of polymorphic loci were
79.45% and 617 respectively; the means of Hand I were 0.215 3 and 0.335 2 respectively. The gene flow (Nm) was 1.012 7, and there existed 8020% of genetic variance within populations (F_st=0.198 0). The UPGMA analysis and mantel test showed that there was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance (r²=0.232 5, P=0.230 0). The results showed that V. mangachapoipossessed high genetic diversity on both population and species levels and a certain genetic differentiation among the populations. It is suggested that the conservation and development of existing genetic diversity of V. mangachapoi should be enhanced by suitable human interferences and afforestation approaches.

The pollen grains of 19 cultivars in Chaenomeles were observed under SEM (Scan Electronic Microscope). The results showed that they all belonged to N3 P4 C3 type，and were of prolate or perprolate and of radial symmetric. The length between poles varied from 48.64 to 39.95 μm and diameter of the equator ranged 25.28～20.97 μm. The cover was embellished with streak or striate，with pores in the tectum. Pollen submicroscopic morphology is valuable traits in cultivar classification in this genus. A retrieval key was established for cultivar classification based on pollen morphology variation. The result of cluster analysis suggested that there was close relationship among C. speciosa，C. japonica and C. × superba，and there was alienation between C. sinensis and the other 4 species，which was consistent with traditional classification result.

Phenological characteristics of desert plants are important traits to reveal the living habit of plants and to prevent from further desertification. In order to compare the phenological characteristics among mesophyte，xerophyte，and psammophyte，nine phenological phases of 48 typical plant species in Minqin Desert Area were observed for 20 years (1985—2004). The results showed that phenological phases significantly shifted in last 20 years. Xerophyte had the biggest shifting range，followed by the psammophyte and then the mesophyte. In the later autumn，phenological phases were significantly delayed. From mesophyte to xerophyte and then to psammophyte，these phenological phases showed the tendency of postponement. The changes of phenophases of plants in Minqin Desert Area displayed longer winter and summer，and shorter spring and autumn.

The blackhead fireworm (Rhopobota naevana) had eight generations a year in Lishui, and overwintered at the egg stage on the foliage of Ligustrum sinense. The larvae of the first generation hatched from over winter egg in early March. The major onset of adults were respectively in April，middle May，early June，early July，middle August，middle September，middle October and later November. The over winter egg occured in early December. The larvae fed on the young shoot of Ligustrum sinense. The percent of infestation reached up to 70% in severity time, and the shoots of Ligustrum sinense may be withered in continuous infestation. Eggs were laid on the leaves. Newly hatched larvae burrowed into the blade near the egg， and then webbed the the young leave of shoots and feed on it. Fully grown larvae went into the pupa stage within a thin cocoon in the litter or in foliage. Adults had a habit of supplement water. There are a lot of natural enemy in Lishui, the main are Clinocentrus sp, Xanthopimpla punctata, Polistes chinensis antennalis Perez and Sceliphron (Sceliphron) madrapatanum kohli Sickmann.

The activities of cell walldegrading enzymes in poplar cultivars infected by Melampsora laricipopulinawere studied. The results showed that PMG, PMTE, C-X and β-glucosidase played roles during infection. After inoculation, the activity of PMG in both susceptible and resistant cultivars had two peak values respectively in 2 dpi and 5 dpi. The activities of PMTE and βglucosidase had their peak values in 3dpi, and C-X in 2 dpi. The activities of PMG and PMTE were higher while the activities of C-X and β-glucosidase were relatively lower. Activities of these cell walldegrading enzymes were significant higher in susceptible cultivars than those in resistant cultivars. The results suggested that these cell walldegrading enzymes played certain roles in infection of M. larici populina.

The primary objective of this study was to determine distribution patterns of endophytic Colletotrichum sp. in different tissues and different leaf ages of Camellia sinensis. Through artificial inoculation on detached leaves and fungifree seedlings, and re isolation, endophylism of the fungus in tea leaves was datermined. The results showed that endophytic endophytic Colletotrichum sp. was frequently isolated from tissue of healthy leaves and branches of tea plants. Colletotrichumsp. was isolated from 55.62% of leaf segments and the isolation ratio was 73.47% from the branches. However, in main root, stems, blossom and fruits, no colonization of endophytic Colletotrichum spp.was detected. Colletotrichumsp. was much less frequently isolated from newly flushed shoots of tea plants. The isolation rates grew gradually as the leaves developed. In mature leaves, the isolation ratio was 55.62%. But as the leaves developed further, the isolation rate dropped gradually. In artificial inoculation experiments, the conidia of Colletotrichum sp. germinated normally and formed mature appressoria on leaf surface. The fungi penetrated into leaf tissues directly between cuticle cells other than through trichome and stomatal openings. After entering host tissues, the fungus slowly colonized and had a limited growth which resulted in one or several fungal cells developed intercellularly or intracellularly in host tissues. Fungal penetration induced host cell defense responses in tea seedlings. In about 87% of fungal penetration sites, host cells reacted to fungal invasion by accumulating cytoplasm granules and forming papilla. Faint autoinfluorescence was also detected in some host cells which suggested that polyphenols accumulation occurred in those cells. In detached leaves, about 67.5% fungal penetration sites showed autoinfluorescence. Colletotrichum sp. was reintroduced into detached leaves and tea seedlings throught artificial inoculation. No obvious disease symptoms were observed 120 d after inoculation on tea seedlings. The fungus was recovered from all seedlings. The isolation ratio reached 41.17% from inoculated branches by spraying conidia suspension. The results indicated a feature of tissuespecific colonization of endophytic Colletotrichumsp. Artificial inoculation and microscopic observation strongly suggested that Colletotrichum sp. was an endophytic fungal species in tea plants. Cytoplasm aggregation and polyphenol accumulation were detected during the infection and colonization of host cells by Colletotrichumsp. The defense responses of host cells may contributed to the resulted endophytisum of Colletotrichum sp. in tea plants.
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The combustibility of eight broadleaf woody species in Xiaoxing an Mountain, Heilongjiang Province was studied by cone calorimetric analysis. The eight species were Betula platyphylla，Phellodendron amurense，Populus davidiana，Juglans mandshurica，Populus ussuriensis，Quercus mongolica，Acer tegmentosumand Fraxinus mandshurica. The thermal characteristics of dead leaves and barks, including heat release(heat release rate, HRR; total heat release, THR), time to ignition (TTI), mass loss (mass loss rate, MLR), smoke formation (smoke production rate, SPR; specific extinction area, SEA; total smoke release, TSR), were measured, and the fire performance index (FPI) was calculated based on the themal characteristic suitable. The result indicated the fire resistance of B. platyphylla was the lowest while A. tegmentosum was the strongest fire resistance, which was the best for firepreventing forest belts among the species. Q. mongolica was not suitable for firepreventing for its fallen leaves were poor fire resistance. There for it was time to establish an integrated and synthetic protocol for evaluating fireresistance among a range of tree species. 

Combustion properties of litter of Schima superba, Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata with different water contents were tested with a cone calorimeter. The water contents were set as 10％, 15％, 20％, 25％, and 30％. The different water contents in the litter were obtained by accurately adding water into the absolutely dried litter. The leaves and small branches of litter was subjected to the heat radiation respectively at 20 kW·m^-2and 30 kW·m^-2. The results showed that the igniting time(TTI) of Schima superba litter was shorter than that of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata, when water content was less than 15%, which demonstrated that the litter of Schima superba with lower water content was more inflammable. However, when the Water Content was more than 20%, the igniting time of Schima superba litter was longer than that of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata. The heat release rate(HRR) and total heat release(THR) of litter of Schima superba at the same condition were slower and less than that of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata. The results demonstrated that Schima superba was suitable to be used as the fire breaks.

The transformation of sapwood to heartwood is an important physiological process in most tree species. Exploring the growth characteristics of heartwood/sapwood provides insights for understanding tree water relations，carbon metabolism，growth/yield modeling and wood use. In this paper，growth and development of heartwood and sapwood were studied for seven major tree species in northeastern China. They were Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis)，Dahurian Larch (Larix gmelinii)，Japanese Elm (Ulmus japonica)，Manchurian Ash (Fraxinus mandshurica)，Manchurian Walnut (Juglans mandshurica)，Amur Corktree (Phellodendron amurense) and Mongolian Oak (Quercus mongolica). Ten trees for each species were sampled based on their diameter distribution. For each sampled tree，one disc every 1 m section along the bole was taken and determined for the width and rings of heartwood and sapwood with Windendro2003 (Regent Instruments Co.，Canada). The results indicated that tree species significantly (P<0.001) affected sapwood ring number (SRN) and sapwood width (SW). The mean SRN for Korean Pine, Manchurian Ash, Dahurian Larch, Manchurian Walnut, Japanese Elm and Amur Corktree were 9.6，9.5，7.9，6.8，5.0 and 3.9 a ，respectively; the mean SW were 1.96，1.27，2.55，1.06，0.72 and 0.46 cm，correspondingly. The SW for the conifers was overall greater than that for the broadleaved species. The heartwood ring number (HRN) was significantly positively correlated to cambial age (CA)， heartwood radius (HR) and SW were strongly positively correlated to xylem radius (XR). However，the relationship between SRN and CA was speciesdependent. The heartwood formation rate (HFR) and heartwood initiation age (HIA)，depending on tree species，varied from 0.677～1.041 a^-1and 4.3～8.5 a，respectively. As the tree height increased，the HR decreased，but the SRN changed with species. With an increase of tree height，the SRN for the Korean Pine decreased，and those for Japanese Elm，Manchurian Walnut and Amur Corktree showed little changes. The SRN for the Dahurian Larch increased initially and then decreased as the height increased，but that for the Manchurian Ash displayed an opposite pattern. The intra and interspecific differences in the growth and development of sapwood and heartwood may reflect their differences in growth pattern，production and water use strategies.

This paper introduces the current research and development on elastic wave tomography technique for detecting internal defects in standing trees. Some key issues in elastic wave tomography，such as elastic wave generation，wave propagation path，and the algorithms for crosssection imaging were briefly reviewed. As a demonstration，the authors evaluated Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) trees in United States Forest Service Camp using Picus sonic tomography tool. The results indicted that the geometrical shape of trunk's cross section can be successfully simulated with the tomography tool. The tomogram of the trunk's cross section successfully revealed the general location and magnitude of the internal decay of the trees. Base on elastic wave tomography instrument has practical application in city and urban areas for accurately detecting internal decay of standing trees.

The stress wave nondestructive testing （NDT） technique is developed quickly in the recent years. How to determine the appropriate number of sensors and allocate the sensors in order to improve the testing efficiency and accuracy is one of the common issues. Ten samples of four tree species with two kinds of defects collected from Heilongjiang Province are selected for the study. The results show that for trees with diameter ranging from 20～40 cm，at least 12 sensors are needed to ensure a high testing accuracy of roughly 90% of fitness and 0.1 of error rate. Ten sensors are suitable to tell the possible locations of defects and 6 sensors are sufficient to decide whether there are defects. With plane geometry and statistic analysis this study further discusses the impact of planar distribution of sensors on the percentage of minimum detectable defect size （MDDS）. The mathematical model developed in this study indicates the affecting factors and basic rules of the sensor planar allocation on testing results. Finally，it is concluded that a satisfied testing result could be achieved only if the sensors are distributed in uniformity by eyeballing.

The opining and shear interlaminar fracture behaviors of meso bamboo have been studied in this paper. Based on the energy concept，double cantilever beam（BCD）sample and end notched flexure （ENF）sample were applied to measure the model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ interlaminar fracture toughness of meso bamboo. The results show that： model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ fracture toughness of bamboo parallel to grain are basic properties of bamboo，which is the resistance of the opining and shearing cracks extend. The spread area of the crack of model Ⅰ shows the characteristic of smooth fiber and flat matrix. These manifest that the strength of the basictissue and interface strength of fiber/basic tissue is relatively weak. The spread area of the crack of model Ⅱ shows the characteristic of hackle shear deformation. These manifest that the basictissue brings the relatively big shear deformation before rupture. So the latter absorbs more fracture energies than the former. Judged by the whole morphologies of rupture surface，the cracking was carried on among basictissue and through the interface of fiber/tissue.Both of them are selfscaling fracture and with no fiberbridging.

Through analysis and evaluation on eight kinds of harvesting and transportation models commonly used in our country’s southern artificial forest area，the result shows that under the same operation conditions，the economic benefits, ecologic benefits, social benefits and comprehensive benefits of different operation models are different, the model Ⅱ has the best comprehensive benefit, being the optimum model for cutting area operation．The second best comprehensive benefit is achieved in model Ⅲ It is proposed that the production decision department of the forestry should consider the economic, ecologic and social benefit synthetically in choosing the model of harvesting and transportation for artificial forest cutting area．The model Ⅱ should have priority to be selected in the cutting area with the condition of waterway transportation．The model Ⅲ should have priority to be selected in the cutting area without the condition of waterway transportation．

Phenotypic plasticity is an adaptive capacity expressed by plants as a result of interaction with environment to which plants responded either positively or negatively. The plasticity may be inherited and evolved as genetic traits. The premises of the adaptive evolution is genetic variation and natural selection，which is restricted by plastic costs and limits. However，the mechanism of the restrictions may be clear，and the restrictions may be eliminated by advanced biological means. Moreover，plant plasticity is influenced by abiotic factors，such as light，nutrient，water and temperature. Especially under the influence of global changes，it is noteworthy whether the plant phenotypic plasticity can reflect such changes. Meanwhile，study of phenotypic plasticity in our country should be further enhanced in future，especially assessment in plasticity in the great scale. 

The use of lingo cellulostic fibers as reinforcing fillers in the thermoplastic industry has gained much acceptance in recent years. This composite is expected to keep growing because of its reasonable utilization of wasted resources and potential ability of protecting environment. However, people are concerning weathering problems when exposing this material to outdoor application. This paper focuses on its resistance to ultraviolet degradation, water and frozen degradation, and fungal decay, which may help properly evaluate and use this new composite material. Accelerated aging showed that ultraviolet could fade color and reduce the mechanical properties of WPC, The combination of ultraviolet and water spraying did more adverse affection than pure ultraviolet. WPC with high proportion wood component or larger size wood particles would risk more fungi decay; scientists have developed preservatives such as Zinc Boric, specially used for WPC. Water penetrated into WPC so slowly, however, most moisture concentrated in outface layer. Both water absorption and freezethaw would reduce mechanical properties of WPC. WPC made by different methods differed in these properties. By far, the reason for WPC degradation has not been completely explained.

Variation of growth traits of progenies of twenty three cross combinations in Populus was analysed，and genetic variation among parents was studied by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). The results showed that growth traits of progenies and molecular genetic distance (GD) among parents had considerable variation. Correlation and regression analysis between molecular genetic distances among parents and growth traits of progenies indicated that the relationship between GD and growth was linear equation in a certain range (0.024 9～0.368 1)，and that the relationship was quadratic parabola equation in a wide range (0.024 9～0.531 4). If the genetic distance among parents in Populus would range from 0.19 to 0.36，the ultimate effect of hybridization could be achieved based on the established relationship between GD and growth.

Based on the genetic inheritance and segregation of random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPDs) markers，the analysis of linkage groups for birch was performed by using a pseudo testcross strategy. A segregating population comprising of 79 progenies from the cross between Betula pendula and B. platyphyllawas obtained. A set of 1 000 random oligonucleotide primers were screened，and 178 primers were selected to generate RAPD markers within a sample of 79 F\-1 progenies. A total of 296 segregating sites was identified. Among them，273 sites belonged to 1∶1 segregating site，and 36 sites were found distorted from the 1∶1 ratio. The 273 sites segregating 1∶1 (testcross configuration) were used to construct parentspecific linkage group，among which 137 sites were found for B. pendula and 136 sites for B. platyphylla. The resulting linkage maps consisted of 117 marker sites in 12 groups (four or more sites per group)，2 triples and 3 pairs for B. pendula，which covered the map distance about 1 533.3 cM (Kosambi units)，and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 16.4 cM. In the B. platyphylla，162 linked marker sites were integrated into 12 groups (four or more sites per group)，2 triples and 4 pairs，which covered the map distance about 1 847.8 cM，and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 19.2 cM. The calculated genome coverage rate of B. pendula and B. platyphylla were respectively 68.5% and 68.9%. Further study is required to integrate the two maps to one density map and to locate important genes on the maps.

An one factor test was used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system on macadamia in four levels of five factors (Taq DNA polymerase，template DNA，dNTPs，primer and Mg²⁺，respectively) in this study. The results showed that the 25 μL reaction system consisted of 1×PCR buffer，1 U Taq DNA polymerase，20 ng template DNA，0.15 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs，0.25 μmol·L^-1primer and 2.5 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺. In addition，adding 0.4% formamide was able to reduce the background noise. The optimal PCR amplification process was as the following: 1 cycle initial denaturalization at 94 ℃ for 5 min，followed by 35 cycles，which included denaturalization at 94 ℃ for 30 s，annealing for 1 min，and extension at 72 ℃ for 2 min, and then extension at 72 ℃ for 7 min，and finally holding the samples at 4 ℃.

Biological characteristics and contents of secondary metabolites (chlorogenic acid，total flavonoids) of 10 clones of Eucommia ulmoideswere investigated. The clone with purple leaves has purple blade with green midrib on the adaxial side，green blade on the abaxial side and graceful crown. The clone of clump leaves is endowed with tightly dense crown with unique shape. Therefore，both of the clones are good materials suitable for being used as ornamental tree. Additionally，the clone with purple leaves possessed high contents of chlorogenic acid and flavonoids，which made it also proper to herbal medicine use. We propose that the clone should be set as a model and spread in the main production area of E. ulmoides and garden scenic area because of its medicinal and ornamental value.

Compared to modern counterparts，studies have been done on the wood changes of chemical components and structure of the waterlogged uncovered from Changtaiguan Tomb No.7. Some suggestions on preservation of ancient waterlogged wood have been provided. The results indicate that the waterlogged coffin wood from Changtaiguan may be eroded heavily. Compared with modern fresh wood，contents of hot water extractives and organic extractives in ancient wood have decreased，and contents of holocellulose and pentosan have declined sharply，while contents of lignin and ash have relatively increased. Sulfur content in the ancient wood is approximately the same as the modern fresh one and iron content in the ancient wood is much richer than the modern fresh one. Treatments using PEG or and sugars are unsuitable for the waterlogged coffin wood uncovered from No. 7 Ancient Tomb in Changtaiguan.

`Liaohong' is a new variety that was found from cultivated seedlings of Sophora japonica L. The variety has bigger body with round crown than the ordinary Sophora japonica. It has longer florescence with washy fuchsia, thickset, fancy and beautiful flowers. The tree grows faster, and has longer life span and stronger diseaseresistance. In summer the variety bears a safflower which is rarely found in arbor species. Consequently, `Liaohong' possesses high ornamental and economic value.

‘Zhonghuai2’ is a female intrapecific hybrid of Populus deltoides,and was obtained by controlled pollination from P. deltoides CL. `Imperial' to P. deltoides CL.`55/65'. It is a new poplar industrial plywood variety with the improved traits of fast growth, cold resistance and high resistance to Anoplophora glabripennis,a pest, and is adaptable to grow in Huabei, north west and the south of northeast in China.