One typical plot of 100 m×100 m was surveyed in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province. Total station was used to measure threedimension coordinates of trees. Mingling index (M V) was calculated based on Voronoi diagram, and M V was compared with traditional mingling M . The results showed that: M V reflected real situation because the nearest neighbors was determined by Voronoi diagram. M V was more accurate than M in describing interspecific separate relation. In the evergreen broadleaved forest, individual trees M and M V increased with DBH. Average mingling of the evergreen broadleaved forest community was respectively M =0.720 7 and V=0.743 1, which suggested there was a high degree of interspecific separation. Average mingling of dominant populations was lower than that of nondominant populations, and average mingling of evergreen species was lower than that of nonevergreen species. Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia, C. glauca and Lithocarpus brevicaudatus in the forest are propagated in clusters, and they are not only dominant populations but also evergreen species, which likely illustrated the low average minglings of dominant populations and evergreen species.

In this paper, the seedlings from two provenances, Labagoumen and Huairoutanghekou of Cerasus humilises， were used to investigate their responses to drought stress. Several physiological characteristics were measured during the 50 days drought stress. The results showed that the chlorophyll, carotenoid and MDA content, POD and SOD activity of two provenances all changed during the stress. There were no significant difference between the stress treatment and the control in most of the parameters except for chlorophyll content for Huairoutanghekou provenace and POD activity for Labagoumen provenance. The electrolyte exosmosis percentage and MDA content of Labagoumen provenance increased to a peak in the 32 days, whereas the electrolyte exosmosis percentage of Huairoutanghekou provenance increased gradually in the early stage of the treatment, and then declined after a relative steady stage. MDA content of Huairoutanghekou provenance rose to a peak in the 44 days. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the two provenances increased sharply in the early 14 days. And then the pigments of Labagoumen provenance decreased to the origin level, while the pigment contents for Huairoutanghekou provenance fluctuated in the higher level to the end. POD activity gradually increased, and reached highest value in the end of the treatment for both provenances, however the POD activity level of Huairoutanghekou provenance was greatly higher than that of Labagoumen provenace. The highest value of SOD activity of 2 provenances was about 0.8 U·mg^-1min^-1, but the peak appeared in the 32 days for Labagoumen provenance and in the 14 days for Huairoutanghekou provenance, and then all decreased until the end of the experiment. Therefore, Huairoutanghekou provenance seemed to have stronger drought resistance than Labagoumen provenance.

The carbon storage and respiration of each soil compartment of Phyllostachy edulis plantation in Huitong forest region， Hu，nan Province were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the soil organic carbon storage density of the plantation was 115.558　t·hm^－2， and mineral soil layer， litter layer and root layer occupied 96.01%， 0.64% and 3.34%， respectively The amounts of annual carbon released by soil respiration were 9.257 t·hm^－2a^-1， and heterophic respiration， autotrophic respiration and litter respiration occupied 59.49%，28.27% and 12.24% of the total soil respiration respectively.The fine root growth rate and decomposation rate of P.edulis plantation were 6.895 and 0.312 t·hm^－2a^-1， respectively. The annual turnover of fine root in P.edulis plantation was 0.93 time.　a^-1 The annual carbon input into P.edulis plantation soil through litter fall was 2.245 t·hm^－2a^-1， of which 78.5% was from aboveground litter and 21.5% was from underground dead roots.

The physiological and biochemical responses of fine roots of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings under drought stress were investigated. Under drought stress， vigor of fine roots with first or second order， membrane permeability， contents of soluble proteins， and activities of antioxidant enzymes (POD， SOD， and CAT) were examined. The results showed that both root vigor and soluble protein content decreased significantly and membrane permeability increased significantly by drought exposure in first and second order roots. The first order root changed more than the second order one. During the drought exposure， the activities of SOD increased at the beginning and then decreased at the severe drought stress. CAT and POD in fine roots of seedlings exposed to drought still 40 days further decreased significantly compared with 15 days and 30 days exposure,however their activities were the control higher than that in which had little variation. The results suggested that the abilities of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge the reactive oxygen species were weakened， resulting in an increase in lipid peroxidation and ion leakage， and a decrease in root vigor (r₂=0.45～0.58). It was included that compared with the second order fine roots， the first order fine roots had more physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress.

A mating system of the seedling seed orchard of Pinus massoniana in Baisha Forest Farm，Fujian Province, was studied by microsatellite (SSR) markers. Six SSR primers selected from 215 primers were used for the mating system analysis. The results were as follows: 1) The outcrossing rate of the seed orchard was very high. The multilocus outcrossing rate was similar between 2006 and 2007, and was respectively 1.200(standard deviation, SD=0.000) and 1.072 (SD=0.066). 2)The outcrossing rate in the top canopy of the crown was higher than those from the middle and bottom position of the crown. Eastside of the crown had a lower outcrossing rate than the other sides. 3) There was not significant difference in the north and west hillside in the seed orchard.

Fifteen tester strains of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) were used to investigate the relative importance of GCA and SCA for seedling growth and root parameters with a potting experiment at low and high phosphorus levels. Results showed that the seedling growth and root parameters exhibited significant differences among the tester strains and were under strong genetic control with 0.745～0.920 full sib family heritabilities at different phosphorus levels. It was found that the seedling growth and root traits were controlled more by GCA and female parent SCA than male SCA. At high phosphorus level， the seedling growth performance, and especially root traits were controlled mainly by non additive gene effect, and also influenced by the additive gene effect. Hybridization between superior parents selected from the South and the North was able to generate new hybrid varieties with more developed roots and better growth performance. The total root length， root surface area and root volume were still genetically controlled by the nonadditive gene effect at low phosphorus level， but the relative importance of GCA and SCA for seedling height， diameter and lateral root number at low phosphorus level were changed， whose GCA effect increased and SCA effect decreased obviously， compared with those at high phosphorus level. Therefore， new varieties with high phosphorus efficiency were able to be selected through the SCA breeding of specific indexes such as total root length， root surface area and root volume and so on.

A shoot homoplastic graft in Carya cathayensis was performed and the healing responses were observed with light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results showed: an isolating layer was firstly formed in the cambium zone in the first three days after grafting, then thickened in the next three days and disaggregated after the contents were absorbed by the callus cells, and at last disappeared on the 12th day. A series of healing responses in callus cells were induced during this process. After grafting, the plasmodesmata of the cells near the grafting face were closed while the others away from the surface were still active in transportation. Cell walls of some cells close to the isolating layer were degraded and the protoplasm was fused. The quantity of organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums and plastids was increased. Many multivesicular bodies and paramural bodies were observed. Starch granules were accumulated at the beginning and disappeared afterward.

In order to reveal the induction mechanism of chemical substances in the seed germination and haustorium formation of Cistanche deserticola, we investigated the seed germination rate of C. deserticola treated with plant hormone and the haustorium formation percentage treated with chemical inductive substances by using the method of the orthogonal experiment design and the tissue culture technique. Results showed that NAA and 6BA did not induce the seed germination. However, 2.9 μmol·L^-1 and 5.8 μmol·L^-1 GA-3 was able to induce the germination and germ tube formation,though the germination percentage was only 3.3%～4.7%. When treated with 2.9 μmol·L^-1 NAA +5.8 μmol·L^-1 GA-3 +14 μmol·L^-1 6BA, the germination percentage was 4.2 times higher than the single hormone treatments, however the germ tube did not form haustorium in this treatment. DMBQ, RS and FA were effective chemical inductive substances in the haustorium formation, and the haustorium formation percentage was only 16.7%. Interestingly, the combination of DMBQ and FA or RS displayed a synergism, and promoted the haustorium formation percentage up to 100%. GA-3 was an essential plant hormone which induced the seed germination of C. deserticola, and the further need the specific phenolic and quinone substances which induced the haustorium development in terms of their chemical composition.

The riparian forest along the Irtysh river watershed, Xinjiang of Northwest China is regarded as an important gene pool for plants in the family Salicaceae. The survival and development of these plants could affect the structure and functions of the natural ecosystems in the river basin. The special environmental characteristics (such as drought, high temperature, and strong light in the growing season) in the river basin area often cause stresses on growth and development of the plants. Our major objectives were: 1) to understand the influence of natural drought stress on ecophysiological characteristics of the natural sprout poplars, 2) to compare the drought resistance of the two natural poplar species in terms of the ecophysiology to explain their distribution difference. We selected three different ages of natural sprout tillers of Populus laurifolia Ledeb. and P. alba Linn. Some stomatal factors such as G_s, Ls, P_n, Tr, and WUE were measured with LI-6400 from June to August in 2006. The results showed that monthly changes of G_s for the two poplar species declined from June to August. The diurnal change curves of G _s of the two popular species in three different ages were basically in the form of unimodal or bimodal. The diurnal change curve of G_sfor P. laurifolia was bimodal in June, and was unimodal in July and August. The maximum value of G_s for P. laurifolia all appeared at 11:00 OClock in the day of measurement. The diurnal change curve of G_s for P. alba was bimodal in June and July, and the maximum value of G_s in the day of measurement occurred at 11:00 OClock and 13:00 OClock, respectively. Drought resistance and photosynthesis characteristics of the two popular species were compared by using L_s value at 15:00 OClock when most stomata restriction appeared. Tr of these two species were restricted by L_s in June and July, and the restrictions to P. laurifolia was higher than that to P. alba. P_n and WUE were not affected by L_s in June and July. But in August, when the L_s value of P. laurifoliawas greater than 0.3, P_n was restricted by L_s apparently, while the leaves of P. alba were shed because of the drought stress. This study showed that in general P. laurifolia had stronger adaptability to natural drought stress than P. alba in this region. This may be one of reasons why P. laurifolia has wider distribution areas than P. alba in the Irtysh rive basin areas. We could predict from this study that P. laurifolia will be able to adapt better than P. alba to the further drought caused by both global climate change and anthropogenic water withdraw from the Irtysh river.

This study was performed in Mongolian Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations in Maoershan experiment forest centre of northeast forestry university. Based on stem and branch analysis，data were collected from 53 sample trees in 15 plots with different ages，site conditions and densities in 2002 and 2003. The variables of 2 298 branches were measured in this paper，which included depth into crown，branch azimuth，branch angle，branch diameter，branch length，branch chord and height of branch bow. Based on theory and experience growth model，the crown static models and dynamic growth models of Mongolian Scots Pine plantations were developed in this study. The crown threedimensional visualization dynamic graphics simulation system of Mongolian Scots Pine was established on the developing platform of VC++6.0 language and OpenGL through the combination of growth model and configuration structure model. The visualization simulation of static and dynamic single tree and stand based on actual measurement data and growth model was realized in this paper.

The improving segmentation processing speed of dynamic tree images for the intelligent towardtarget spray technology was studied in this paper. In this research，entire system had been adjusted，and the quad tree data structure was used for image storage. The relative color indices image segmentation algorithm had been applied in the system，it can automatically set the threshold for best recognition rate. That would be able to reduce the time of processing tree image，and by experimental operation verification of the system，the tree image segmentation processing speed was less than 0.1 s·f^-1，so that the intelligent spray targeting precision could be further improved.

A portable Spectral Device was used to measure the hyperspectrum of Pinus massoniana in 3 plots for detecting the early stage of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. We measured the red edge position, green peak height and absorb depth of red band of the sampled trees at random in the 3 plots; and then the fractal theory was used to analyze the spectral curves (450 nm to 780 nm); finally, we investigated relationships between fractal dimension and the mechanism of spectral curves variation in integration with a post measurement supplementary survey. The results showed that (1) fractal dimensions had a decreasing trend in the period of investigation, which was basically coincident with the variation of the three spectral parameters, but the change trend of fractal dimensions were more stable than the three spectral parameters; (2) fractal dimensions were positively correlated with green peak height and absorb depth of red band, which could serve as a comprehensive parameter for detecting the early stage of B. xylophilus; (3) the supplementary investigation further supported the relationship model between fractal dimension and green peak height. It is concluded that the fractal analysis of hyperspectal data is feasible for us to describe the change of spectral curves and detect the B. xylophilus.

The objective of this study was to measure the toxicity of active acaricidal substance of Mentha piperita extracts. Leaves of Mentha piperita were extracted using petroleum ether，chloroform and methanol respectively as solvents. Liquidliquid partition technique was used to separate the chemical compounds. The active acaricidal components were seperated by silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The bioactivity was traced by treating Tetranychus cinnabarinus adults and eggs in vitro and testing the acaricide. Finally，the components of active acaricidal substance was identified by using UV photospectrum，HPLC，IR and MS methods. The effect of acaricidal active substance extracted from Mentha piperita against the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus was examined. Compared with those crude extracts with chloroform and methanol，the substance extracted using petroleum ether was more effective，with mortality rate of 87.05% against the adult mites and 93.16% against the eggs. The Duncans test showed that the contact toxicity of the crude extracts from different solvents was significantly different from each other (P＜0.05). A liquidliquid partition from petroleum ether extracts indicated that the active acaricidal substance existed in the petroleum ether fraction. The concentrated extracts of petroleum ether was separated into eight fractions，among which the fraction V produced significantly stronger acaricidal activity than other fractions. The mean half lethal concentration (LC-50) was 0.546 4 mg·mL^-1 and 95% confidence limit was 0.326 8～0.913 4 mg·mL^-1. Purity of the purified compound was 89.16% by HPLC. IR showed that there were four significant peaks at 1 160，1 450，1 380 and 1 700 cm^-1. MS detection showed that the molecular mass of the fraction V was 414 with a steroid structure. The spectrum futher showed that the active acaricidal substance isolated from Mentha piperita extracts likely was a βsitosterol.

Fourth and fifth instars larvae of fall webworm， Hyphantria cunea，were infected with different concentrations of Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HcNPV). Survivors were collected and reared in laboratory respectively. Mortality of the larvae，average weight of the single pupae，laying eggs for the female and hatch rate of the eggs were observed in parental generation and successive filial generations. The results showed that the virus not only led to death of larvae in parental and filial generation，but also impacted the average weight of the single pupa and laying eggs，especially to the parental and the first filial generation. The virus could weaken the host in filial generations，which could control populations of the host for a long time. Meanwhile，it was proved that HcNPV can spread and diffuse in the host population by many approaches.

Artemisia ordosica is an important shrub widely distributed in northern China for combating desertification. Recently large areas of A. ordosica were damaged by several species of woodborers. However，few studies have focused on these woodborers of A. ordosica. To better understand the relationships between occurrence of these woodborers and environmental factors，a systematic survey was conducted at 3 different successional stages of A. ordosica in Yanchi，Ningxia Hui Autonomous region，China from May 2006 to September 2007. The results showed that the woodborers attacking A. ordosica included： Holcocerus artemisiae， Adosopius sp.，Sphenoptera sp. and a species of Tortricidae. All these 4 woodborer species attacked A. ordosica at 3 different successional stages of A. ordosica，and the dominant species were alternative at each successional stage. Linear stepwise regression analysis was used to establish relations between environment factors and population dynamics of these woodborer species.

Factors, such as diameter size of injection holes on trees, diameter size of injector blowholes, trees species, trunk basal diameter and season changes, which might affect the absorption to 4% Imidacloprid liquid formulation (ILF) by trees, were analyzed with auto flowing trunk injection. The results showed that the most important factors were diameter size of injection holes on trees and trees species, followed by trunk basal diameter and season, however, the diameter size of injector blowholes had no significant effect on absorbing efficiency. The amount of absorbed ILF reached to 6～8 mL in 10 h after injection with 5 mm diameter of injection holes on trees, which was much greater than that with 2 mm and 3 mm diameters. There were no significant differences in ILF absorbing efficiency between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm diameters of injector blowholes. The absorbability for nine tree species were in turn as: Populus tomentosa > Pyrus bretschneideri > Prunus salicina > Platycladus orientalis > Metasequoia glyptostroboides > Platanus acerifolia, Sophora japonica and Salix babylonica > Albizia julibrissin. The trunk basal diameters had different effects on absorbability according to different tree species. For Sophora japonica the bigger trunk basal diameter had the higher absorbability whereas for Platycladus orientalis the smaller trunk basal diameter had the higher absorbability. There was no obvious difference in the absorbability over different trunk basal diameters for Populus tomentosa. As to the season factor, the absorbability in May was higher than that in September.

Arthropods were collected from a recreation and organic peach orchard (ROPO) in Suziyu of Pinggu, Beijing from April to October, 2006 to investigate the diversity and seasonal dynamic of arthropod community in the ROPO. All data from ROPO were used to analyze the structure and diversity of arthropod community in the ROPO with Excel and SPSS. There were differences in diversity of arthropod community over seasons and among different subcommunities in each season. Each diversity index of arthropod community and phytophagous subcommunity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in July than that in other months, while each diversity index of predacious and parasitic arthropod subcommunity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in August than that in other months. Relative stability of arthropod community was higher (P<0.05) in August than that in other months. The transformation pattern of parameter correlations between different nourishments of arthropod community was relative uniform, and all the correlations were significant (P<0.05). Based on the above information, the following suggestions were proposed. It is necessary to intensify integrated management and regulation during prophase of ROPO. According to the forecast combined with the information from former years, natural enemies are released and biocontrol agents are used in early stages of dominant pest occurrence in order to balance the proportion between pest and natural enemies. For preventing pests from damage to ROPO, useless branches are pruned and fruits are thinned, and more organic fertilizer is added, and target fruits are protected by covering paper bag in each fruit in order to produce health products.

A new canker disease occurred on Populus ×euramericana cv‘74/76’ and P.×euramerican ‘zhonglin 46’in Puyang，Henan Province and Heze，Shandong Province in resent years，and caused severe damage to the poplars. Disease incidence increased year after year. Determination of the pathogen of the disease is in an urgent need. Ninetysix samples of the canker were collected from stands of diseased poplars and 10 isolates were obtained，among which most isolates belonged to genus Fusarium. The isolates were inoculated on both hydroponic stem and potted two years old seedlings of Populus ×euramericana cv ‘74/76’ for 4～5 days at 25 ℃. Reisolation from the lesion formed by the inoculation was the same as the inocula，demonstrating that the isolate Mz01 was a pathogenic strain of Fusarium solani based on its morphological. The sequences of the isolates Mz01 were amplyfied by PCR technique with universal primers of fungi，and the sequences were further compared with that in GenBank. The molecular identification confirmed the same results from morphology identification. This is the first report that Fusarium solani is the pathogen of canker disease in Populus ×euramericana in China.

Response and adaptation of tree growth characteristics of sapwood and heartwood to climate changes are essential to exploring mechanisms of tree water relation and carbon metabolism, developing tree growth yield models, effectively using timber, etc. In this study, we compared the growth of sapwood and heartwood and allometric relationships of 26yearold Larix gmelinii trees growing under same environmental conditions but originated from seven provenances (Tahe, Mangui, Genhe, Xinlin, Sanzhan, Wuyiling, Heibei), representing significantly different geographical and climatic conditions, to examine effects of climatic conditions of origins on the growth characteristics of sapwood and heartwood. There were significant differences in such growth parameters as diameter at breast height (DBH), sapwood width (SW), sapwood area (SA), heartwood radius (HR) and mean sapwood growth rate (MSGR) among the provenances. The mean values of the parameters from the most southern provenance: Heibei were the greatest, whereas those from Sanzhan were the least. Provenances also significantly influenced the relationships between SA, heartwood area (HA) and MSGR, but did not affect the allomteric relationships of the parameters against DBH, and the ratio of heartwood area to sapwood area (HSR). The SW, HR, HSR and SGR were significantly correlated to DBH; and SA and HA were related to DBH as a power function. The mean annual air temperature and precipitation of the origins significantly affected the SA and MSGR of the larch trees except for the Sanzhan provenance. We concluded that significant changes in the growth characteristics of sapwood and heartwood of L. gmelinii due to the longterm adaptation to changes in temperature and precipitation of the origin, which were presented in terms of changes in growth rates instead of growth patterns.

According to the Europe standard (BS EN 717-2: 1995: Wood Based PanelsDetermination of Formaldehyde ReleasePart 2: Formaldehyde Release by the Gas Analysis Method), the thesis, on the basis of a fully study and analysis, designed and made the gas analysis fast testing device for formaldehyde emissions. The device, which had the Siemens S7-200 PLC CPU 224 as central control unit and the MCGS as manmachine program, is featured largely in higher precision, higher speed and powerful antiinterference. It also decreased the time of testing formaldehyde release from 3～28 d to 4 h, thus it could save lots of human, material and financial resources.

The corn starch was acidthinned and oxidized，then grafted copolymerization acrylamide，so composite modified starch is synthesized. By examining the effect of each element on G(grafting percentage) and GE(grafting effection) of graft copolymerization production，the condition of graft copolymerization reaction were determined：50 ℃ of graft reaction temperature，3 h of reaction time，0.8 of the mass ratio of starch to acrylamide. By validating test of technology condition for composite modified starch and analysis on its physical and chemical properties，composite modified starch suitable for preparing wood adhesive was testified.

Laminated woodceramics was made form beech veneerformaldehyde phenol resin composite sintering at atmospheric pressure and airtight condition. Microstructure and phases composition were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Xray diffraction (XRD). Results from SEM analysis showed that, woodceramics had clearly laminate structure and partly kept microstructure characteristics with native wood. XRD analysis indicated that, as increasing of sintering temperature, the graphitization degrees of laminated woodceramics had been improved and could make it more purer. Sintering temperature and PF resin content hand double effects on its mechanical properties and pore structure. Bending strength increased quickly before 800 ℃ and then decreased at 1 200 ℃, apparent density had same result as this. True density increased with the increasing sintering temperature and PF resin contents. Fracture toughness of laminated woodceramics is 0.8～1.2 MPa·m 1/2^, which is two times of the ordinary woodceramics. The laminated structure will enlarge the expansion path, improve the crack tolerance greatly and can avoid calamitously rupture.

To investigate the removal of ammonia nitrogen by microorganism immobilized on bamboo carbon, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were immobilized on bamboocarbon （specific surface area, 365 m²·g^-1; pore volume, 0.34 mL·g^-1） to remove ammonia nitrogen. The effects of various parameters such as initial ammonia nitrogen concentration, immobilized biomass, dissolved oxygen and pH were studied. Meanwhile, the ammonia nitrogen removal kinetics was examined and the comparison experiments between bamboocarbon adsorption and bamboo carbon immobilized microorganism were carried out. The results show that parameters such as initial ammonia nitrogen concentration, immobilized biomass, dissolved oxygen and pH affect the removal of ammonia nitrogen. With the increase of bamboocarbon immobilized microorganism, the nitrogen removal rate and the removal quantity increase; but when the dosage is increased to a certain amount, the nitrogen removal rate and removal quantity begin to increase more slowly. An alkaline environment with pH at 8 is conducive to the removal of ammonia by microorganism immobilized on bamboocarbon. When microorganism immobilized on bamboocarbon is used to purify ammonia water samples, both bamboocarbon adsorption and biological nitrogen removal go into effect. With initial ammonia nitrogen concentration ≤200 mg·L^-1_, nitrification and denitrification happen simultaneously in bamboocarbon immobilized microorganism system under such condition as pH is 8 and dissolved oxygen is 1 mg·L^-1, and ammonia nitrogen removal rate can be more than 70%. The removal process follows first order kinetics.

This paper mainly reviewed the methods for estimating forest leaf area index (LAI) in different space scales, their advantage and disadvantage as well as their development trends are also discussed in this paper. The forest LAI in a small scale can be achieved by measuring it in situ for which there are five groundbased methods including destructive harvesting method, leaf litter collection, allometric equation, optical measurements and inclined point quadrat. On a regional or global scale, the forest LAI can be estimated by remote sensing. These methods involved in the statistical modeling technique, canopy reflectance models which base on modeling the relationships between canopy characteristics and reflectance, artificial neural network model, and lookup table.

Variation in concentrations of the airborne particulate matters（PM）in three kinds of typical recreation forests in Baiwang Mountain, West Mountain area of Beijing were observed day and night in spring. Results showed that: 1) Diurnal variations of PM concentrations in three kinds of typical recreation forests in West Mountain of Beijing area in spring were all synchronous. Curves of diurnal variation of PM concentrations had two peaks and two vales, and two peaks presented at 7:00-9:00 and 21:00-1:00, and two vales presented at 15:00 and 3:00-5:00 respectively. In addition, the larger proportion finer particles took the heavier total particles were in a day; 2) Comparatively, peaks in day and vales at night of finer particles presented earlier than that of coarser particles, however the peaks at night were later; 3) Weather conditions had influences on PM, and the finer particles were more sensitive to the conditions than the coarse particles. In general, PM concentration was higher at the state of low air temperature, high air relative humidity and soft wind. They also increased at cloudy night, especially for finer particles.

Phytoremediation is a method of clearing up pollutants from environment by plants. It has the advantages of low cost, saving land resources and no secondary pollution. More importantly, it does not destroy the ecological environment. So it has a bright future for apply phytoremediation in cleaning the contaminated soil. Atrazine is a herbicide that is widely used in China. Poplar (Populus deltoids cv. I 69-55) and transgenic poplar (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34) in pots were used to test if they remediate atrazine contaminated soil in a greenhouse in this study. The degradation dynamic of atrazine was studied in different rhizosphere environment with GC method; the dynamic variation of microbe was investigated to elucidate the rhizosphere effects and mechanism of phytoremediation of Atrazine contaminated soil by transgenic poplar, in the process of phytoremediation. The main results were summarized as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in atrazine (the applied concentration was 10 mg·kg^-1 in the soil of pots) between the ordinary poplar rhizosphere soil and the nonrhizosphere soil. However transgenic poplar was able to clean up atrazine. There was significant difference in atrazine between the transgenic poplar rhizosphere soil and the nonrhizosphere soil. 2) The bacteria in nonrhizosphere soil were significantly inhibited by 10 mg·kg^-1 atrazine. The number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycosis in rhizosphere soil was more than that in nonrhizosphere soil. The number of bacteria in transgenic poplar rhizosphere soil remained stable, and was generally more than that in other rhizosphere soil. The number of actinomycosis was in an order: noncontaminated soil ＞rhizosphere soil contaminated with atrazine＞nonrhizosphere soil contaminated with atrazine.

Characteristics of the Osmanthus yunnanensis community distributing in Donglashan region of Hengduanshan Mountain were investigated in this paper. The results showed that O.　yunnanensis community had remarkable change over seasons. Phanerophyta was the most dominant, though cryptophyta and hemicryptophyta also held big proportion. Vascular plants in the community mainly had simple leaf, nonentire leaf and herby leaf, with mediumsized leaves. The community had obvious layers with simple structure， it could be divided into arbor layer, shrub layer, grass layer and interlayer. The community was in the stage of steady succession and O.yunnanensis was the dominant species with important value of 42.47.

A RAPD marker specific to leaf shape of fig (Ficus carica) was developed and converted into SCAR marker for germplasm identification. RAPD amplifications with random primers S-2082 produced a unique fragment linking to the noncordate base leaf shape. The unique fragment was extracted, cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results indicated that the size of the fragment was 1 640 bp. Specific primers were designed based on its sequence and used in SCAR-PCR, and it was showed that the RAPD marker from S2082-1640 was successfully converted into SCAR marker.

Chaste tree (Vitex negundo var. heterophylla) witches’- broom was a new disease found in Mountain Taishan and the neighboring region. Phytoplasmal cells could be easily observed in the phloem sieve elements of diseased plants under electron microscope. The 16S rRNA gene of phytoplasma associated with this disease (CTWB) was amplified with nested-PCR with the universal primer pairs R16mF2/ R16mR1 and R16F2n/ R16R2 An amplified fragment of ca. 1.2 kb was sequenced and subjected to identity and phylogenetic analyses. Phytoplasma CTWB shared identities of more than 99.0% with members of Aster yellows group (16SrI) in 16S rRNA genes. It had the highest identity of 99.8% with phytoplasmas associated with Maize bushy stunt (subgroup 16SrI-B), and clustered into a common branch with phytoplasmas of the subgroup in the phylogenetic tree constructed with 16S rRNA genes. These results indicated that CTWB belonged to subgroup B of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (16SrI-B).

By using Julian Date methods, this paper studied the changes of forest fire occurring date during 1980～2006 in Inner Mongolia Daxing'anling forest region, as well as discussed the changes of fire season and forest fire regime under global warming. The results indicated that Julian Date of fires changed obviously, i.e. the fires Julian Date in spring extended into summer markedly, and at the same time summer fires were mostly caused by lightning fires. The Julian Date of human-caused fires did not evidently change. In recent some years, the forest fires occurred in summer actually exceeded the sum of fires occurred in spring and autumn. Consequently, the fire seasons are not only in spring and autumn, so long as the litter has not been covered by snow, forest fires possibly take place. In the future, under a warmer climate, the authors’ suggestion for forest fire management departments is to adequately understand these forest fire regime changes and make adaptive policies, in order to reduce the damage induced by forest fires.

A simulation approach of phenolic resin cure was simulated using MATLAB software for wood composite manufacturing. The datum from the differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） testing and the panel mechanical properties testing were compared with the datum from the simulation. The results indicated that the datum from DSC testing and simulation were approximately same. With the hot pressing time increased, the internal bond（IB） of the panel and the cure index from the simulations all were increased. The conclusion of this study is that as a new approach for understanding the complex resin cure phenomenon, this simulation can be used to research the cure of the phenolic resin for wood composites manufacturing, and it is a part of the virtual processing of wood composite.

A new cultivar with shorter catkins was selected from Yanshan variety group of Castanea mollissima. Lengths of most catkins were only 0.3 cm. Average weight of the nut was 8.7 g. Total sugar content of nuts was over 16%. The shorter staminate inflorescences were a trait suitable for growing in drought mountainous regions.

Fraxinus ‘Jinguan’ is a natural variability plant, its leaf color is always yellow in all season except winter. By means of field contrast trial for five years, it is now a clone and a excellent colour tall trees because of its stability color traits. It is planted by grafting, cutting, roots multiplication, sowing and other breeding methods. It is adaptable to grow in the northeast, northwest, the Yellow River valley, Yangtze River valley and Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan and other provinces in China.