新疆天山中部蚂蚁物种多样性

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220305

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨新疆天山中部地区蚂蚁群落结构、物种多样性和群落相似性问题，为天山地区的植被恢复和物种多样性保护提供参考。方法: 采用样地调查法探究新疆天山中部地区蚂蚁物种多样性，利用R4.1.1软件进行抽样充分性检测，计算α多样性指数和Jaccard群落相似性系数，应用SPSS24.0软件进行蚂蚁物种多样性指标与生境因子间的Pearson相关性分析。结果: 在天山中部共调查采集到蚂蚁11 767头，隶属2亚科15属27种。北坡蚂蚁群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数均大于南坡。随海拔升高，南坡和北坡各样地α多样性指数表现为多域效应现象或中域效应现象。南坡和北坡蚂蚁群落间相似性（0.222 2）处于极不相似水平，南坡和北坡各样地蚂蚁群落间相似性水平总体较低，各类植被蚂蚁群落间相似性（0~0.416 7）处于极不相似至中等不相似水平。相关性分析发现，物种数目和多样性指数与海拔呈极显著负相关，与乔木郁闭度呈显著正相关。结论: 天山中部地区蚂蚁群落α多样性在海拔和气温主导下，主要与湿度、植被性质和人为干扰因素有关，物种丰富度和多样性指数与海拔呈显著负相关，与乔木郁闭度呈显著正相关。良好的植被能为蚂蚁群落提供充足的食物和栖息场所，蚂蚁更喜欢生活在植被覆盖率高、气候较湿热的中海拔区域。南北坡垂直带及各类生境间蚂蚁群落分化明显。

关键词: 蚁科, 物种多样性, 群落, 垂直带, 天山

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to reveal the pattern of ant species diversity in the middle of Tianshan Mountain, and provide a basis for ecological restoration and species diversity protection in Tianshan Mountain area. Method: The species diversity of ants in the middle of Tianshan Mountain was surveyed by plot sampling method. The sampling adequacy was tested by R4.1.1 software, and the α diversity indexes and Jaccard community similarity coefficients were calculated. Pearson correlation between ant diversity indexes and habitat factors was analyzed by SPSS 24 software. Result: A total of 11 767 ant individuals were collected in the middle of Tianshan Mountain area, and they belonged to 2 subfamilies, 15 genera, and 27 species. The species richness, diversity index and evenness index of ant communities on the northern slope were higher than those on the southern slope. With the increase of altitude, the α diversity indexes of various plots on the southern and northern slopes showed a multi-domain effect or a middle-domain effect phenomenon. The similarity (0.222 2) between ant communities on the southern and the northern slope was at an extremely dissimilar level, and the similarity level between ant communities at various plots on both the southern and northern slopes was generally lower. The similarity (0.000 0–0.416 7) between ant communities from various vegetation was at an extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar level. Correlation analysis found that species richness and diversity index had a significant negative correlation with altitude, and a significant positive correlation with tree canopy density. Conclusion: The α diversity of ant community in the middle of Tianshan Mountain is mainly determined by altitude and air temperature, meanwhile related to humidity, vegetation properties and human disturbance factors. Good vegetation can provide sufficient food resources and habitat for the ant community, and ants prefer to live in the middle to low altitude zone with high vegetation coverage and hot and moist climate. The ant communities in the vertical zones of northern and southern slopes and from various habitats are significantly differentiated. The above results have important reference value for ecological restoration and species diversity protection.

Key words: Formicidae, species diversity, community, vertical gradient, Tianshan Mountain

中图分类号:

S718.7

杨林,熊忠平,刘霞,钱怡顺,杨蕊,韩秀,房华,徐正会. 新疆天山中部蚂蚁物种多样性[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(6): 102-111.

Lin Yang,Zhongping Xiong,Xia Liu,Yishun Qian,Rui Yang,Xiu Han,Hua Fang,Zhenghui Xu. Species Diversity of Ants in the Middle of Tianshan Mountain, Xinjiang[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(6): 102-111.

图/表 8

表1

天山中部蚂蚁群落调查样地概况①"

样地地点 Sample sites	海拔 Altitude/m	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope /(o)	土壤类型 Soil types	土壤湿度 Soil moisture	植被类型 Vegetation types	植被性质 Vegetation property	乔木郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	盖度 Coverage (%)			地被物厚度 Litter thickness/cm
样地地点 Sample sites	海拔 Altitude/m	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope /(o)	土壤类型 Soil types	土壤湿度 Soil moisture	植被类型 Vegetation types	植被性质 Vegetation property	乔木郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	灌木 Shrub	草木 Herb	地被物 Litter	地被物厚度 Litter thickness/cm
乌鲁木齐二道泉清真寺 Erdaoquan Mosque, Urumqi city	1 011	E	10	黄壤 Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	杨树林 Poplar forest	人工林 Artificial forest	80	20	85	95	2~3
乌鲁木齐白家桃园 Baijia Taoyuan, Urumqi city	1 273	SW	5	黄壤Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	杨树林 Poplar forest	人工林 Artificial forest	60	20	90	100	1~2
乌鲁木齐上寺村 Shangsi village, Urumqi city	1 494	NE	10	黄壤 Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	杨树林 Poplar forest	人工林 Artificial forest	60	5	90	100	2~3
乌鲁木齐大西沟河坝 Daxigou river dam, Urumqi city	1 792	NE	40	棕壤 Brown soil	潮 Humid	云杉林 Picea forest	天然林 Natural forest	50	30	80	80	2~3
乌鲁木齐大西沟水库 Daxigou reservoir, Urumqi city	2 005	W	35	黄壤Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	95	95	0.5~1
乌鲁木齐跃进桥 Yuejinqiao, Urumqi city	2 294	NE	35	黄壤 Yellow soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	95	95	1~2
乌鲁木齐萨尔托斯 Sartos, Urumqi city	2 564	S	35	暗棕壤 Dark brown soil	湿润 Moist	灌丛 Shrub	天然 Natural	0	50	100	100	2~3
乌鲁木齐察汗诺尔 Qagan Nur, Urumqi city	2 796	SE	40	棕壤 Brown soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	10	95	95	0.5~1
乌鲁木齐钦达旺萨依 Qinda Wangsai, Urumqi city	3 007	S	35	棕壤Brown soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	100	100	1~2
乌鲁木齐阿依特达坂 Aitdaban, Urumqi city	3 269	SE	30	暗棕壤 Dark brown soil	湿 Wet	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	100	100	0.5~1
乌鲁木齐气象站 Meteorological station, Urumqi city	3 546	E	30	暗棕壤 Dark brown soil	湿 Wet	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	70	70	0.5~1
乌鲁木齐一号冰川 No. 1 glacier, Urumqi city	3 763	NE	45	暗沙壤 Dark sandy soil	湿 Wet	流石滩 Screes	天然 Natural	0	0	3	3	0.5
乌鲁木齐冰达坂Bingdaban, Urumqi city	3 957	E	40	灰沙壤 Grey sandy soil	湿 Wet	流石滩 Screes	天然 Natural	0	0	0	0	0
和静县冰达坂南 South of Bingdaban, Hejing county	3 784	S	25	黄沙壤Yellow soil	湿 Wet	流石滩 Screes	天然 Natural	0	0	10	10	0.5
和静县黑熊沟 Heixionggou, Hejing county	3 517	SE	25	暗棕壤Dark brown soil	湿 Wet	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	95	95	1~2
和静县黑熊沟 Heixionggou, Hejing county	3 257	E	30	暗棕壤 Dark brown soil	湿 Wet	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	98	98	1~2
和静县布尔哈图 Burhatu, Hejing county	3 008	S	20	黄沙壤Yellow sandy soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	100	100	0.5~1
和静县乌苏托 Usuto, Hejing county	2 750	S	15	黄壤Yellow soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	95	95	0.5~1
和静县乌拉斯台 Ulastay, Hejing county	2 499	NW	30	黄沙壤Yellow sandy soil	湿润 Moist	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	90	90	0.5~1
和静县乌拉斯台 Ulastay, Hejing county	2 227	S	30	黄沙壤Yellow sandy soil	潮 Humid	草丛 Herb	天然Natural	0	0	80	80	0.5~1
和静县哈让古 Haranggu, Hejing county	2 015	S	20	黄沙壤Yellow sandy soil	潮 Humid	草丛 Herb	天然 Natural	0	0	70	70	0.5~1
和静县巴伦台 Balguntay, Hejing county	1 724	SE	30	黄壤 Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	灌丛 Shrub	天然 Natural	0	40	30	50	0.5~1
和静县乌拉斯台河 Ulastay river, Hejing county	1 501	NE	35	黄壤Yellow soil	干燥 Arid	灌丛 Shrub	天然 Natural	0	40	40	60	0.5~1
和静县黄水沟 Huangshuigou, Hejing county	1 254	S	10	黄沙壤 Yellow sandy soil	干燥 Arid	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaf forest	人工林 Artificial forest	40	10	95	95	1~2
库尔勒市龙山 Longshan, Korla city	977	W	20	黄沙壤Yellow sandy soil	干燥 Arid	胡杨林 Populus euphratica forest	人工林 Artificial forest	30	50	50	70	1~2

表1

表2

天山中部蚂蚁群落结构①"

序号 No.	物种Species	天山中部 Middle Tianshan Mountain			北坡 Northern slope			南坡 Southern slope
序号 No.	物种Species	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ
1	草地铺道蚁 Tetramorium caespitum	3 380	28.7	A	508	8.2	B	2 872	52.0	A
2	萨氏红蚁 Myrmica saposhnikovi	2 270	19.3	A	2 266	36.3	A	4	0.1	E
3	丝光蚁Formica fusca	1 779	15.1	A	1 712	27.4	A	67	1.2	C
4	红林蚁 Formica clara	1 337	11.3	A	1	0	E	1 336	24.2	A
5	工匠收获蚁 Messor structor	449	3.8	C	187	3.0	C	262	4.7	C
6	艾箭蚁 Cataglyphis aenescens	438	3.7	C	150	2.4	C	288	5.2	B
7	喜马毛蚁 Lasius himalayanus	361	3.1	C	361	5.8	B	0	0	—
8	亚齿举腹蚁 Crematogaster subdentata	356	3.0	C	0	0	—	356	6.4	B
9	黑毛蚁 Lasius niger	240	2.0	C	240	3.8	C	0	0	—
10	凹唇蚁 Formica sanguinea	154	1.3	C	154	2.5	C	0	0	—
11	寇氏心结蚁 Cardiocondyla koshewnikovi	134	1.1	C	0	0	—	134	2.4	C
12	红头蚁 Formica truncorum	128	1.1	C	128	2.1	C	0	0	—
13	堆土细胸蚁 Leptothorax acervorum	120	1.019 8	C	120	2.0	C	0	0	—
14	土耳其切胸蚁 Temnothorax turcicus	114	1.0	D	114	1.8	C	0	0	—
15	拟凶铺道蚁 Tetramorium feroxoides	77	0.7	D	0	0	—	77	1.4	C
16	掘穴蚁 Formica cunicularia	71	0.6	D	71	1.1	C	0	0	—
17	草地蚁 Formica pratensis	68	0.6	D	68	1.1	C	0	0	—
18	光亮黑蚁 Formica candida	68	0.6	D	68	1.1	C	0	0	—
19	黄毛蚁 Lasius flavus	67	0.6	D	67	1.1	C	0	0	—
20	无刺铺道蚁 Tetramorium inerme	56	0.5	D	0	0	—	56	1.0	C
21	满斜结蚁 Plagiolepis manczshurica	39	0.3	D	0	0	—	39	0.7	D
22	切胸蚁待定种1 Temnothorax sp.1	30	0.3	D	0	0	—	30	0.5	D
23	北方蚁 Formica aquilonia	23	0.2	D	23	0.4	D	0	0	—
24	尖毛拟立毛蚁 Paraparatrechina aseta	3	0	E	3	0	E	0	0	—
25	黄足尼兰蚁 Nylanderia flavipes	2	0	E	0	0	—	2	0	D
26	橘红悍蚁 Polyergus rufescens	2	0	E	2	0	E	0	0	—
27	广布弓背蚁 Camponotus herculeanus	1	0	E	1	0	E	0	0	－
合计Sum	—	1 1767	—	—	6 244	—	—	5 523	—	—

表2

图1

表3

天山中部蚂蚁群落主要指标"

编号 No.	植被类型 Vegetation types	海拔 Altitude/m	α多样性指数α diversity indices
编号 No.	植被类型 Vegetation types	海拔 Altitude/m	物种数目 Species numbers	个体密度 Individual density/ m^?2	多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index(H)	均匀度指数 Pielou index(E)	优势度指数 Simpson index(C)
1	杨树林Poplar forest	1 011	7	0.6	1.517 4	0.779 8	0.252 1
2	杨树林Poplar forest	1 273	7	13.4	1.765 3	0.907 2	0.186 8
3	杨树林Poplar forest	1 494	6	20.2	1.262 8	0.704 8	0.323 6
4	云杉林Picea forest	1 792	10	6	1.676 4	0.728 1	0.215 4
5	草丛Herb	2 005	7	9	1.751 1	0.899 9	0.187 9
6	草丛Herb	2 294	4	114	0.274 4	0.197 9	0.869 1
7	灌丛Shrub	2 564	4	68	0.706 6	0.509 7	0.499 8
8	草丛Herb	2 796	5	37.6	0.874 1	0.543 1	0.520 5
9	草丛Herb	3 007	1	11.2	0	－	1.0000
10	草丛Herb	3 269	0	0	－	－	－
11	草丛Herb	3 546	0	0	－	－	－
12	流石滩Screes	3 763	0	0	－	－	－
13	流石滩Screes	3 957	0	0	－	－	－
—	北坡North slope	－	20	—	1.959 2	0.654 0	0.222 0
—	平均值Average	2 521	5.7	33.6	1.228 5	0.658 8	0.450 6
14	流石滩Screes	3 784	0	0	－	－	－
15	草丛Herb	3 517	0	0	－	－	－
16	草丛Herb	3 257	0	0	－	－	－
17	草丛Herb	3 008	0	0	－	－	－
18	草丛Herb	2 750	1	6	0	－	1.0000
19	草丛Herb	2 499	2	52	0.280 1	0.404 1	0.851 9
20	草丛Herb	2 227	5	85.2	0.846 8	0.526 1	0.495 8
21	草丛Herb	2 015	3	72..8	0.372 4	0.339 0	0.791 4
22	灌丛Shrub	1 724	5	42	0.973 1	0.604 6	0.470 7
23	灌丛Shrub	1 501	7	7.2	1.384 5	0.711 5	0.340 8
24	落叶阔叶林Deciduous broad-leaf forest	1 254	6	61.2	1.180 3	0.658 7	0.407 6
25	胡杨林Populus euphratica forest	977	4	54.8	0.710 7	0.512 7	0.636 3
—	南坡South slope	－	13	—	1.480 0	0.577 0	0.339 2
—	平均值Average	2 376	4.1	43.8	0.718 5	0.536 7	0.624 3
—	天山中部Middle of Tianshan Mountain	—	27	—	2.226 7	0.675 6	0.161 4
—	平均值Average	2 451	4.9	40.8	1.038 4	0.601 8	0.470 0

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

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植被类型 Vegetation types	草丛 Herb	灌丛 Shrub	云杉林 Picea forest	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaf forest	杨树林 Polar forest	南坡 South slope
灌丛Shrub	0.315 8
云杉林Picea forest	0.263 2	0.235 3
落叶阔叶林Deciduous broad-leaf forest	0.176 5	0.416 7	0
杨树林Polar forest	0.263 2	0.166 7	0.176 5	0.333 3
胡杨林Populus euphratica forest	0.125 0	0.153 8	0	0.250 0	0.166 7
北坡North slope						0.222 2

海拔 Altitude	3 007 m	2 796 m	2 564 m	2 294 m	2 005 m	1 792 m	1 494 m	1 273 m
2 796 m	0.200 0
2 564 m	0.250 0	0.800 0
2 294 m	0.250 0	0.500 0	0.600 0
2 005 m	0.166 7	0.200 0	0.222 2	0.222 2
1 792 m	0.100 0	0.363 6	0.400 0	0.272 7	0.214 3
1 494 m	0	0.100 0	0	0	0.181 8	0.142 9
1 273 m	0	0.090 9	0	0	0.272 7	0.214 3	0.444 4
1 011 m	0	0.090 9	0	0	0.166 7	0.062 5	0.625 0	0.400 0
平均值 Average	0.209 8

海拔 Altitude	2 750 m	2 499 m	2 227 m	2 015 m	1 724 m	1 501 m	1 254 m
2 499 m	0.500 0
2 227 m	0.200 0	0.400 0
2 015 m	0.333 3	0.250 0	0.333 3
1 724 m	0	0	0.111 1	0.142 9
1 501 m	0	0	0.090 9	0.111 1	0.714 3
1 254 m	0.166 7	0.142 9	0.222 2	0.285 7	0.571 4	0.625 0
977 m	0.250 0	0.200 0	0.125 0	0.166 7	0.285 7	0.222 2	0.250 0
平均值 Average	0.239 3

生境因素 Habitat factors	α多样性指数 α diversity indices
生境因素 Habitat factors	物种数目 Species numbers	个体密度 Individual density	多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index(H)	均匀度指数 Pielou index(C)	优势度指数 Simpson index(E)
海拔 Altitude	?0.618**	0.129	?0.666**	?0.427	0.364
坡度 Slope	?0.010	0.147	?0.172	?0.419	0.353
乔木郁闭度 Canopy density	0.579*	?0.376	0.608**	0.418	?0.434
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage	0.336	?0.083	0.313	0.163	?0.175
草木盖度 Herb coverage	?0.182	0.009	?0.154	?0.062	0.011
地被物盖度 Litter coverage	?0.114	?0.057	?0.063	0.008	?0.056
地被物厚度 Litter thickness	0.388	?0.159	0.312	0.044	?0.157

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