科尔沁沙地典型乔灌植被的深层渗漏与土壤水分补给特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240789

林业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (1): 83-94.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240789

科尔沁沙地典型乔灌植被的深层渗漏与土壤水分补给特征

于涛¹,何亮¹,杨文斌²,程一本¹,冯伟³,齐容镰⁴,刘国华⁵,宁岩岩⁶,于远远⁵,李卫^7,*()

1. 北京林业大学水土保持学院　北京 100083
2. 中国治沙暨沙业学会　北京 100714
3. 锡林郭勒职业学院　锡林浩特 026000
4. 宁夏回族自治区林业调查规划院　银川 750010
5. 通辽市奈曼旗奈林国有治沙林场　通辽 028300
6. 通辽市奈曼旗青龙山林场　通辽 028300
7. 中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所　北京 100091

收稿日期:2024-12-23 修回日期:2025-11-02 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2026-01-14
通讯作者: 李卫 E-mail:lw891@caf.ac.cn.E-mail
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目（2024YFE0116900，2023YFF130420103，2023YFF1305201）；SEE基金会资助项目（ZZ–1732767636）；内蒙古自治区气象局项目（nmqxywpt202412）；国家自然科学基金项目（U2243202）；北京林业大学热点追踪项目援蒙“种植十亿棵树”计划暨中蒙荒漠化合作（2023BLRD04）；阿拉善盟科技计划项目（AMKJ2023–17）。

Characteristics of Deep Percolation and Soil Water Replenishment of Typical Arboreal and Shrub Vegetation in Horqin Sandy Land

Tao Yu¹,Liang He¹,Wenbin Yang²,Yiben Cheng¹,Wei Feng³,Ronglian Qi⁴,Guohua Liu⁵,Yanyan Ning⁶,Yuanyuan Yu⁵,Wei Li^7,*()

1. School of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University　Beijing 100083
2. China Sand Control and Sand Industry Society　Beijing 100714
3. Xilingol Vocational College　Xilinhot 026000
4. Ningxia Forestry Investigation and Planning Institute　Yinchuan 750010
5. Naiman Banner Nailin State Sand ControlForest Farm　Tongliao 028300
6. Naiman Banner Qinglong Mountain Forest Farm　Tongliao 0283002
7. Institute of Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091

Received:2024-12-23 Revised:2025-11-02 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2026-01-14
Contact: Wei Li E-mail:lw891@caf.ac.cn.E-mail

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究科尔沁沙地典型固沙植被小叶锦鸡儿灌丛和新疆杨乔木林在不同水文年对深层渗漏水量和土壤水分的影响，为“三北”工程建设及科尔沁、浑善达克沙地歼灭战的林草生态用水管理提供理论指导。方法: 在2022年（湿润年）和2023年（干旱年）生长季（4—10月），对科尔沁沙地分布的典型乔灌固沙植被和流动沙地，使用自主研发的深层渗漏水量记录仪（YWB-01）实时定量监测深层渗漏水量，比较不同水文年乔灌固沙植被深层渗漏水量在日、月尺度上的差异；监测固沙植被0~200 cm土层的土壤水分变化，明晰湿润年和干旱年固沙植被在浅层（0~40 cm）、中层（40~120 cm）和深层（120~200 cm）土壤相对可提取水分的变化。基于水量平衡，探究固沙植被水分补充能力的差异。结果: 1）在各水文年，各土层的相对可提取水分在流动沙地均显著高于植被覆盖样地（P<0.05），浅层土壤在灌丛与乔木林样地之间无显著差异，中层和深层土壤为灌丛样地显著高于乔木林样地（P<0.05）。2）不同水文年的深层渗漏水量变化特征在不同样地间表现相似，渗漏量均表现为流动沙地>灌丛>乔木林，湿润年的深层渗漏水量高于干旱年。在日尺度，不同水文年的流动沙地深层渗漏水量在至少73.86%的天数高于灌丛样地，在月尺度的比例更高。流动沙地和灌丛样地的深层渗漏水量在整个研究时段均高于乔木林样地。3）乔灌固沙植被在湿润年份的蒸散量高于干旱年份。灌丛样地能够补给土壤水分，而乔木林样地导致土壤水分亏缺。结论: 在不同水文年，相比流动沙地，固沙植被样地在日、月尺度上均减少深层渗漏水量，其中乔木林固定沙地减少得更显著。在整个土层内，固沙植被的相对可提取水分显著低于流动沙地，乔木林样地消耗更多的中层和深层土壤水分，导致土壤水分明显亏缺。

关键词: 科尔沁沙地, 固沙植被, 深层渗漏水量, 土壤水分, 沙区生态修复

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to investigate the impacts of typical sand-fixing vegetation（Caragana microphylla shrubs and Populus alba var. pyramidalis trees) on deep percolation and soil moisture in different hydro-meteorological years in Horqin Sandy Land, so as to provide a scientific basis for water management in forest and grassland ecosystems to support the “Three-North” Shelter Forest Program and the ecological restoration efforts in Horqin and Hunsanzhake sandy regions. Methods: During growing seasons (April to October) of 2022 (wet year) and 2023 (dry year), the real-time quantitative monitoring of deep percolation across typical shrub and tree vegetation covers and mobile sandy areas in Horqin Sandy Land was conducted by using a self-developed deep percolation recorder (YWB-01). The differences in deep percolation were compared between different sand fixing vegetation types in two different hydro-meteorological years on a daily and monthly scale. Soil moisture at 0–200 cm depths was monitored to elucidate variations in the relative extractable water in the shallow (0–40 cm), middle (40–120 cm), and deep (120–200 cm) soil layers between the wet and drought years. Finally, based on water balance analysis, the water replenishment capacity of different vegetation types was assessed. Result: 1) In each hydro-meteorological year, the relative extractable water in all soil layers was significantly higher in mobile sandy areas than in vegetated sites (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the relative extractable water in shallow layer (0–40 cm) between shrub and tree sites, while the middle and deep layers (40–120 cm and 120–200 cm) had significantly higher relative extractable water in shrub sites compared to tree sites (P<0.05). 2) The variation characteristics of deep percolation across different hydro-meteorological years exhibited similar patterns in different vegetation types, with the highest percolation flux in mobile sand dunes, followed by shrublands, and lowest in forested areas. The magnitude of deep percolation was greater in the wet year than that in drought year. On daily scales, deep percolation in mobile sand dunes in different hydro-meteorological years exceeded that in shrublands at least approximately 73.86% of days, with an even higher proportion on a monthly basis. Throughout the study period, deep percolation was consistently higher in mobile sand dunes and shrublands than that in forested sites. 3) The evapotranspiration in shrub and tree vegetation was significantly higher in the wet year compared to the drought year. Shrublands contributed to soil water recharge, whereas forests led to soil moisture deficits. Conclusion: In different hydro-meteorological years, vegetation-covered sites exhibit significantly reduced deep percolation relative to mobile sand dunes at both daily and monthly scales, with a more pronounced reduction observed in forested sands. The relative extractable water within the soil profile beneath vegetation is markedly lower than in mobile sand dunes; forested sites consume more mid- and deep-layer soil water, resulting in notable soil moisture deficits.

Key words: Horqin Sandy Land, vegetation for sand stabilization, deep percolation volume, soil moisture, desert ecosystem rehabilitation

中图分类号:

S152.7

于涛,何亮,杨文斌,程一本,冯伟,齐容镰,刘国华,宁岩岩,于远远,李卫. 科尔沁沙地典型乔灌植被的深层渗漏与土壤水分补给特征[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(1): 83-94.

Tao Yu,Liang He,Wenbin Yang,Yiben Cheng,Wei Feng,Ronglian Qi,Guohua Liu,Yanyan Ning,Yuanyuan Yu,Wei Li. Characteristics of Deep Percolation and Soil Water Replenishment of Typical Arboreal and Shrub Vegetation in Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(1): 83-94.

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样地Sample plot	高度 Height/m	冠幅 Crown width	植被类型 Vegetation type	林龄 Age/a	微地形 Microrelief	配置模式 Planting pattern
小叶锦鸡儿固定沙地 Fixed sandy land with Caragana microphylla	1.47	1.3 m×1.1 m	灌丛 Shrub	20	平缓沙地 Gentle sandy land	随机分布 Random distribution
新疆杨固定沙地 Fixed sandy land with Populus alba var. pyramidalis	8.33	3.4 m×3.5 m	乔木 Arboreal vegetation	15	平缓沙地 Gentle sandy land	单行一带，行距4 m，株距2 m Single-row belt, row spacing 4 m, plant spacing 2 m

降雨特征 Rainfall Characteristics	湿润年份 2022 Wet year 2022				干旱年份 2023 Dry year 2023
降雨特征 Rainfall Characteristics	中雨 Moderate rain	大雨 Heavy rain	暴雨 Torrential rain	特大暴雨 Extraordinary torrential rain	中雨 Moderate rain	大雨 Heavy rain	暴雨 Torrential rain	特大暴雨 Extraordinary torrential rain
开始时间 Start time	2022–06–22 2:00	2022–08–04 18:00	2022–08–14 9:00	2022–06–23 12:00	2023–06–20 0:00	2023–09–17 17:00	2023–07–13 16:00	2023–07–22 9:00
结束时间 End time	2022–06–22 23:00	2022–08–05 8:00	2022–08–15 13:00	2022–06–27 4:00	2023–06–20 18:00	2023–09–18 1:00	2023–07–18 5:00	2023–07–23 10:00
降雨历时 Duration/h	16	4	20	27	9	5	25	26
降雨量 Rainfall/mm	8.8	15	29.6	73.8	7.8	18.4	20.2	77.6
平均雨强 Mean intensity/(mm·h^?1)	0.55	3.75	1.48	2.73	0.86	3.68	0.81	2.98
最大雨强 Max intensity/(mm·h^?1)	1.0	11.6	5.6	14.8	1.8	16	3.8	13.6

降雨特征 Rainfall Characteristics		小雨 Light rain	中雨 Moderate rain	大雨 Heavy rain	暴雨 Torrential rain	特大暴雨 Extraordinary torrential rain	总量 Total
湿润年份（2022年） Wet year（2022）	频次 Frequency	14	7	5	6	3	35
	频次比例 Proportion（%）	40.00	20.00	12.29	17.14	8.57	100.00
	雨量Precipitation/mm	16.00	51.40	69.00	163.40	191.60	491.40
	雨量比例 Proportion（%）	3.26	10.46	14.04	33.25	38.99	100.00
干旱年份（2023年） Dry year（2023）	频次 Frequency	24	4	4	3	1	36
	频次比例 Proportion（%）	66.67	11.11	11.11	8.33	2.78	100.00
	雨量 Precipitation/mm	34.60	28.60	53.20	62.00	77.60	256.00
	雨量比例 Proportion（%）	13.52	11.17	20.78	24.22	30.31	100.00

样地 Sample plot	湿润年份 Wet year				干旱年份 Dry year
样地 Sample plot	降雨量 Rainfall/mm	DP/mm	ΔSWS/mm	ET/mm	降雨量 Rainfall/mm	DP/mm	ΔSWS/mm	ET/mm
流动沙地 Mobile sand	491.4	214.0	28.21	249.19	256.0	84.6	13.97	157.43
小叶锦鸡儿固定沙地 Sandy land fixed with C. microphylla	491.4	57.0	9.1	425.3	256.0	33.2	3.2	219.6
新疆杨固定沙地 Sandy land fixed with P. alba var. pyramidalis	491.4	0	?44.6	496.0	256.0	0	?49.3	265.3

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科尔沁沙地典型乔灌植被的深层渗漏与土壤水分补给特征

Characteristics of Deep Percolation and Soil Water Replenishment of Typical Arboreal and Shrub Vegetation in Horqin Sandy Land

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年份 Year	降雨等级 Rainfall levels	40 cm土深 40 cm soil depth		120 cm土深 120 cm soil depth		200 cm土深 200 cm soil depth
年份 Year	降雨等级 Rainfall levels	滞后时间 Lag time/h	响应累计雨量 Response to accumulated rainfall/mm	滞后时间 Lag time/h	响应累计雨量 Response to accumulated rainfall/mm	滞后时间 Lag time/h	响应累计雨量 Response to accumulated rainfall/mm
湿润年份 Wet year	中雨 Moderate rain	—	—	—	—	—	—
	大雨 Heavy rain	8	14.8	—	—	—	—
	暴雨 Torrential rain	9	19.4	34	29.6	—	—
	特大暴雨 Extraordinary torrential rain	6	13.4	13	59.0	18	61.6
干旱年份 Dry year	中雨 Moderate rain	—	—	—	—	—	—
	大雨 Heavy rain	6	18	—	—	—	—
	暴雨 Torrential rain	14	14.8	—	—	—	—
	特大暴雨 Extraordinary torrential rain	8	32	13	70.4	16	73.4