林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (10): 9-21.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220917
收稿日期:
2022-12-30
接受日期:
2023-10-25
出版日期:
2023-10-25
发布日期:
2023-11-01
通讯作者:
李伟克
E-mail:oldchoff@163.com
基金资助:
Mingyu Wang(),Weike Li*,Lifu Shu,Liqing Si,Fengjun Zhao,Wei Li,Xiaoxiao Li
Received:
2022-12-30
Accepted:
2023-10-25
Online:
2023-10-25
Published:
2023-11-01
Contact:
Weike Li
E-mail:oldchoff@163.com
摘要:
目的: 分析和评价我国森林雷击火高发区——呼中地区的瞭望塔监测体系,为完善当地瞭望塔布局建设,切实提升当地森林火灾防控能力提供依据。方法: 基于地理信息数据,利用ArcGIS、Origin等软件,对呼中地区现有的36座瞭望塔的可视性进行分析,并结合研究区1990―2020年历史森林火灾数据评价瞭望塔的火灾监测能力。结果: 研究区96%以上的森林火灾是雷击火,多发生在夏季的中午至傍晚时段,其中呼中国家级自然保护区南部、呼源林场中东部、呼中林场的西部、中部和北部以及碧水林场和呼中林场交界处等区域是雷击火高发区。雷击火多分布在海拔700~1 100 m之间的山体缓坡、东南坡和南坡坡向上;呼中地区瞭望塔系统整体可视性良好,各林场间的瞭望塔系统可视性基本相当,但单个瞭望塔之间可视性差异较大,其中呼中国家级自然保护区内各瞭望塔的可视性水平较高,也最为平均;叠加分析显示,72.73%的森林火灾落在瞭望塔可见区域内,而落在监测盲区内的火灾主要分布在呼中林场的西南部和碧水林场的东南部,落在瞭望塔可见和不可见区域的火灾坡向差异明显,前者多分布于东南坡和南坡,而后者多分布在北坡、东北坡、东坡。结论: 呼中地区瞭望塔系统整体可视性水平较好,高于全国平均水平,但单体瞭望塔之间可视性能力差异较大,存在明显监测盲区,特别是对阴坡、半阴坡林地的火灾监测能力较薄弱,需重点加强。
中图分类号:
王明玉,李伟克,舒立福,司莉青,赵凤君,李威,李笑笑. 雷击火高发的呼中地区瞭望塔配置的可视性评价[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(10): 9-21.
Mingyu Wang,Weike Li,Lifu Shu,Liqing Si,Fengjun Zhao,Wei Li,Xiaoxiao Li. Visibility Evaluation of the Lookout Tower Configuration in Huzhong Area Where Lightning Fires Frequently Occur[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(10): 9-21.
表1
呼中瞭望塔基本信息"
序号 Serial No. | 区域 Area | 瞭望塔编号 No. of lookout towers | 纬度 Latitude/(°) | 经度 Longitude/(°) | 海拔 Altitude/m | 监测半径 Monitoring radius/km |
1 | 碧水林场 Bishui forest farm | 1 | 52.077 597 | 124.056 022 | 991 | 15~20 |
2 | 2 | 52.098 056 | 123.699 167 | 968 | 15~20 | |
3 | 3 | 52.138 111 | 124.094 039 | 809 | 15~20 | |
4 | 4 | 52.242 294 | 124.000 406 | 640 | 15~20 | |
5 | 5 | 52.345 842 | 123.818 056 | 809 | 15~20 | |
6 | 6 | 52.061 367 | 123.711 936 | 1 056 | 15~20 | |
7 | 7 | 52.368 794 | 124.140 817 | 850 | 15~20 | |
8 | 呼中林场 Huzhong forest farm | 1 | 51.883 897 | 123.449 439 | 1 221 | 15~20 |
9 | 2 | 51.889 233 | 123.765 656 | 1 167 | 15~20 | |
10 | 3 | 51.967 214 | 123.203 439 | 1 050 | 15~20 | |
11 | 4 | 52.002 103 | 122.817 711 | 1 335 | 15~20 | |
12 | 5 | 52.013 611 | 123.352 778 | 1 089 | 15~20 | |
13 | 6 | 52.065 903 | 122.665 978 | 1 202 | 15~20 | |
14 | 7 | 52.103 992 | 123.174 408 | 1 248 | 15~20 | |
15 | 8 | 52.168 719 | 122.861 878 | 1 128 | 15~20 | |
16 | 9 | 52.276 992 | 123.321 061 | 1 030 | 15~20 | |
17 | 10 | 52.309 667 | 123.165 633 | 1 189 | 15~20 | |
18 | 11 | 52.085 833 | 123.047 222 | 1 163 | 15~20 | |
19 | 12 | 51.835 033 | 123.137 183 | 1 225 | 15~20 | |
20 | 13 | 51.953 461 | 123.970 086 | 1 021 | 15~20 | |
21 | 14 | 51.897 | 122.741 997 | 1 270 | 15~20 | |
22 | 15 | 52.237 5 | 123.411 842 | 1 123 | 15~20 | |
23 | 呼源林场 Huyuan forest farm | 1 | 51.290 028 | 123.488 394 | 1 266 | 15~20 |
24 | 2 | 51.392 508 | 123.532 867 | 1 147 | 15~20 | |
25 | 3 | 51.445 694 | 123.304 497 | 1 209 | 15~20 | |
26 | 4 | 51.620 972 | 123.529 489 | 1 404 | 15~20 | |
27 | 5 | 51.468 922 | 123.658 975 | 1 044 | 15~20 | |
28 | 6 | 51.559 564 | 123.592 064 | 1 238 | 15~20 | |
29 | 7 | 51.759 206 | 123.801 75 | 1 129 | 15~20 | |
30 | 呼中国家级自然保护区 Huzhong National Nature Reserve | 1 | 51.417 778 | 123.152 703 | 1 317 | 15~20 |
31 | 2 | 51.7496 5 | 123.233 728 | 1 266 | 15~20 | |
32 | 3 | 51.763 744 | 122.837 097 | 1 239 | 15~20 | |
33 | 4 | 51.895 925 | 122.976 617 | 1 252 | 15~20 | |
34 | 5 | 51.635 044 | 122.946 189 | 1 205 | 15~20 | |
35 | 6 | 51.296 992 | 123.127 014 | 1 528 | 15~20 | |
36 | 7 | 51.530 767 | 123.182 625 | 1 110 | 15~20 |
表3
呼中地区历史森林火灾分布与瞭望塔可视性叠加分析统计"
区域 Area | 一般森林火灾数量 Number of general forest fire | 较大森林火灾数量 Number of larger forest f1re | 重大森林火灾数量 Number of major forest fire | 特大森林火灾数量 Number of extra-large forest fire | 总计 Total | |||||||
不可见区域 Invisible area | 可见区域 Visible area | 不可见区域 Invisible area | 可见区域 Visible area | 不可见区域 Invisible area | 可见区域 Visible area | 不可见区域 Invisible area | 可见区域 Visible area | |||||
碧水林场 Bishui forest farm | 5 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 27 | |||
呼中林场 Huzhong forest farm | 7 | 14 | 13 | 24 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 63 | |||
呼源林场 Huyuan forest farm | 5 | 12 | 6 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 49 | |||
呼中国家级自然保护区 Huzhong National Nature Reserve | 0 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 26 | |||
总计 Total | 17 | 42 | 25 | 59 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 8 | 165 |
表2
单瞭望塔可视性分析"
区域 Area | 瞭望塔编号 No. of lookout towers | 可视区域 面积 Visible area/hm2 | 可视区域面积比例 Proportion of the visible area(%) | 平均值 Average of proportion of the visible area | 区域 Area | 瞭望塔编号 No. of lookout towers | 可视区域 面积 Visible area/hm2 | 可视区域面积比例 Proportion of the visible area(%) | 平均值 Average of proportion of the visible area | |
碧水林场 Bishui forest farm | 2 | 36 579.48 | 19.85 | 13.30 | 13 | 23 196.47 | 6.56 | |||
6 | 33 771.31 | 18.32 | 9 | 19 036.81 | 5.38 | |||||
1 | 32 621.70 | 17.70 | 6 | 16 757.41 | 4.74 | |||||
7 | 20 312.75 | 11.02 | 14 | 16 271.77 | 4.60 | |||||
4 | 17 211.27 | 9.34 | 呼源林场Huyuan forest farm | 4 | 59 305.08 | 25.70 | 11.81 | |||
3 | 16 580.25 | 9.00 | 6 | 33 227.45 | 14.40 | |||||
5 | 14 513.83 | 7.87 | 3 | 27 361.17 | 11.86 | |||||
呼中林场 Huzhong forest farm | 7 | 51 626.83 | 14.59 | 9.22 | 2 | 22 161.50 | 9.60 | |||
1 | 44 302.31 | 12.52 | 1 | 20 522.38 | 8.89 | |||||
5 | 43 472.53 | 12.29 | 7 | 17 946.80 | 7.78 | |||||
4 | 42 679.45 | 12.06 | 5 | 10 251.73 | 4.44 | |||||
2 | 39 756.36 | 11.24 | 呼中国家级自然保护区 Huzhong National Nature Reserve | 5 | 28 279.64 | 16.94 | 14.35 | |||
15 | 36 152.33 | 10.22 | 3 | 26 088.06 | 15.62 | |||||
10 | 35 759.75 | 10.11 | 1 | 25 554.38 | 15.30 | |||||
11 | 34 031.44 | 9.62 | 7 | 23 895.73 | 14.31 | |||||
12 | 31 916.05 | 9.02 | 6 | 22 762.53 | 13.63 | |||||
3 | 29 284.83 | 8.28 | 2 | 21 515.89 | 12.89 | |||||
8 | 24 875.69 | 7.03 | 4 | 19 592.77 | 11.73 |
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