林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (4): 57-67.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20210692
收稿日期:
2021-09-13
出版日期:
2023-04-25
发布日期:
2023-07-05
通讯作者:
秦利军
E-mail:1743865088@qq.com
基金资助:
Ping Liu(),Yufeng Xie,Ting Yuan,Xian Gong,Lijun Qin*
Received:
2021-09-13
Online:
2023-04-25
Published:
2023-07-05
Contact:
Lijun Qin
E-mail:1743865088@qq.com
摘要:
目的: 解析杜仲胶颗粒形态、膜脂肪酸组成及杜仲胶分子量的季节变化规律,分析胶颗粒形态差异和脂肪酸组成与杜仲胶分子量的相关性,为进一步阐明杜仲胶颗粒生物学功能、揭示杜仲胶合成机制提供参考。方法: 以10年树龄杜仲成株新枝上6—11月叶片胶颗粒为材料,利用光镜和电镜观察不同生育期叶片杜仲胶颗粒形态差异,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析胶颗粒脂肪酸组成与含量变化以及利用分子排阻色谱(SEC)测定杜仲胶特征参数,探讨杜仲胶颗粒形态与胶颗粒脂肪酸组成以及杜仲胶分子量和分子量分布间的相互联系。结果: 1)叶片胶颗粒粒径总体表现为随月份推移而逐渐增大。6月份平均直径为3.99 μm,到11月份时增加到6.7 μm。小胶颗粒(d<5 μm)数量占比从6月份的65.91%降至11月份的19.09%,而大胶颗粒(d≥5 μm)数量占比从6月份的34.09%增至11月份的80.91%;2)脂肪酸测定表明,8、10、11月份叶片杜仲胶颗粒中分别检测到26、30和26种脂肪酸,且有15种饱和脂肪酸相同,以棕榈酸(C16:0)含量最高,二十四碳酸(C24:0)次之。同时,发现有7种不饱和脂肪酸为10月份特有,而3种不饱和脂肪酸(肉豆蔻油酸(C14:1)、反式亚油酸(C18:2n6t)和α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3))为8和10月份特有;3)杜仲胶特征参数测定表明,叶片中杜仲胶分子量的分布峰在6、7、8、9、10、11月份分别有3、6、6、3、5、3个。另外,6—11月份的杜仲胶分子量分布值变化在2.18~6.00,说明叶片中杜仲胶分子量在6月份差异小、分布集中,而在11月份差异大、分布零散。结论: 杜仲胶颗粒的粒径随月份推移逐渐增大,且大粒径占比逐渐升高。不同月份杜仲胶颗粒中除含有少数对生育期有依赖的特有脂肪酸。杜仲胶分子量随月份推移而增加并趋于稳定,且早期(6—8月)以分子量差异不大的胶分子居多,而后期(9—11月)以分子量差异较大的胶分子居多。
中图分类号:
刘萍,谢宇峰,袁婷,贡献,秦利军. 杜仲叶胶颗粒形态、脂肪酸组成及胶分子量季节变化[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(4): 57-67.
Ping Liu,Yufeng Xie,Ting Yuan,Xian Gong,Lijun Qin. Seasonal Dynamics of Morphology, Fatty Acid Composition and Molecular Weight of Gum Particles in Eucommia ulmoides Leaves[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(4): 57-67.
表2
不同月份叶片胶颗粒的平均直径和比例①"
月份 Month | 小胶颗粒Small rubber particles | 大胶颗粒Large rubber particles | |||
平均直径 Average diameter/μm | 数量比例 Proportion(%) | 平均直径 Average diameter/μm | 数量比例 Proportion(%) | ||
6 | 3.22±0.75c | 65.91 | 5.50±0.83d | 34.09 | |
7 | 3.54±0.59b | 46.41 | 5.81±1.05cd | 53.59 | |
8 | 3.85±0.56ab | 39.36 | 6.05±1.19bc | 60.64 | |
9 | 3.81±0.31ab | 10.77 | 6.46±1.36a | 89.23 | |
10 | 3.82±0.27ab | 11.53 | 6.39±1.37ab | 88.47 | |
11 | 3.87±0.51a | 19.09 | 6.58±1.64a | 80.91 |
表3
不同月份杜仲叶胶颗粒脂肪酸甲酯组成分析①"
序号 No. | 脂肪酸组成 Fatty acid composition | 不同月份脂肪酸含量 Fatty acid content in different months/[g·(100 g)?1] | ||
8月 August | 10月 October | 11月 November | ||
1 | 辛酸甲酯 Octanoic acid methyl ester (C8:0) | 0.001 1±0.000 1 | 0.002 0±0.000 2 | 0.001 2±0.000 2 |
2 | 葵酸甲酯 Decanoic acid methyl ester (C10:0) | 0.001 0±0.000 1 | 0.002 7±0.000 3 | 0.002 4±0.000 2 |
3 | 十一碳酸甲酯 Eleven carbonic acid methyl ester (C11:0) | 0.010 7±0.000 4 | 0.002 2±0.000 7 | 0.003 0±0.000 2 |
4 | 月桂酸甲酯 Lauric acid methyl ester (C12:0) | 0.007 9±0.000 2 | 0.013 9±0.002 3 | 0.016 8±0.001 3 |
5 | 十三碳酸甲酯 Thirteen carbonic acid methyl ester (C13:0) | 0.001 0±0.000 1 | 0.001 4±0.000 4 | 0.002 2±0.000 1 |
6 | 肉豆蔻酸甲酯 Myristic acid methyl ester (C14:0) | 0.152 9±0.003 7 | 0.178 0±0.015 7 | 0.267 0±0.008 9 |
7 | 肉豆蔻油酸甲酯 Myristoleic acid methyl (C14:1) | 0.003 3±0.000 1 | — | 0.000 9±0.001 7 |
8 | 十五碳酸甲酯 Fifteen carbonic acid methyl ester (C15:0) | 0.007 0±0.000 2 | 0.006 4±0.001 4 | 0.012 2±0.000 5 |
9 | 十五碳一烯酸甲酯 Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (C15:1) | — | 0.010 6±0.000 4 | — |
10 | 棕榈酸甲酯 Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) | 6.035 5±0.263 4 | 10.446 2±1.064 5 | 4.782 4 ±0.285 6 |
11 | 棕榈油酸甲酯 Palmitoleic acid methyl ester (C16:1) | 0.046 6±0.000 3 | 0.033 6±0.001 3 | 0.017 7±0.001 4 |
12 | 十七碳酸甲酯 Seventeen carbonic acid methyl ester (C17:0) | 0.114 0±0.001 5 | 0.152 6±0.031 6 | 0.192 3±0.002 1 |
13 | 十七碳一烯酸甲酯 Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester (C17:1) | — | 0.014 4±0.003 4 | — |
14 | 硬脂酸甲酯 Stearic acid methyl ester (C18:0) | 2.386 3±0.043 4 | 2.577 4±0.020 4 | 2.243 2±0.098 5 |
15 | 反式油酸甲酯 Elaidic acid methyl ester (C18:1n9t) | — | — | — |
16 | 油酸甲酯 Oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1n9c) | 2.107 2±0.111 0 | 1.019 8±0.011 9 | 0.446 8±0.015 0 |
17 | 反式亚油酸甲酯 Linoelaidic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6t) | 0.032 6±0.001 5 | — | 0.022 4±0.000 9 |
18 | 亚油酸甲酯 Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6c) | 4.368 7±0.058 3 | 2.712 2±0.153 1 | 1.234 4±0.054 8 |
19 | α-亚麻酸甲酯 α-linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3n3) | 3.561 8±1.664 2 | — | 1.904 2±1.179 1 |
20 | γ-亚麻酸甲酯 γ-linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3n6) | — | — | — |
21 | 花生酸甲酯 Arachidic acid methyl ester (C20:0) | 2.225 2±0.012 7 | 3.327 4±0.136 6 | 2.449 0±0.068 0 |
22 | 二十碳一烯酸甲酯 Eicosanoic acid methyl ester (C20:1) | 0.067 7±0.000 2 | 0.053 2±0.001 3 | 0.045 1±0.001 6 |
23 | 二十碳二烯酸甲酯 Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester (C20:2) | 0.015 7±0.000 5 | 0.021 9±0.002 3 | 0.010 9±0.000 6 |
24 | 二十碳三烯酸甲酯 Eicotrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3n3) | 0.249 2±0.005 0 | 0.001 9±0.000 1 | 0.116 6±0.005 8 |
25 | 二十碳三烯酸甲酯 Eicotrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3n6) | — | 0.179 6±0.012 9 | — |
26 | 花生四烯酸甲酯 Arachidonic acid methyl ester (C20:4n6) | — | 0.002 0±0.000 1 | — |
27 | 二十碳五烯酸甲酯 Timnodonic acid methyl ester (C20:5n3) | — | 0.004 8±0.000 5 | — |
28 | 二十一碳酸甲酯 Twenty-one carbonic acid methyl ester (C21:0) | 0.396 1±0.006 8 | 0.685 0±0.078 8 | 0.580 7±0.004 0 |
29 | 二十二碳酸甲酯 Twenty-two carbonic acid methyl ester (C22:0) | 2.922 7±0.023 3 | 3.864 2±0.248 9 | 2.914 5±0.030 2 |
30 | 芥 酸 甲 酯 Erucic acid methyl ester (C22:1n9) | 0.009 9±0.001 2 | 0.019 4±0.010 6 | 0.009 3±0.001 5 |
31 | 二十二碳二烯酸甲酯 Docosadienoic acid methyl ester (C22:2) | 0.020 1±0.000 3 | 0.001 2±0.000 1 | 0.008 4±0.001 9 |
32 | 二十二碳六烯酸甲酯甲酯 Docosahexaenoate acid methyl ester (C22:6n3) | — | 0.005 4±0.001 5 | — |
33 | 二十三碳酸甲酯 Tricosanoic acid methyl ester (C23:0) | 1.721 2±0.051 1 | 2.322 4±0.081 1 | 1.748 0±0.096 5 |
34 | 二十四碳酸甲酯 Twenty-four carbonic acid methyl ester (C24:0) | 6.717 6±0.045 8 | 7.398 0±0.118 4 | 4.750 7±0.0419 7 |
35 | 二十四碳一烯酸甲酯 Tetracotenoic acid methyl ester (C24:1) | — | 0.003 0±0.001 6 | — |
表4
各月份杜仲叶胶颗粒不同脂肪酸甲酯平均含量及比例分析"
月份 Month | 不同类型脂肪酸平均含量及占比分析 Analysis of average content and proportion of different types of fatty acids | |||
总饱和脂肪酸平均含量 Average content of total saturated fatty acids/ [g·(100 g)?1] | 总不饱和脂肪酸平均含量 Average content of total unsaturated fatty acids/ [g·(100 g)?1] | 总饱和脂肪酸平均占比 Average proportion of total saturated fatty acids(%) | 总不饱和脂肪酸平均占比 Average proportion of total saturated fatty acids(%) | |
8 | 1.513 3±0.001 2 | 0.953 3 ±0.000 9 | 61.35 | 38.65 |
10 | 2.065 3±0.001 1 | 0.272 2±0.000 3 | 88.36 | 11.64 |
11 | 1.331 0±0.000 3 | 0.347 0±0.000 2 | 79.32 | 20.68 |
表5
不同月份叶片杜仲胶颗粒重均分子量、数均分子量和平均分子量分布的比较①"
月份Month | Weight-average molecular weight | Number-average molecular weight | 分子量分布值 Molecular weight distribution D( |
6 | 1.27±0.01d | 0.58±0.01c | 2.18±0.04d |
7 | 1.40±0.04c | 0.60±0.01b | 2.31±0.09cd |
8 | 1.70±0.10ab | 0.69±0.01a | 2.46±0.16c |
9 | 1.77±0.03a | 0.31±0.01d | 5.77±0.07b |
10 | 1.66±0.01b | 0.27±0.01e | 6.05±0.04a |
11 | 1.67±0.03b | 0.28±.0.00e | 6.00±0.03a |
表6
各月杜仲叶片胶颗粒平均粒径与胶分子量特性的相关性①"
指标 Index | 月份 Month | 平均粒径 Average diameter | Weight-average molecular weight | Number-average molecular weight | 分子量分布值 Molecular weight distribution D |
月份 Months | 1.000 | 0.923** | 0.774 | ?0.814* | 0.904* |
平均粒径 Average diameter | 0.923** | 1.000 | 0.880* | ?0.831* | 0.931** |
表7
各月杜仲叶片胶颗粒脂肪酸组成与胶分子量特性的相关性①"
指标Index | 月份 Month | Weight-average molecular weight | Number-average molecular weight | 分子量分布值 Molecular weight distribution D |
辛酸甲酯Octanoic acid methyl ester (C8:0) | 0.288 | ?0.763 | ?0.602 | 0.595 |
葵酸甲酯Decanoic acid methyl ester (C10:0) | 0.878 | ?0.997* | ?0.989 | 0.988 |
十一碳酸甲酯Eleven carbonic acid methyl ester (C11:0) | ?0.914 | 0.988 | 0.998* | ?0.997* |
月桂酸甲酯Lauric acid methyl ester (C12:0) | 1.000** | ?0.843 | ?0.941 | 0.944 |
十三碳酸甲酯Thirteen carbonic acid methyl ester (C13:0) | 0.929 | ?0.577 | ?0.742 | 0.748 |
肉豆蔻酸甲酯Myristic acid methyl ester (C14:1) | 0.876 | ?0.472 | ?0.655 | 0.661 |
肉豆蔻油酸甲酯Myristic acid methyl ester (C14:1) | ?1.000** | 1.000** | 1.000** | ?1.000** |
十五碳酸甲酯Fifteen carbonic acid methyl ester (C15:0) | 0.691 | ?0.186 | ?0.397 | 0.405 |
棕榈酸甲酯Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) | ?0.022 | ?0.526 | ?0.326 | 0.318 |
棕榈油酸甲酯Palmitoleic acid methyl ester (C16:1) | ?0.969 | 0.679 | 0.824 | ?0.829 |
十七碳酸甲酯Seventeen carbonic acid methyl (C17:0) | 0.98 | ?0.715 | ?0.851 | 0.856 |
硬脂酸甲酯Stearic acid methyl ester (C18:0) | ?0.248 | ?0.32 | ?0.103 | 0.095 |
油酸甲酯Oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1n9c) | ?1.000** | 0.831 | 0.933 | ?0.936 |
反式亚油酸甲酯Linoelaidic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6t) | ?1.000** | 1.000** | 1.000** | ?1.000** |
亚油酸甲酯Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6c) | ?0.988 | 0.743 | 0.872 | ?0.876 |
α-亚麻酸甲酯α-linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3n3) | ?1.000** | 1.000** | 1.000** | ?1.000** |
花生酸甲酯Arachidic acid methyl ester (C20:0) | 0.374 | ?0.819 | ?0.673 | 0.666 |
二十碳一烯酸甲酯Eicosanoic acid methyl ester (C20:1) | ?1.000* | 0.823 | 0.928 | ?0.931 |
二十碳二烯酸甲酯Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester (C20:2) | ?0.257 | ?0.311 | ?0.094 | 0.085 |
二十碳三烯酸甲酯Eicotrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3n3) | ?0.686 | 0.972 | 0.896 | ?0.892 |
二十一碳酸甲酯Twenty-one carbonic acid methyl ester (C21:0)C21:0)C21:0) | 0.766 | ?0.993 | ?0.942 | 0.939 |
二十二碳酸甲酯Twenty-two carbonic acid methyl ester (C22:0) | 0.182 | ?0.688 | ?0.512 | 0.504 |
芥酸甲酯Erucic acid methyl ester (C22:1n9) | 0.137 | ?0.654 | ?0.472 | 0.464 |
二十二碳二烯酸甲酯Docosadienoic acid methyl ester (C22:2) | ?0.751 | 0.99 | 0.934 | ?0.931 |
二十三碳酸甲酯Tricosanoic acid methyl ester (C23:0) | 0.228 | ?0.721 | ?0.551 | 0.544 |
二十四碳酸甲酯Twenty-four carbonic acid methyl ester (C24:0) | ?0.57 | 0.031 | 0.25 | ?0.258 |
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