大兴安岭1980—2021年雷击火时空分布特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220419

林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (10): 22-31.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220419

• 前沿与重点：森林雷击火特征与预警 • 上一篇下一篇

大兴安岭1980—2021年雷击火时空分布特征

李威^1,²(),舒立福^1,²,王明玉^1,^2,*,李伟克^1,²,苑尚博³,司莉青^1,²,赵凤君^1,²,宋佳军³,王亚惠³

1. 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所　北京100091
2. 国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室　北京 100091
3. 中国科学院电工研究所　北京100190

收稿日期:2022-06-17 接受日期:2023-10-25 出版日期:2023-10-25 发布日期:2023-11-01
通讯作者: 王明玉 E-mail:1339159507@qq.com
基金资助:
中国林业科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（CAFYBB2021ZB001）；国家林业和草原局森林雷击火防控——揭榜挂帅项目（2023132032）

Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Fires in the Daxing’anling Mountains from 1980 to 2021

Wei Li^1,²(),Lifu Shu^1,²,Mingyu Wang^1,^2,*,Weike Li^1,²,Shangbo Yuan³,Liqing Si^1,²,Fengjun Zhao^1,²,Jiajun Song³,Yahui Wang³

1. Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091
2. Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration　Beijing 100091
3. Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences　Beijing 100190

Received:2022-06-17 Accepted:2023-10-25 Online:2023-10-25 Published:2023-11-01
Contact: Mingyu Wang E-mail:1339159507@qq.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析1980—2021年大兴安岭雷击火发生历史，了解该地区雷击火的时空分布规律以及42年间的动态变化，为雷击火防控提供科学依据。方法: 基于1980—2021年大兴安岭雷击火统计资料、研究区行政区划、DEM数字高程模型，计算得到研究区的海拔、坡向和坡度分布图及对应面积，结合研究区划图，分析雷击火的空间分布特征与动态变化趋势。结果: 1）在1980—2021年间，大兴安岭地区共发生雷击火1 651起，过火总面积473 088.8 hm²。89.4%的雷击火过火面积在100 hm²以内。2000—2021年雷击火数量约为1980—1999年的3.5倍。95.9%的雷击火发生在5—8月，52%的雷击火发生在13?00—17?00，雷击火数量在6月15日春季防火期结束的几天内迅速增加。经度上，雷击火集中在121.2°E和122.5°E 2个中心附近；纬度上，80%的雷击火集中于51°N—53.5°N之间。不同行政区划的雷击火密度和雷击火面积比差异显著，总体上黑龙江全面高于内蒙古。雷击火集中于坡度4°~12°，占总数48.9%；坡度大于4°时，雷击火数量出现随坡度升高而减少的趋势。海拔范围600~800 m内的雷击火最多，占总数33.2%；只有1.3%的雷击火发生在海拔1 200 m以上地区。西南坡雷击火最多，为219起（13.9%）；西北坡雷击火最少，为177起（11.2%）。2）有关因子与雷击火数量的Pearson相关分析表明，雷击火数量与经度（R=–0.155，P≤0.001）、坡度（R=–0.523，P≤0.001）存在极显著负相关，与对应海拔面积（R=0.336，P≤0.001）、林业局面积（R=0.559，P≤0.001）存在极显著正相关，与对应坡度面积（R=0.734，P≤0.05）存在显著正相关，与纬度、海拔、对应坡向面积不存在显著相关。3）雷击火活跃日数在1980—1985年最少（35±16.1）天，1986—1997年开始上升（77.3±58.5）天，1998—2011年达到高峰（112.1±47.9）天，2012—2021年出现回落（68.1±33.2）天。以5年为间隔将1980—2021年划为8个时期后，第3~7个5年时期中的雷击火第一次高峰日存在逐渐前移的现象。结论: 大兴安岭的雷击火数量从2000年开始出现明显上升，一年中6月最多而8月最少，一天中以13?00—16?00最多而23?00—5?00最少；雷击火在空间上的分布有聚集趋势，除坡向外，其他空间类型基本符合面积越大，雷击火数量越多的规律。雷击火在不同坡向分布的差异明显，主要表现为南较北多，东较西多；在1980—2021年间的4个时期（1980—1985、1986—1997、1998—2011、2012—2021年）雷击火活跃日呈“平缓—上升—高峰—回落”的动态变化。雷击火第一次峰值日在年尺度上无明显规律，但在5年尺度上从第3~7个5年期间累积提前了24天。

关键词: 大兴安岭, 雷击火, 时空分布, 动态特征

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning fires in the Daxing’anling Mountains and the dynamic changes over the past 42 years by analyzing the occurrence history of lightning fires in the region from 1980 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of lightning fires. Method: Based on the statistical data of lightning fires in the Daxing’anling Mountains from 1980 to 2021, the administrative division of the study area and the DEM digital elevation model, the elevation, aspect and slope distribution maps and corresponding areas of the study area were obtained by processing the DEM data and calculating the corresponding areas. Combined with the study zoning map, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and dynamic change trend of lightning fires were analyzed. Result: 1) From 1980 to 2021, a total of 1 651 lightning fires occurred in the Daxing’anling Mountains, with a total area of 473 088.8 hm². Approximately 89.4% of lightning fires burned within 100 hm². The number of lightning fires from 2000 to 2021 was about 3.5 times that of from 1980 to 1999. Around 95.9% of the lightning fires occurred from May to August, and 52% of the lightning fires occurred from 13:00 to 17:00. The number of lightning fires increased rapidly in the days following the end of the spring fire prevention period on June 15. In terms of longitude, lightning fires were mainly concentrated near the two centers of 121.2°E and 122.5°E. In terms of latitude, 80% of lightning fires were concentrated between 51°N and 53.5°N. There were significant differences in the lightning fire density and lightning fire area ratio among different administrative divisions, with Heilongjiang being overall higher than Inner Mongolia. The lightning fires were concentrated on slopes of 4°–12°, accounting for 48.9% of the total. When the slope was greater than 4°, the number of lightning fires decreased with the increase of the slope. The most lightning fires occurred within 600–800 m altitude, accounting for 33.2% of the total, while only 1.3% of lightning fires occurred in areas above 1 200 m. The southwest slope had the largest number of lightning fires, with 219 (13.9%). The northwest slope had the fewest lightning fires, with 177 (11.2%). 2) The result of Pearson correlation analysis between impact factors and lightning fires showed that there was a highly significant negative correlation between the number of lightning fires and longitude (R=–0.155, P≤0.001), slope (R=–0.523, P≤0.001), the corresponding elevation area (R=0.336, P≤0.001), forest bureau area (R=0.559, P≤0.001), the corresponding slope area (R=0.734, P≤0.05). There was no significant correlation between the number of lightning fires with latitude, altitude and the corresponding aspect area. From 1980 to 1985, the number of active days of lightning fires was the least and the most stable (35±16.1) days. 3) From 1986 to 1997, the number of active days of lightning fires began to rise to (77.3±58.5) days. 3) From 1998 to 2011, the number of active days of lightning fires reached the peak of (112.1±47.9) days, and from 2012 to 2021, the number of active days of lightning fires decreased to (68.1±33.2) days. The period 1980?2021 was divided into 8 periods with a 5-year interval. From the third period to the seventh period, the first peak day of lightning fires gradually moved forward. Conclusion: The number of lightning fires has significantly increased since 2000, with the most lightning fires in June and the least in August of the year, and with the most at 13:00?16:00 and least at 23:00?5:00. The spatial distribution of lightning fires has a tendency to gather, and except slope, all other spatial types basically conform to the law that the larger the area, the more the number of lightning fires. There is obvious difference in the distribution of lightning fires in different aspect, mainly manifested as more in the south than in the north, and more in the east than in the west. The active days of lightning fires from 1980 to 2021 can be roughly divided into four periods, namely 1980?1985, 1986?1997, 1998?2011, and 2012?2021, reflecting the dynamic change of “flat, rising, peak and fall”. On the annual scale, there is no obvious regularity on the day of the first peak of lightning fire, but on the scale of 5-years, from the beginning of the third period to the end of the seventh period, the date of the first peak of lightning fires accumulatively advances by 24 days.

Key words: Daxing’anling Mountains, lightning fires, spatiotemporal distribution, dynamic characteristics

中图分类号:

S762.1

李威,舒立福,王明玉,李伟克,苑尚博,司莉青,赵凤君,宋佳军,王亚惠. 大兴安岭1980—2021年雷击火时空分布特征[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(10): 22-31.

Wei Li,Lifu Shu,Mingyu Wang,Weike Li,Shangbo Yuan,Liqing Si,Fengjun Zhao,Jiajun Song,Yahui Wang. Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Fires in the Daxing’anling Mountains from 1980 to 2021[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(10): 22-31.

图/表 11

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表1

1980—2021年大兴安岭不同林业局/县雷击火数量与面积"

区域 Region	林业局/县 Forestry bureau/county	面积 Area/hm²	雷击火数量 Number of lightning fires	雷击火面积 Area of lightning fire/hm²	雷击火密度 Density of lightning fire / [times·(10⁴ hm²)^?1]	雷击火面积占比 Area ratio of lightning fire (%)
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	阿尔山 Aershan	483 182	11	12 401.40	0.228	2.567
	永安山 Yonganshan	283 525	66	8 709.79	2.328	3.072
	汗马 Hanma	107 332	14	8 490.70	1.304	7.911
	乌玛 Wuma	375 795	117	8 239.58	3.113	2.193
	奇乾 Qiqian	287 834	47	7 612.84	1.633	2.645
	根河 Genhe	630 129	43	6 395.12	0.682	1.015
	满归 Mangui	389 948	73	5 546.02	1.872	1.422
	图里河 Tulihe	379 201	21	5 051.60	0.554	1.332
	金河 Jinhe	517 038	38	4 989.18	0.735	0.965
	毕拉河 Bilahe	471 175	15	3 725.56	0.318	0.791
	大杨树 Dayangshu	790 291	19	2 816.53	0.240	0.356
	莫尔道嘎 Moerdaoga	454 378	72	2 636.65	1.585	0.580
	乌尔旗汉 Uerqihan	593 177	19	2 531.55	0.320	0.427
	阿龙山 Alongshan	357 061	40	2 171.86	1.120	0.608
	吉文 Jiwen	361 573	27	1 678.39	0.747	0.464
	甘河 Ganhe	357 390	27	1 417.87	0.755	0.397
	克一河 Keyihe	214 442	21	1 227.20	0.979	0.572
	北大河 Beidahe	363 770	12	908.87	0.330	0.250
	库都尔 Kuduer	501 705	30	793.82	0.598	0.158
	诺敏经营所 Nuomin Management Station	148 792	16	544.30	1.075	0.366
	额尔古纳 Erguna	124 417	17	480.04	1.366	0.386
	得耳布尔 Derbur	255 422	9	438.64	0.352	0.172
	绰源 Chuoyuan	313 276	4	104.93	0.128	0.033
	阿里河 Alihe	468 366	11	66.20	0.235	0.014
	绰尔 Chuor	426 245	4	26.66	0.094	0.006
	伊图里河Yitulihe	144 458	6	4.61	0.415	0.003
	总计Total		779	89 009.89
	均值Average		29.96	3 423.46	0.889	0.011
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	松岭 Songling	676 361	59	229 511.67	0.872	33.933
	呼中 Huzhong	769 522	132	27 600.01	1.715	3.587
	西林吉Xilinji	731 624	108	10 758.44	1.476	1.470
	十八站 Shibazhan	633 165	44	8 373.12	0.695	1.322
	加格达奇 Jiagedaqi	965 844	32	7 540.23	0.331	0.781
	塔河 Tahe	922 620	81	6 792.31	0.878	0.736
	呼中自然保护区 Huzhong Nature Reserve	167 627	24	5 906.17	1.432	3.523
	韩家园 Hanjiayuan	906 314	61	4 180.53	0.673	0.461
	呼玛县 Huma County	251 026	13	3 642.95	0.518	1.451
	阿木尔 Amur	554 721	57	2 392.78	1.028	0.431
	南瓮河自然保护区 Nanwenghe Nature Reserve	229 030	9	2 217.01	0.393	0.968
	图强 Tuqiang	505 791	70	1 776.11	1.384	0.351
	新林 Xinlin	869 681	91	1 485.33	1.046	0.171
	双河自然保护区 Shuanghe Nature Reserve	88 861	9	995.87	1.013	1.121
	塔河县 Tahe County	36 860	3	46.45	0.814	0.126
	漠河县 Mohe County	36 409	3	11.68	0.824	0.032
	总计Total		796	313 230.70
	均值Average		49.75	19 576.96	0.943	0.032

表1

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大兴安岭1980—2021年雷击火时空分布特征

Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Fires in the Daxing’anling Mountains from 1980 to 2021

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