林业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (2): 103-114.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210211
刘衡1,施福军2,黎韦水1,韦中绵2,马若克1,刘志高1,李英健1,符韵林1,*
收稿日期:
2019-09-22
出版日期:
2021-02-25
发布日期:
2021-03-29
通讯作者:
符韵林
基金资助:
Heng Liu1,Fujun Shi2,Weishui Li1,Zhongmian Wei2,Ruoke Ma1,Zhigao Liu1,Yingjian Li1,Yunlin Fu1,*
Received:
2019-09-22
Online:
2021-02-25
Published:
2021-03-29
Contact:
Yunlin Fu
摘要:
目的: 比较降香黄檀和东京黄檀的树木形态、木材解剖特征和抽提物化学成分,探究二者的可区别性。方法: 采用观察法观测降香黄檀和东京黄檀的树木形态特征;采用木材解剖学方法观测木材三切面,从宏观和微观角度观察降香黄檀和东京黄檀木材组织构造;采用气质联用分析(GC-MS)和超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)方法测定不同产地降香黄檀和东京黄檀抽提物的化学成分,并进行对比分析。结果: 在树木形态上,降香黄檀的花、果、叶等形态与东京黄檀相似;在木材构造上,相较于东京黄檀,降香黄檀纹理略丰富,管孔类型更趋近于半环孔材,心材具有略少的异型Ⅲ木射线组织,但这些差异难以量化,并不能很好地区分二者,同时,其他构造特征不存在可区别性;在化学成分上,通过聚类分析发现,相同纬度的木材聚为一类,与树种无关,通过PCA分析发现,二者的分组存在明显交集,不存在可区别性。结论: 降香黄檀和东京黄檀在树木的花、果、叶等形态特征、木材解剖构造及抽提物化学成分等方面差异不显著,不存在可区别性。
中图分类号:
刘衡,施福军,黎韦水,韦中绵,马若克,刘志高,李英健,符韵林. 降香黄檀与东京黄檀木材解剖特征及抽提物化学成分的可区别性[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(2): 103-114.
Heng Liu,Fujun Shi,Weishui Li,Zhongmian Wei,Ruoke Ma,Zhigao Liu,Yingjian Li,Yunlin Fu. Distinguishability of Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia tonkinensis in Wood Anatomic Properties and Extraction Chemical Compositions[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(2): 103-114.
表1
木材样品信息"
树种 Tree species | 样品编号 No. | 样品产地 Origin place of samples | 地理坐标 Latitude and longitude | 气候条件 Climate condition | 土壤 Soil |
降香黄檀 D. odorifera | H1 | 广西南宁树木园 Guangxi Nanning Arboretum | 22°43′31″N 108°16′24″E | 亚热带季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate | 赤红壤 Latosolic red soil |
H2 | 海南定安县翰林中学 Hanlin Middle School, Anding, Hainan | 19°20′10″N 110°15′40″E | 热带海洋性季风气候 Tropical marine monsoon climate | 红壤 Red soil | |
H3 | 海南东方市八所电台 Dongfang Basuo Radio, Hainan | 19°05′48″N 108°38′04″E | 热带海洋性季风气候 Tropical marine monsoon climate | 赤红壤 Latosolic red soil | |
东京黄檀 D. tonkinensis | Y1 | 越南广平省洞海市郊区 The outskirts of Dong Hoi, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam | 17°28′59″N 106°35′59″E | 热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate | 强淋溶土 Acrisols |
Y2 | 越南广宁省越南林业大学 Vietnam Forestry University, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam | 21°05′04″N 106°30′37″E | 热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate | 强淋溶土 Acrisols | |
Y3 | 越南河内市郊区 The outskirts of Hanoi, Vietnam | 21°01′28″N 105°50′28″E | 热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate | 强淋溶土 Acrisols |
表2
降香黄檀和东京黄檀树木形态特征比较"
形态特征 Morphology | 花 Flowers | 果 Pods | 叶 Leaves |
降香黄檀 D. odorifera | 圆锥花序腋生,长8~10 cm,径6~7 cm,花白色或淡黄色 Panicle axillary, 8-10 cm long, 6-7 cm in diameter, white or yellowish flowers | 荚果舌状长圆形,长5~8 cm,宽约2 cm;有种子1~2粒,大部分为1粒,种子肾形,扁平 Pods are ligulate oblong, 5-8 cm long and 2 cm wide, with 1-2 seeds, mostly 1 seed; Seeds kidney-shaped and flat | 羽状复叶长12~25 cm;叶柄长1~3 cm;小叶3~6对,互生,近革质,卵形或椭圆形,长3~9 cm,宽2~4 cm Pinnately compound leaves 12-25 cm long; Petiole 1-3 cm long; Leaflets 3-6 pairs, alternate, nearly leathery, oval or elliptical, 3-9 cm long and 2-4 cm wide |
东京黄檀 D. tonkinensis | 圆锥花序腋生,长约8~10 cm,径5~7 cm,花白色或淡黄色 Panicle axillary, about 8-10 cm long, 5-7 cm in diameter, white or yellowish flowers | 荚果舌状长圆形,长5~8 cm,宽约2 cm;有种子1~2粒,大部分为1粒,种子肾形,扁平 Pods are ligulate oblong, 5-8 cm long and 2 cm wide, with 1-2 seeds, mostly 1 seed; Seeds kidney-shaped and flat | 羽状复叶长10~25 cm;叶柄长1~3 cm;小叶3~5对,互生,近革质,卵形或椭圆形,长4~9 cm,宽2~5 cm Pinnately compound leaves 10-25 cm long; Petiole 1-3 cm long; Leaflets 3-5 pairs, alternate, nearly leathery, oval or elliptical, 4-9 cm long and 2-5 cm wide |
表3
木材主要构造差异"
编号No. | H1 | H2 | H3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 |
纹理 Grain | 具有深褐色条纹 With dark brown stripes | 具有深褐色条纹 With dark brown stripes | 具有深褐色条纹 With dark brown stripes | 不具有深褐色条纹 Without dark brown stripes | 具有深褐色条纹 With dark brown stripes | 不具有深褐色条纹 Without dark brown stripes |
管孔 Pore | 散孔材至半环孔材;单管孔, 极少数径列复管孔(2~3个) Diffuse porous wood to semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, very few multiple pore(2-3) | 散孔材至半环孔材;单管孔, 少数径列复管孔(2~3个) Diffuse porous wood to semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, few multiple pore(2-3) | 散孔材至半环孔材;单管孔, 少数径列复管孔(2~5个) Diffuse porous wood to semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, few multiple pore(2-5) | 散孔材略具半环孔趋势;单管孔, 极少数径列复管孔(2~3个) Diffuse porous wood slightly with a tendency of semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, very few multiple pore(2-3) | 散孔材至半环孔材;单管孔, 少数径列复管孔(2~3个) Diffuse porous wood to semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, few multiple pore(2-3) | 散孔材略具半环孔趋势;单管孔, 少数径列复管孔(2~3个) Diffuse porous wood slightly with a tendency of semi-ring porous wood; Solitary, few multiple pore(2-3) |
轴向薄壁组织 Longitudinal parenchyma | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽3~6个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(3-6 cells wide) | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽2~6个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(2-6 cells wide) | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽2~4个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(2-4 cells wide) | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽2~6个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(2-6 cells wide) | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽3~6个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(3-6 cells wide) | 叠生,环管状、翼状、聚翼状、带状(宽3~6个细胞) Storied; vasicentric, aliform, confluent, banded type(3-6 cells wide) |
木射线 Wood ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型;单列射线约占30%,2列射线约占69%,3列及3列以上射线约占1% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅱ or Ⅲ; About 30% uniseriate ray, 69% biseriate ray, 1% multiseriate ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型;单列射线约占24%,2列射线约占75%,3列及3列以上射线约占1% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅱ or Ⅲ; About 24% uniseriate ray, 75% biseriate ray, 1% multiseriate ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型;单列射线约占34%,2列射线约占62%,3列及3列以上射线约占4% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅱ or Ⅲ; About 34% uniseriate ray, 62% biseriate ray, 4% multiseriate ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅲ型;单列射线约占37%,2列射线约占62%,3列及3列以上射线约占1% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅲ; About 37% uniseriate ray, 62% biseriate ray, 1% multiseriate ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型;单列射线约占27%,2列射线约占72%,3列及3列以上射线约占1% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅱ or Ⅲ; About 27% uniseriate ray, 72% biseriate ray, 1% multiseriate ray | 叠生;同形单列、多列(2~4细胞),极少数异形Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型;单列射线约占36%,2列射线约占61%,3列及3列以上射线约占3% Storied; Homogeneous uniseriate, multiseriate ray(2-4 cells), very few heterogeneous type Ⅱ or Ⅲ; About 36% uniseriate ray, 61% biseriate ray, 3% multiseriate ray |
表4
各谱峰化学成分的确认"
编号 No. | 保留时间 Retention time/min | 化合物名称 Compounds name | CAS号 CAS number | 匹配度 Similarity(%) |
1 | 8.854 | 正十九烷Nonadecane | 629-92-5 | 96 |
2 | 8.861 | 十三烷Tridecane | 629-50-5 | 94 |
3 | 9.388 | 2, 5-二甲基-3-己炔-2, 5-二醇 2, 5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2, 5-diol | 142-30-3 | 75 |
4 | 10.544 | 氧化石竹烯(-)-Caryophyllene oxide | 1139-30-6 | 85 |
5 | 11.528 | Methyl 4-heptylbenzoate | 6892-80-4 | 79 |
6 | 13.568 | 橙花叔醇Nerolidol | 7212-44-4 | 81 |
7 | 13.718 | 红没药醇α-bisabolol | 515-69-5 | 98 |
8 | 14.084 | 反式-橙花叔醇Trans-nerolidol | 40716-66-3 | 78 |
9 | 14.347 | 桉树醇1, 8-cineole | 470-82-6 | 81 |
10 | 16.428 | 环氧蛇麻烯Ⅱ Humulene epoxide Ⅱ | 19888-34-7 | 81 |
11 | 16.765 | 磷酸三丁酯Tributyl phosphate | 126-73-8 | 94 |
12 | 17.517 | 紫丁香醇2, 6-dimethoxyphenol | 91-10-1 | 84 |
13 | 21.112 | 金合欢醇Farnesol | 4602-84-0 | 87 |
14 | 22.775 | 花生四烯酸Arachidonic acid | 506-32-1 | 84 |
15 | 29.516 | 邻苯二甲酸丁基酯2-乙基己基酯 1-O-butyl 2-O-(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylate | 85-69-8 | 94 |
16 | 29.848 | 棕榈酸Palmitic acid | 57-10-3 | 96 |
17 | 30.363 | 花生酸乙酯Ethyl arachidate | 18281-05-5 | 88 |
18 | 31.968 | 亚油酸Linoleic acid | 60-33-3 | 90 |
19 | 32.235 | Floionolic acid | 583-86-8 | 96 |
20 | 32.355 | 硬脂酸Stearic acid | 57-11-4 | 83 |
21 | 32.562 | 十九烷基乙酸酯Nonadecyl acetate | 1577-43-1 | 97 |
22 | 33.684 | 维生素A酸All-trans-retinoic acid | 302-79-4 | 81 |
23 | 34.443 | 乔松素Pinocembrin | 480-39-7 | 84 |
24 | 35.089 | 美迪紫檀素(-)-Medicarpin | 32383-76-9 | 67 |
25 | 35.776 | 漆黄素Fisetin | 528-48-3 | 67 |
26 | 36.482 | 油酸酰胺Oleamide | 301-02-0 | 90 |
27 | 37.147 | 3, 4-二甲氧基苯乙烯3, 4-Dimethoxy styrene | 6380-23-0 | 83 |
28 | 37.385 | 刺芒柄花素Formononetin | 485-72-3 | 74 |
29 | 37.626 | 柚皮素(S)-naringenin | 480-41-1 | 87 |
30 | 38.748 | 2-叔丁基-1, 4-二甲氧基苯 2-tert-butyl-1, 4-dimethoxybenzene | 21112-37-8 | 93 |
31 | 39.099 | 4-羟基-3-叔丁基-苯甲醚 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole | 121-00-6 | 67 |
表5
各样品抽提物成分的百分含量测定结果①"
化合物编号 No. | 心材 Heartwood | 过渡材 Transition wood | 边材 Sapwood | |||||||||||||||||
H1 | H2 | H3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | H1 | H2 | H3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | H1 | H2 | H3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |||
1 | 1.297 | — | 0.210 | 0.354 | 0.083 | — | 0.981 | 1.129 | 0.261 | 0.077 | 0.375 | 0.536 | — | 2.392 | 2.209 | 0.065 | 0.388 | — | ||
2 | 2.833 | — | — | 0.235 | 0.017 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.332 | 0.006 | — | — | — | 0.067 | ||
3 | 1.297 | — | 0.101 | 0.412 | 0.031 | — | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.065 | 0.035 | 0.139 | 1.389 | — | 0.003 | — | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.981 | ||
4 | 1.174 | — | 0.167 | 0.201 | 0.005 | 0.038 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.084 | 1.519 | ||
5 | 1.146 | — | 0.082 | 0.008 | 0.026 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.019 | — | — | 0.005 | — | 3.218 | ||
6 | 11.380 | 4.053 | 6.448 | 4.108 | 10.050 | 10.350 | — | 5.080 | 7.343 | 1.877 | 4.361 | 0.657 | 0.067 | — | — | 0.077 | 1.343 | 0.816 | ||
7 | 4.382 | 8.185 | 8.529 | 6.336 | 9.087 | 3.263 | — | 8.287 | 9.470 | 3.073 | 2.650 | 0.001 | — | 2.242 | 9.186 | 0.265 | 1.607 | 0.999 | ||
8 | 23.130 | 20.760 | 19.680 | 12.590 | 9.274 | 4.396 | 49.040 | 18.500 | 22.140 | 5.931 | 4.428 | 0.202 | — | 4.444 | 8.919 | 0.062 | 2.085 | 0.042 | ||
9 | 1.491 | 0.939 | 0.685 | 0.278 | 0.221 | 0.091 | 5.265 | 0.227 | 0.686 | 0.201 | 0.177 | 0.189 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
10 | 4.407 | 2.835 | 4.881 | 2.400 | 4.203 | 0.889 | 1.459 | 3.610 | 3.034 | — | 1.130 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
11 | 4.702 | 3.027 | 2.107 | 0.633 | 1.759 | 1.161 | 14.860 | 10.550 | 0.829 | 0.278 | 0.687 | 1.445 | 74.630 | 17.560 | 3.267 | — | 1.097 | 0.014 | ||
12 | 0.005 | 1.032 | 1.032 | — | 0.531 | 0.106 | 0.124 | 1.570 | 1.042 | 0.139 | 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
13 | 0.001 | 1.669 | 2.219 | — | 0.865 | 0.729 | — | — | 1.990 | 0.217 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
14 | — | 1.248 | 0.655 | — | 0.562 | 0.120 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.983 | 1.118 | 0.424 | — | 5.724 | 0.224 | 4.406 | 3.410 | 0.215 | ||
16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.805 | 0.384 | 0.156 | 0.014 | 0.057 | 3.668 | 2.359 | 2.082 | 29.820 | — | 3.668 | ||
17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.404 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.178 | 0.355 | 3.212 | 0.131 | 0.090 | — | 0.537 | 8.721 | 0.131 | ||
18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.977 | 0.049 | 0.186 | 0.020 | 0.132 | 0.757 | 0.080 | — | 0.179 | 1.038 | 0.757 | ||
19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.667 | 10.190 | 0.604 | 0.243 | 0.389 | 1.176 | 8.576 | 2.582 | 3.277 | 0.349 | 2.278 | 8.576 | ||
20 | — | 1.378 | 0.013 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.070 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.958 | 0.193 | — | 0.199 | 34.300 | 0.958 | ||
21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.693 | 0.273 | 0.011 | 0.218 | 0.029 | 4.337 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
22 | 0.295 | 0.190 | 0.118 | 2.510 | 0.503 | 1.739 | 0.383 | 1.267 | 0.012 | 1.538 | 0.595 | 0.389 | 3.411 | 0.503 | 1.299 | 1.001 | 0.436 | 3.411 | ||
23 | 5.814 | 1.228 | 1.137 | 0.166 | 2.749 | 2.904 | 3.637 | 0.346 | 1.871 | 23.160 | 2.741 | 3.216 | 0.133 | 0.523 | 2.893 | 0.597 | 0.373 | 0.133 | ||
24 | 1.125 | 22.320 | 6.935 | 20.110 | 8.640 | 2.110 | 3.976 | 6.489 | 7.198 | 2.572 | 5.454 | 1.049 | 5.893 | 5.371 | 1.717 | 1.480 | 0.285 | 5.893 | ||
25 | 4.173 | 2.412 | 2.679 | 1.254 | 3.458 | 4.587 | 2.261 | 0.520 | 2.389 | 1.915 | 2.464 | 3.318 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
26 | 0.802 | 1.278 | 0.932 | 0.197 | 0.717 | 1.217 | 0.261 | 8.867 | 1.000 | 1.390 | 0.865 | 0.218 | 5.339 | 3.641 | — | 1.396 | 0.029 | 5.339 | ||
27 | 2.859 | 5.164 | 3.789 | 4.071 | 13.490 | 11.800 | 3.636 | 1.926 | 4.808 | 7.730 | 16.970 | 21.170 | 0.164 | 2.416 | 3.415 | 3.510 | — | 0.164 | ||
28 | 0.041 | 1.710 | 3.268 | 6.705 | 2.590 | 16.960 | 0.022 | 0.121 | 3.068 | 1.587 | 4.149 | 6.502 | 0.477 | 2.606 | — | 1.298 | — | 0.477 | ||
29 | 1.115 | 2.847 | 1.152 | 4.861 | 4.254 | 8.493 | 1.760 | 0.116 | 2.027 | 5.580 | 5.861 | 4.978 | 0.242 | 0.143 | 3.629 | 1.542 | 0.038 | 0.242 | ||
30 | — | 0.003 | 0.011 | 1.140 | 0.008 | 0.086 | — | 0.023 | 0.013 | 1.627 | 0.038 | 2.542 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.073 | 1.184 | 0.012 | ||
31 | — | 0.551 | 3.102 | 0.026 | 0.083 | 0.038 | — | — | 3.320 | 0.498 | 0.208 | 0.037 | 0.004 | 3.516 | 0.010 | 0.077 | — | 0.004 |
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