基于UAV-LiDAR数据的长白落叶松多维偏冠的邻体效应

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250603

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: Traditional forest inventory methods are limited in accurately characterizing asymmetric crown growth. This study aims to develop multi-dimensional crown asymmetry indices using UAV-LiDAR point cloud data and to evaluate the effects of neighbor interactions on the degree of crown asymmetry. Method: The study was conducted in a Larix olgensis plantation in Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. An UAV-LiDAR platform was used to acquire point cloud data. Following individual tree segmentation, crown parameters were extracted to construct asymmetry indices from three dimensions to quantify crown asymmetry. The one-dimensional crown asymmetry index (CAI1) was defined as the angle between the treetop and the centroid of the 3D convex hull of the crown. The two-dimensional index (CAI2) represented the deviation of the crown projection area from a standard circle. The three-dimensional index (CAI3) quantified the deviation of the actual 3D crown volume from an assumed ideal symmetrical geometry of tree crown. Subsequently, factors related to crown size, spatial structure, and neighbor competition were extracted. Correlation analysis and linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were employed to assess the influence of different neighbor characteristics on multi-dimensional crown asymmetry. Result: The results showed that crown size factors were all significantly negatively correlated with crown asymmetry indices, meaning that the degree of asymmetry decreased as crown size increased. Among the spatial structure indices, uniform angle index (W) and crowding (C) showed no significant effect on asymmetry (P>0.05). However, tree height and crown neighborhood comparison, as well as opening degree, were significantly correlated with all three asymmetry indices (P<0.01), directly driving crown shape development. Neighbor competition indices were very significantly positively correlated with CAI2 and CAI3, indicating that crown asymmetry was intensified with increasing competitive pressure, revealing the critical role of neighbor competition in driving crown asymmetry. Trees tend to expand their canopy preferentially towards more open spaces to avoid lateral competitive pressure from neighbors, leading to asymmetric crown development. Compared to CAI2 and CAI3, CAI1 values were more concentrated ( 0–0.12) and showed generally weaker correlations with tree size, spatial structure, and neighbor competition. LMM showed that crown size, spatial structure, and neighbor competition factors explained up to 65% of the variance in CAI3, substantially higher than the 19% explained for CAI2. Analysis of standardized fixed effect coefficients revealed that variation in crown asymmetry was primarily driven by neighbor competition, with variation in CAI3 resulting from the combined effects of both crown size and neighbor competition. Conclusion: Competition of trees for growing space and light resources is a key factor leading to asymmetric crown development. Neighbor competition plays a dominant role in driving variation in the CAI2 and CAI3 asymmetry indices. Correlation analyses between spatial structure factors and asymmetry indices indicates that, compared to the horizontal distribution pattern of trees, their size dominance relationships and vertical spatial competition have a more direct effect on crown asymmetry. The differential explanatory power of LMM for CAI2 and CAI3 variation confirms that a three-dimensional spatial perspective captures localized crown shape adjustments more effectively, revealing that the essence of tree interactions is competition for spatial niches.

Key words: crown asymmetry index, crown structure, tree spatial structure, neighbor competition, unmanned aerial vehicle

CLC Number:

S757

Nuo Zhang,Yuanshuo Hao,Lihu Dong,Yinghui Zhao,Fengri Li. Neighbor Effects on Multi-Dimensional Crown Asymmetry in Larix olgensis Based on UAV-LiDAR Data[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(7): 27-37.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Table 3

Neighbor effect indices"

指标Index	公式Equation		公式编号Equation number
空间结构指数Spatial structure indices
角尺度Uniform angle index (W)	$ \dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{Z}_{ij} $	$ {Z}_{ij}=\begin{cases} 1，\mathrm{当}{\alpha }_{j}{< \alpha }_{0}\mathrm{时}\\0，\mathrm{否则}\end{cases} $	（4）
密集度Crowding index (C)	$ \dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{y}_{ij} $	$ {y}_{ij}=\begin{cases} 1，\mathrm{当}{\text{CR}}_{i}+{\text{CR}}_{j}> {L}_{ij}\mathrm{时}\\0，\mathrm{否则}\end{cases} $	（5）
树高大小比数Neighborhood comparison index based on treeheight ($ {U}_{\left[\mathrm{H}\right]} $)	$ \dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{k}_{ij} $	$ {k}_{ij}=\begin{cases} 1，\mathrm{当}{H}_{j}{\geq H}_{i}\mathrm{时}\\0，\mathrm{否则}\end{cases} $	（6）
树冠大小比数Neighborhood comparison index based on crown diameter ($ {U}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $)	$ \dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{k}_{ij} $	$ {k}_{ij}=\begin{cases} 1，\mathrm{当}{\text{CD}}_{j}{\geq \text{CD}}_{i}\mathrm{时}\\0，\mathrm{否则}\end{cases} $	（6）
开敞度Openness index (B)	$ \dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\dfrac{{L}_{ij}}{{H}_{j}} $		（7）
竞争指数Competition indices
$ {\text{Hegyi}}_{\left[\mathrm{H}\right]} $	$ \displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{\text{CI}}_{j\left[\mathrm{H}\right]} $	$ \mathit{\mathit{\mathrm{CI}}}_{j\left[\mathrm{H}\right]} $= $ \dfrac{{H}_{j}}{{H}_{i}\times {L}_{ij}} $	（8）
$ {\text{CVC}}_{\left[\mathrm{H}\right]} $	$ \sqrt{\dfrac{\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{\left({\text{CI}}_{j\left[\mathrm{H}\right]}-\overline{{\text{CI}}_{\left[\mathrm{H}\right]}}\right)}^{2}}{N}} $		（9）
$ {\text{Hegyi}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	$ \displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{CI}_{j\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	$ {\text{CI}}_{j\left[\text{CD}\right]} $=$ \dfrac{{\text{CD}}_{j}}{{\text{CD}}_{i}\times {L}_{ij}} $	（10）
$ {\text{CVC}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	$ \sqrt{\dfrac{\displaystyle \sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}{\left({\text{CI}}_{j\left[\text{CD}\right]}-\overline{{\text{CI}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]}}\right)}^{2}}{N}} $		（11）
CVR	$ \dfrac{{V}_{\text{cone}j}}{{V}_{\text{cone}i}} $		（12）

Table 3

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 4

Table 5

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样地编号 Plot No.	林分密度 Stand density/ （tree?hm^–2）	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean tree height/m	平均冠幅 Mean crown diameter/m	平均冠长 Mean crown length/m
1	2 132	12.38	14.65	2.61	5.87
2	1 848	13.33	15.59	2.65	6.52
3	2 043	13.01	15.69	2.57	6.56
4	2 421	11.77	14.48	2.13	5.87
5	2 425	11.26	14.59	2.18	6.55
6	2 012	12.62	16.63	2.03	7.17
7	2 021	12.91	15.68	2.04	6.05
8	1 622	13.68	16.77	2.42	6.20
9	2 620	13.07	16.25	2.31	7.06
10	2 343	12.74	16.18	2.68	6.58
11	1 721	13.51	16.48	2.71	7.18
12	2 318	12.40	15.55	2.55	6.75

指标 Index	公式 Equation	公式编号 Equation number
CAI1	$ \arctan \left(\dfrac{{y}_{\mathrm{t}}-{y}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\left\| {x}_{\mathrm{t}}-{x}_{\mathrm{c}}\right\| }\right)\div \dfrac{{\text{π}}}{2} $	（1）
CAI2	$ 1-\dfrac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\dfrac{\overline{R}}{\left\| {R}_{i}-\overline{R}\right\| +\overline{R}} $	（2）
CAI3	$ 100-\left(\dfrac{{V}_{\mathrm{I}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{m}}}\times 100\right) $	（3）

模型 Model	参数和系数 Parameters and coefficients	线性模型 Linear model (R²)	混合效应模型 Linear mixed model (R²)
CAI2	$ {\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}{U}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]}+{\beta }_{2}{\text{CVC}}_{\left[\mathrm{H}\right]}+{\beta }_{3}{\text{CVC}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]}+{\beta }_{4}\text{CVR}+\varepsilon $	0.17	0.19
CAI3	$ {\beta }_{0}+{{{\beta }_{1}}\text{CPA}+{{\beta }_{2}}\text{CV}+\beta }_{3}{U}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]}+{\beta }_{4}B+{\beta }_{5}{\text{Hegyi}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]}+{\beta }_{6}\text{CVR}+\varepsilon $	0.62	0.65

项目 Item	β	95% CI ?	95% CI +	P
CAI2
$ {U}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	0.08	0.05	0.11	<0.001
$ {\text{CVC}}_{\left[H\right]} $	0.19	0.08	0.31	<0.001
$ {\text{CVC}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	0.20	0.11	0.28	<0.001
CVR	0.62	0.49	0.74	<0.001
CAI3
CPA	–0.25	–0.35	–0.15	<0.001
CV	–0.30	–0.37	–0.23	<0.001
$ {U}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	0.05	0.03	0.07	<0.001
B	–0.12	–0.17	–0.07	<0.001
$ {\text{Hegyi}}_{\left[\text{CD}\right]} $	0.34	0.28	0.39	<0.001
CVR	0.30	0.22	0.38	<0.001

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Neighbor Effects on Multi-Dimensional Crown Asymmetry in Larix olgensis Based on UAV-LiDAR Data

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