新时期林业生态经济体系构建的初步探索

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250219

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在党的二十大精神引领下，我国生态文明建设迈入新时期，赋予了林业发展新责任和新要求。传统林业是以供给人类生活资料和生产资源为导向的林产品生产和经营的商品经济产业，归属于国民经济第一产业。然而这种产业定位和经营模式已经难以满足人民对多样化优质生态产品日益增长的需要，更难以满足人类应对全球生态危机、营造优美栖息地及高质量生态环境的要求。在人类社会发展新时期，构建相应的林业生态经济体系是历史发展的必然趋势，也是强烈的社会需求。当前，我国林业生态经济体系建设正处于理念确立与实践探索的关键期，其科学概念、基础理论和应用模式等尚未形成系统性框架。本研究立足于中国林业发展的历史与现实背景，初步探索构建林业生态经济体系的新视角和科学概念，以期为新时期林业高质量发展提供理论支撑。在讨论基础理论与科学原理的基础上，进一步明确林业生态经济体系建设的重大任务，提出亟需重点强化的3项关键科技支撑能力：一是系统开展森林生态系统多功能性联动机制的科学基础研究；二是系统研发森林生态系统多目标统筹经营管护的技术体系；三是建立生态资产全生命周期智能化管理机制体系。期望本研究能够为建立以林区为生态经济空间，以生态资产的持续积累与长期稳定增值为目标，统筹生活资料生产、生产资源供给、生态环境保护与社会经济发展的林业生态经济体系提供理论依据与实践指引。

关键词: 森林生态系统, 生态系统多功能性, 近自然经营, 林业生态经济, 生态安全

Abstract:

Under the guidance of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, ecological civilization construction has entered a new stage. This shift places new responsibilities and demands on forestry development. Traditional forestry, rooted in the commodity economy and focused on supplying materials for human use, is no longer sufficient. It cannot meet the growing public demand for diverse, high-quality ecological products. Nor can it adequately address global ecological crises or the need for livable environments and high-quality habitats. In this new era of human development, building a forestry-based ecological economy system is both historically necessary and socially urgent. China is currently at a critical stage in this process. The conceptual framework is emerging, but scientific definitions, theoretical foundations, and applicable models remain underdeveloped. This paper, based on the historical trajectory and practical needs of China’s forestry sector, proposes new perspectives and scientific concepts for constructing a forestry ecological economy system. The goal is to provide theoretical support for the high-quality development of forestry in the new era. The study first outlines fundamental theories and scientific principles. It then identifies key strategic tasks and highlights three scientific and technological capabilities that must be strengthened: 1) conducting systematic research on the scientific basis of multifunctional linkages within forest ecosystems; 2) developing a technical system for multi-objective, coordinated stewardship of forest ecosystems; 3) establishing an intelligent, full life-cycle management mechanism for ecological assets. This research aims to offer both theoretical foundations and practical guidance. It envisions forest regions as integrated ecological-economic spaces. The system prioritizes the sustained accumulation and long-term appreciation of ecological assets, while also supporting material production, resource provision, ecological conservation, and socio-economic development.

Key words: forest ecosystems, ecosystem multifunctionality, near-natural forest management, forestry ecological economy, ecological security

中图分类号:

于贵瑞,郭珂歆,郝天象. 新时期林业生态经济体系构建的初步探索[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(7): 8-22.

Guirui Yu,Kexin Guo,Tianxiang Hao. Preliminary Exploration on the Construction of Forestry Ecological Economic System in the New Era[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7): 8-22.

图/表 5

图1

表1

新时期的林地、森林、林业、森林生态系统和林区概念"

概念 Concept	定义 Definition	特征 Characteristics	对象范畴 Object scope	经营主体 Management entities	类型划分 Classification
林地 Forest land	地类学专业术语，是指森林的载体，是承载森林资源、进行森林物质生产和生态服务供给的土地类型，构成森林资源资产的重要组成部分Land type that serves as the physical carrier of forests， supporting forest resources， material production， and ecological services；a key component of forest resource assets	具有土地资源属性，具有土地资源属性、法定用途约束、权属登记与管理边界Possesses attributes of land resources, subject to legal land-use constraints, delineated by tenure, and registration systems	土地资源 Land resource	林权所有者、林业管理部门Forest tenure holders， forestry administration departments	《森林资源规划设计调查技术规程》划分为：有林地、疏林地、灌木林地、未成林地、苗圃地、无立木林地、宜林地。FAO分类划分为：天然林地、人工林地、特殊林地 As per China’s Technical Regulations for Forest Resource Planning and Surveying: land with forest， open forest land， shrub forest land， not-yet-formed forest land， nursery land， treeless forest land， suitable land for forest. FAO classification: natural forest land， planted forest land， special-purpose forest land

森林 Forest	植被生态学概念，是指以乔木（也有说以木本植物为主）为优势建群种，由灌木、草本及其他有机体共同构成的生物地理群落复合体，具有显著空间占位性和生态影响力的生物地理群落复合体（呼海涛等， 2023）Biogeographic community complex dominated by trees （or woody plants）， and composed of shrubs， herbs， and other organisms， characterized by significant spatial occupancy and ecological influence	具有生物群落属性，覆盖度与面积阈值；可提供碳汇、生物多样性保育等服务 Biological community attributes；thresholds for canopy cover and area；provides ecological services such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation	生物群落 Biological community	森林所有者、森林经营单位、自然保护区管理机构Forest owners， forest management units， protected area administrations	《中华人民共和国森林法》中划分为：防护林、用材林、经济林、薪炭林、特种用途林 Protection forests， timber forests， economic forests， fuelwood forests， special-purpose forests （as per China’s Forest Law）

林业 Forestry	国民经济产业门类，主要包括森林资源的培育、经营、保护以及木材采伐、运输、加工和林产品开发等全过程的生产经营活动（邹晓明等，2022）National economic sector focused on the cultivation, management, and protection of forest resources, encompassing all stages of production and operation such as timber harvesting, transportation, processing, and forest product development	具有经济-生态复合属性；依赖政策法规与科技支撑；生态保护的公益性与商品生产的市场性并存Eco-economic dual attributes；reliant on policy and scientific support；combines public ecological functions and market-oriented production	产业体系 Industrial sector	企业、合作社、国有林场、政府机构Enterprises， cooperatives， state-owned forest farms， government institutions	按林业经营形式：国营林业、集体经营的林业、个体经营的林业、联合经营的林业 Forestry can be classified by management type into state-owned forestry， collectively managed forestry， individually managed forestry， and jointly managed forestry

森林生态系统 Forest ecosystem	系统类别及系统生态学概念下的特定地理基本单元，是以乔木为主体的森林生物群落（包括动物、植物和微生物）与非生物环境（光、热、水、气、土壤等）之间相互作用，并进行能量转换、物质循环及信息流动的自然生态系统（罗菊春，1992；廉琪，2024）Ecological system composed of forest biotic communities （plants， animals， microorganisms） and abiotic environments （light， water， soil， air）， operating through energy flow， material cycling， and information exchange	系统整体性；自我调节与恢复能力；提供气候调节、水源涵养等生态服务 System integrity； self-regulation and resilience；provides ecosystem services such as climate regulation and water conservation	生态系统 Ecological system	森林所有者、森林经营单位、自然保护区管理机构 Forest owners， forest management units， protected area administrations	按气候带：热带雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、温带落叶阔叶林、寒带针叶林；按演替阶段：原生林、次生林、人工林生态系统 By climate zone: tropical rainforests， subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests， temperate deciduous broadleaf forests， boreal coniferous forests. By successional stage: primary forests， secondary forests， artificial forest ecosystems

林区 Forest region	经济学空间概念，林区是以林业生产为主的主要活动区域，由森林生态系统与林业经济系统协同演化形成的复合地域空间（岳兴禄，1986）Spatial-economic unit dominated by forestry production， formed through co-evolution of forest ecosystems and forestry ecological economy	兼具生态保护与资源利用双重目标；受行政区划或生态功能区划约束 Dual goals of ecological protection and resource use；constrained by administrative or ecological zoning	地理区域（自然-社会复合系统） Geographical region （coupled socio-ecological system）	国有林场、集体经济组织、农民 State forest farms， collective organizations， smallholders	东北用材、防护林地区，蒙新防护林地区，黄土高原防护林地区，华北防护、用材林地区，西南高山峡谷防护、用材林地区，南方用材、经济林地区，华南热带林保护地区 Northeast timber-producing region， Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang shelterbelt region，Loess Plateau shelterbelt region， North China protective and timber region， Southwest mountainous shelterbelt and timber region，Southern timber and economic forest region， South China tropical forest protection region

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