呼伦贝尔市典型生态产品禀赋与价值化实现路径优化

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230548

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 开展呼伦贝尔市生态空间生态产品禀赋分析，结合比较优势分析结果与实际探索情况对价值化实现路径进行优化设计，以实现地区社会、经济与生态的复合性协调发展。方法: 基于呼伦贝尔市13个旗（市、区）水源涵养、生物多样性保育、固碳和生态康养4类典型生态产品价值量，结合全市和地区GDP，采用资源禀赋分析法计算各旗（市、区）的禀赋系数并分析比较优势。结果: 资源禀赋分析结果与生态空间资源分布一致，4类典型生态产品禀赋均具有强比较优势的旗（市）为根河市、额尔古纳市和鄂伦春自治旗，得益于森林和湿地分布面积较大；但上述旗（市）经济发展相对滞后，GDP位列全市中下游，表现出生态资源存量与经济发展状况的不协调。目前呼伦贝尔市生态产品动态监测、价值核算体系和价值化实现路径设计仍处于起步阶段，生态系统服务提供的隐性附加价值未被很好测算和体现出来。基于呼伦贝尔市资源禀赋和价值实现相关障碍因素的分析，提出4种可行的优化路径：精准量化补偿森林生态效益；建立多元化生态保护补偿机制；构建绿色金融服务体系；推动生态产业发展。结论: 通过多种措施有效将生态价值转化为经济优势，可推动落后区域的全面可持续发展，为提高林草湿生态空间生态产品能力、解决地区生态与发展不协调问题供科学决策依据。

关键词: 生态空间资源分布, 生态产品禀赋, 价值实现, 优化路径, 呼伦贝尔市

Abstract:

Objective: The article intends to carry out ecological product endowment analysis in the ecological space of Hulunbuir City and design optimized value realization pathways by combining comparative advantage analysis results with factual exploration situations, to realize the composite and coordinated development of the regional society, economy and ecology. Method: Based on the value of typical ecological products in four categories of water conservation, biodiversity con servation, carbon sequestration and ecological wellness functions in 13 counties (cities and districts) of Hulunbuir City, and combined with the citywide and regional GDP, through the resource endowment analysis method to calculate endowment factors and analyse the comparative advantages of each county (city and district). Result: The results of the endowment analysis are consistent with the distribution of ecological space areas. Genhe City, Erguna City, and Oroqen Autonomous Banner all have strong comparative advantages of four typical ecological product endowments, benefiting from larger forest and wetland distribution areas. However, the regional economic development of the above counties (cities) is relatively lagging, with GDP ranking in the middle and lower parts of the city, which shows the incongruity between the stock of ecological resources and the economic situation. The dynamic monitoring, value accounting system, and the design of value realization pathways of Hulunbuir City are still in the initial stage, the hidden added value provided by ecosystem services has not been well measured and manifested. Based on the analysis of resource endowment and obstacles related to value realization, four feasible optimization pathways are proposed: precise and quantitative compensation for forest ecological benefits; establishment of diversified ecological protection compensation mechanisms; construction of green financial service system; promotion of ecological industry development. Conclusion: Through a variety of measures to turn ecological values into economic advantages, promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of lagging regions, and providing a scientific decision-making basis to improve the capacity of ecological products in forest, grassland and wetland ecological spaces and to solve the problem of the lack of coordination between ecology and development in the region.

Key words: ecological spatial resources distribution, ecological product endowment, value realization, optimized pathways, Hulunbuir City

中图分类号:

F307.2

潘丰十,牛香,郭珂. 呼伦贝尔市典型生态产品禀赋与价值化实现路径优化[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(12): 146-157.

Fengshi Pan,Xiang Niu,Ke Guo. Typical Ecological Product Endowment and Optimized Value Realization Pathways of Hulunbuir City[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(12): 146-157.

图/表 10

图1

表1

呼伦贝尔市4类典型森林生态产品价值量评估选取指标和计算公式"

生态产品 Ecological product	选取指标 Index chosen	价值量评估公式 Value evaluation formula	公式说明 Formula description
涵养水源 Water conservation	调节水量 Water regulation	$ {U}_{\mathrm{r}}=10A\cdot (P-E-R)\cdot {C}_{r} $	$ {U}_{\mathrm{r}} $：林分年调节水量价值；A：林分面积；P：降水量；E：林分蒸散量；R：地表径流量；$ {C}_{\mathrm{r}} $：水库建设单位库容投资，年调节水量价值评估采取替代工程法，并参照《规范》，采用就近相似原则，$ {C}_{\mathrm{r}} $参照附近水库的平均库容造价；$ {U}_{\mathrm{p}} $: 年净化水质价值，参考应税水污染物税额；$ {K}_{\mathrm{p}} $：水的净化费用 $ {U}_{\mathrm{r}} $: Value of annual water regulation quantity of forest stands (yuan·a^?1); A: Area of forest stands (hm2); P: Precipitation (mm·a^?1); E: Evapotranspiration (mm·a^?1); R: Surface runoff (mm·a^?1); $ {C}_{\mathrm{r}}: $Investment in reservoir construction unit capacity (yuan·m^?3), the value of annual water regulation quantity is assessed by adopting the alternative project method, and referring to the《Norm》, using the principle of proximity and similarity, the value of $ {C}_{\mathrm{r}} $refers to the average cost of the capacity of nearby reservoirs; $ {U}_{\mathrm{p}} $: Value of water purification (yuan·a^?1), reference to tax on taxable water pollutants; $ {K}_{\mathrm{p}} $: Water purification costs (yuan·a^?1)
涵养水源 Water conservation	净化水质 Water purification	$ {U}_{\mathrm{p}}=10A\cdot (P-E-R)\cdot {K}_{\mathrm{p}} $
生物多样性保育 Biodiversity conservation	濒危指数、特有种指数、古树年龄指数 Endangered index, endemic species index, old tree age index	$ {U}_{\mathrm{b}}=\left(1+0.1\displaystyle\sum _{m=1}^{x}{E}_{m}+0.1\displaystyle\sum _{n=1}^{y}{B}_{n}+\right. $$ \left. 0.1\displaystyle\sum _{r=1}^{z}{O}_{r}\right)\cdot {S}_{\mathrm{b}}\cdot A $	$ {U}_{\mathrm{b}} $：林分年生物多样性保育价值；$ {E}_{m} $：物种m的濒危指数；$ {B}_{n} $：物种n的特有种指数；$ {O}_{r} $：物种r的古树年龄指数；$ {S}_{\mathrm{b}} $：修正的Shannon-Wiener指数对应的单位面积物种资源保育价值 $ {U}_{\mathrm{b}} $: Value of annual biodiversity conservation of forest stands (yuan·a^?1); $ {E}_{m} $: Endangered index of species m; $ {B}_{n} $: Endemic species index of species n; $ {O}_{r} $: Old tree age index of species r; $ {S}_{\mathrm{b}} $: Conservation value per unit area corresponding to the modified Shannon-Wiener index(yuan·hm^?2a^?1)
固碳 Carbon sequestration	固碳 Carbon sequestration	$ {U}_{\mathrm{C}}=(1.63{R}_{\mathrm{C}}{B}_{\mathrm{n}}+{S}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}})\cdot A{\cdot C}_{\mathrm{C}} $	$ {U}_{\mathrm{C}} $：林分年固碳价值；$ {R}_{\mathrm{C}} $: CO₂中碳的含量（27.29%）；$ {B}_{\mathrm{n}} $：林分净生产力；$ {S}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}} $：单位面积林分土壤固碳量；$ {C}_{\mathrm{C}} $：固碳价格 $ {U}_{\mathrm{C}} $: Value of annual carbon sequestration quantity of forest stands (yuan·a^?1); $ {R}_{\mathrm{C}} $: Content of carbon in CO₂ (27.29%); $ {B}_{\mathrm{n}} $: Net productivity(t·hm^?2a^?1); $ {S}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}} $: Soil carbon sequestration per unit area(t·hm^?2a^?1);$ {C}_{\mathrm{C}} $: Carbon sequestration prices(yuan·t^?1)
生态康养 Ecological wellness	森林康养 Forest therapy	$ {U}_{\mathrm{T}}=({U}_{\mathrm{D}}+{U}_{\mathrm{O}})\cdot 0 $.8	$ {U}_{\mathrm{T}} $：森林康养价值量；$ {U}_{\mathrm{D}} $：林业旅游与休闲直接产值；$ {U}_{\mathrm{O}} $：林业旅游与休闲带动的其他产业产值 $ {U}_{\mathrm{T}} $: Value of forest therapy (yuan·a^?1);$ {U}_{\mathrm{D}} $: Direct output of forestry tourism and recreation (yuan·a^?1); $ {U}_{\mathrm{O}} $: Output value of other industries driven by forestry tourism and recreation (yuan·a^?1)

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旗（市、区） Banner (city, district)	水源涵养 Water conservation	生物多样性保育 Biodiversity conservation	固碳 Carbon sequestration	生态康养 Ecological wellness
海拉尔区Hailaer District	10.22	8.25	6.38	3.17
满洲里市Manzhouli City	5.22	3.11	2.62	2.50
扎兰屯市Zalantun City	233.66	197.60	50.97	33.37
牙克石市Yakeshi City	493.20	413.87	96.82	64.16
根河市Genhe City	388.01	335.68	69.24	46.59
额尔古纳市Erguna City	449.76	358.11	100.51	69.05
阿荣旗Arun Banner	124.01	129.50	28.39	17.32
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa	69.72	54.90	20.93	10.87
鄂伦春自治旗Oroqen Autonomous Banner	626.65	500.91	118.99	75.95
鄂温克族自治旗Ewenki Autonomous Banner	226.10	156.34	51.24	64.25
新巴尔虎左旗Xinbaerhu Left Banner	179.96	90.14	53.21	82.96
新巴尔虎右旗Xinbaerhu Right Banner	168.29	71.99	55.72	106.77
陈巴尔虎旗Chenbaerhu Banner	158.27	89.29	37.26	68.18
生态系统生产总值Gross ecosystem product (GEP)	3 133.07	2 409.68	692.28	645.13

旗（市、区） Banner (city, district)	水源涵养功能禀赋系数 Water conservation function endowment factor	比较优势 Comparative advantage
海拉尔区Hailaer District	0.02	无比较优势No comparative advantage
满洲里市Manzhouli City	0.01	无比较优势No comparative advantage
扎兰屯市Zalantun City	0.57	无比较优势No comparative advantage
牙克石市Yakeshi City	1.81	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
根河市Genhe City	4.46	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
额尔古纳市Erguna City	4.27	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
阿荣旗Arun Banner	0.49	无比较优势No comparative advantage
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa	0.30	无比较优势No comparative advantage
鄂伦春自治旗Oroqen Autonomous Banner	3.43	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
鄂温克族自治旗Ewenki Autonomous Banner	0.76	无比较优势No comparative advantage
新巴尔虎左旗Xinbaerhu Left Banner	2.69	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
新巴尔虎右旗Xinbaerhu Right Banner	1.06	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
陈巴尔虎旗Chenbaerhu Banner	0.70	无比较优势No comparative advantage

旗（市、区） Banner (city, district)	生物多样性保育功能禀赋系数 Biodiversity conservation function endowment factor	比较优势 Comparative advantage
海拉尔区Hailaer District	0.02	无比较优势No comparative advantage
满洲里市Manzhouli City	0.01	无比较优势No comparative advantage
扎兰屯市Zalantun City	0.63	无比较优势No comparative advantage
牙克石市Yakeshi City	1.98	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
根河市Genhe City	5.02	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
额尔古纳市Erguna City	4.42	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
阿荣旗Arun Banner	0.66	无比较优势No comparative advantage
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa	0.31	无比较优势No comparative advantage
鄂伦春自治旗Oroqen Autonomous Banner	3.57	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
鄂温克族自治旗Ewenki Autonomous Banner	0.69	无比较优势No comparative advantage
新巴尔虎左旗Xinbaerhu Left Banner	1.75	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
新巴尔虎右旗Xinbaerhu Right Banner	0.59	无比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
陈巴尔虎旗Chenbaerhu Banner	0.70	无比较优势No comparative advantage

旗（市、区） Banner (city, district)	固碳功能禀赋系数 Carbon sequestration function endowment factor	比较优势 Comparative advantage
海拉尔区Hailaer District	0.06	无比较优势No comparative advantage
满洲里市Manzhouli City	0.03	无比较优势No comparative advantage
扎兰屯市Zalantun City	0.56	无比较优势No comparative advantage
牙克石市Yakeshi City	1.61	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
根河市Genhe City	3.60	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
额尔古纳市Erguna City	4.32	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
阿荣旗Arun Banner	0.51	无比较优势No comparative advantage
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa	0.41	无比较优势No comparative advantage
鄂伦春自治旗Oroqen Autonomous Banner	2.95	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
鄂温克族自治旗Ewenki Autonomous Banner	1.78	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
新巴尔虎左旗Xinbaerhu Left Banner	3.60	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
新巴尔虎右旗Xinbaerhu Right Banner	1.59	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
陈巴尔虎旗Chenbaerhu Banner	0.75	无比较优势No comparative advantage

旗（市、区） Banner (city, district)	生态康养功能禀赋系数 Ecological wellness function endowment factor	比较优势 Comparative advantage
海拉尔区Hailaer District	0.03	无比较优势No comparative advantage
满洲里市Manzhouli City	0.03	无比较优势No comparative advantage
扎兰屯市Zalantun City	0.40	无比较优势No comparative advantage
牙克石市Yakeshi City	1.15	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
根河市Genhe City	2.60	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
额尔古纳市Erguna City	3.19	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
阿荣旗Arun Banner	0.33	无比较优势No comparative advantage
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa	0.23	无比较优势No comparative advantage
鄂伦春自治旗Oroqen Autonomous Banner	2.02	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
鄂温克族自治旗Ewenki Autonomous Banner	1.06	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage
新巴尔虎左旗Xinbaerhu Left Banner	6.03	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
新巴尔虎右旗Xinbaerhu Right Banner	3.26	强比较优势Strong comparative advantage
陈巴尔虎旗Chenbaerhu Banner	1.47	中等比较优势Moderate comparative advantage