Objective: In order to clarify the dominant climatic factors for the Picea (spruce) distributed along mountains of geographical steps in China,the relationship between climatic factors and geographical distribution of 12 species of Picea genus was analyzed. Methods: A total of 389 points of georeferenced data of 12 Picea species were collected from long-term field researches and Chinese Virtual Herbarium(CVH). Corresponding climatic variables were obtained from global climate data by the geographical information system software(ArcGIS). The climatic factors which restricted the distribution of Picea were determined through variance analysis and comparison of the coefficient of variation (CV). The contribution of climatic factors to the geographical divergence among Picea species were illuminated by linear regression,Monte Carlo permutation test and Redundancy analysis(RDA). Results: Annual mean temperature,monthly mean temperature difference between day and night,maximal temperature of warmest month,minimal temperature of coldest month,temperature annual range,annual precipitation,precipitation of warmest quarter,precipitation of coldest quarter and aridity index among the geographical distributions of the 12 tree species were significantly different. The percentage of variance of monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and precipitation of the coldest quarter were larger within each species' distribution,but other climatic factors showed larger percentage variance among each species' distribution. In terms of coefficient of variation (CV),the values of monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and maximal temperature of the warmest month were less than 20%,showing the lower values than the other climatic factors in distributions at both genus and species level. Latitude and longitude were significantly correlated with all corresponding climatic factors in geographical distributions of Picea species (P < 0.05),apart from mean diurnal temperature range along latitude and longitude,and the relationship between precipitation of coldest quarter and longitude. Among the correlation coefficients between latitude or longitude and each climatic factor,the highest value was exhibited in the annual range of temperature,followed by minimal temperature of coldest month. Further,Monte Carlo permutation test further showed that the annual range of temperature and minimal temperature of coldest month contributed to the geographical distribution by 84% and 66.8% respectively. RDA analysis revealed that the first principal component was mainly reflecting the thermal conditions due to annual range of temperature,maximal temperature of warmest month and min temperature of coldest month had higher loading values. Whereas annual precipitation,aridity index,and precipitation of warmest quarterhad higher loading values on the second principal component,which indicated environmental water conditions. These two principal components could cumulatively explaine 89.2% and 100% variance of species and of species-environment relation,respectively. Conclusion: Our research indicated that the monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and maximal temperature of the warmest month were the major climatic factors limiting the distribution of Picea,and temperature annual range and min temperature of coldest month were the key driving factors that influences each Picea species' geographic distribution in China. This study further confirmed that thermal conditions were likely the key factors that influence the distribution pattern of Picea species,followed by precipitation conditions.

Purpose: Understanding the rate of litter decomposition and the pattern of nutrient element release will help to detect the ecosystem function of nutrient cycling under different models of selective cutting and provide scientific basis for sustainable management for ecological public welfare forests. Methods: In the Three Gorges Reservoir area, one no-cutting treatment (retaining the forest state without any cutting) and three selective cutting treatments including shrubs cutting (removed the shrub and hard wood saplings except the regenerated Pinus massoniana saplings), non-P. massoniana cutting (removal of all DBH ≥ 4 cm trees except P. massoniana, with a selective cutting intensity of 15%) and dominant P. massoniana cutting (removal of P. massoniana trees with the DBH bigger than the mean level, with a selective cutting intensity of 70%) were conducted in P. massoniana dominated forests. Decomposition in-situ method was used to study litter decomposition rate and nutrient release rate of P. massoniana leaves under four treatments and detect the dominant factors affecting the litter decomposition. Results: The litter decomposition rate of P. massoniana was 0.304, 0.397, 0.311 and 0.315 g·g^-1a^-1 in no-cutting, shrubs cutting, non-P. massoniana cutting and dominant P. massoniana cutting stands respectively. Compared to the control of no-cutting, litter decomposition rate increased 30.59% under shrubs cutting, 2.30% under non-P. massoniana cutting and 3.62% dominant P. massoniana cutting treatment. During the decomposition of leaf litter, a similar trend of nutrients release was observed under four selective cutting models. C concentration decreased significantly in the first 6 months and then slightly fluctuated, N concentration decreased at the initial decomposition stage and then continuously increased, while P concentration was constant and stable. Interaction of selective cutting measures and decomposition time had significant effect on the release rate of C and N, while had no significant effect on P concentration. The decomposition rates were positively correlated to the initial N concentration and N/P of the fallen leaves but not related to soil temperature or soil humidity. Conclusion: In the short term, the decomposition rate of P. massoniana leaves was increased by all three selective cutting treatments compared to the no-cutting treatment. That means of selective cutting method can avoid nutrients to excessively accumulate in litter layer and promote them return into soil. In the future, selective cutting in slight or moderate degree will be a good way to build reasonable stand structure and facilitate nutrient cycling in coniferous plantation.

Objective: The response of soil enzyme activity to the variation of environmental factors along elevation gradient was studied in order to provide a theoretical and data basis for the interaction process and mechanism between hydrothermal conditions-vegetation-soil physicochemical properties at different elevations and enzyme activity in Nangunhe National Nature Reserve. Methods: Three typical vegetation types (i.e. ravine rainforest, semi-evergreen monsoon forest, and mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest) of different elevations were investigated to study the characteristics of forest soil enzyme activities in different soil layers and at different elevations. Redundancy analysis and Monte Carlo test were used to analyze the effect of change in environmental factors along elevation gradients to soil enzyme activities. Results: We found that different changes along elevation gradients in the microclimate and plant diversity were significant (P < 0.05). Average annual precipitation and Simpson index increased, while the plant community diversity (i.e. Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index, Palou index), average annual air temperature and soil temperature decreased significantly along the elevation gradients. The physicochemical properties in soil varied significantly with the elevation gradients (P < 0.05). Soil water content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased along the elevation. Whereas the density and pH in soil demonstrated decreasing trend, soil C/N ratio increased earlier and decreased later. Soil enzyme activities fluctuate significantly among the three elevation gradients (P < 0.05). The activity of urease, sucrase, acid phosphatase and catalase in the soils increased, while soil polyphenol oxidase decreased. The activity of soil urease, sucrase, acid phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase decreased, while soil catalase increased along the soil profile. The variation in environmental factors such as microclimate, vegetation and soil along the elevation had significant effects on soil enzyme activity. The average annual air temperature, average annual precipitation, soil temperature, plant diversity, and soil physico-chemical properties displayed correlations with soil enzyme activity to different degrees. The importance in the effects of environmental factors on soil enzyme activity was ranked as total phosphorus > water content > pH > organic carbon conlant > annual average temperature > soil temperature > available nitrogen conlant > annual precipitation > total nitrogen conlant > total potassium conlant > Margalef index > soil density > available potassium conlant > available phosphorus conlant > Shannon-Wiener index > Pielou index > soil C/N ratio > Simpson index. Conclusion: The change of elevation mainly results in the gradient changes of hydrothermal conditions (i.e. average annual temperature, average annual precipitation, soil temperature, and water content), plant diversity (i.e. Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index) and soil chemical properties (i.e. pH, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, total potassium, and total phosphorus) varied significantly along the elevation gradients. These changes in environmental factors had a significant effect on the activity of soil enzyme. Soil phosphorus, water, pH, carbon, nitrogen, and potassium were the key factors controlling the response of soil enzyme activity to the elevation gradients.

Objective: The univariate and bivariate distribution characteristics of stand space structure were studied, and the stand stability in the mixed oak-pine forest under structure-based forest management was also analyzed, in order to provide the scientific basis for the implementation and evaluation of structure-based forest management in Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata mixed forest. Methods: The natural mixed oak-pine forest in Daganzigou, Baihua forest Farm, Xiaolongshan nature reserve, Gansu Province, as object was studied. In 2012, one 50 m×50 m, two 30 m×30 m and three 20 m×20 m fixed plots were established, the total station (TOPCON-GIS-602AF) was used to locate each tree with a diameter of more than 5 cm in all plots and investigate its species, diameter, height and crown. After those, one 50 m×50 m and two 30 m×30 m plots were used for structure-based forest management, and others plots were used for without any management as control. In 2017, the characteristics of stand spatial structure in managed and unmanaged plots were compared by the stand spatial structure parameters, such as uniform angle, dominance and mingling. The nine indicators of mixed oak-pine forest were selected as the parameters to construct the stability evaluation system, and stand stability was evaluated by the new rule of π value method of optimal stand state. Results: 1) The stand trees of managed plots before operation were close to aggregated distribution, and the stand trees of managed plots after five years of operation were randomly distributed, however, the stand trees of unmanaged plots were always presented an aggregated distribution. Simultaneously, the proportion of highly mixed by species in managed forest after five years of operation was increased by 10.4% compared with the managed forest before operation, the proportion of highly mixed by species in unmanaged forest grown for five years was increased by 5.5% compared with the unmanaged forest before five years. 2) Bivariate distribution of spatial structural parameters showed that the proportion of micro-structure that was the four or three neighbours were of different species to the reference tree and had a random distribution pattern in managed stand was higher than unmanaged stand, and the proportion of micro-structure that was the reference tree was dominant and surrounded by different species in managed stand was higher than unmanaged stand, on the whole, the proportion of micro-structure that was dominant and four neighbours had a random distribution pattern was not obviously different between unmanaged and managed stand. 3) Unit circle analysis of stand status showed that the ω value of managed forest after five years of operation was increased 27.09% compared with the managed forest before operating, the stand status was from poor to good, while theωvalue of unmanaged forest grown for five years was increased 13.24%, but the stand status was always poor. Conclusion: The trees of structure-based managed stand has a reasonable distribution and highly mingling, and dominant wood in highly mixed. Meanwhile, stand status of structure-based forest managed presented at a good level, which shows higher stand stability.

Objective: Forest biomass and carbon, the foundation of researching many forestry and ecology problems, is a basic quantity character of the forest ecological system. Thus, accurate measurement of biomass and carbon is very important. Biomass and carbon model development is an efficacious way to biomass and carbon estimation. Based on the data of biomass and carbon for Populus×xiaohei, we compared the partition and variation of biomass and carbon concentration for four tree components(i.e. stem, root, branch, and foliage), and studied how to establish the additive system of individual tree biomass and carbon equation. Furthermore, five approaches(i.e. carbon allometric equation, the respective mean carbon concentration, the weighted mean carbon concentration, the generic carbon concentration proportion Ⅰ and the generic carbon concentration proportion Ⅱ)for calculating carbon stock of individual trees were evaluated and compared. These were expected to provide technical and theoretical support for accounting and monitoring the Chinese forest biomass and carbon stock. Methods: The aggregation system was used to establish the individual tree biomass and carbon additive models, while nonlinear seemly unrelated regression was used to estimate the parameters in the additive system of biomass and carbon equations. The individual tree biomass and carbon model validation was accomplished by Jackknifing technique in this study. ANOVA based on the SAS POC GLM was applied to test the differences between the five approaches to estimate carbon stock(treatment), using the sampling trees as blocks, followed by the contrasts between the five approaches. Results: The model fitting results showed that all biomass and carbon equations fitted the data well, of which the adjusted coefficient of determination(R_a²)of biomass and carbon additive systems for were above 0.80, the mean relative error(MRE)was between -2%-2%, the mean absolute relative error(MARE)was less than 30%, and all models had a good prediction precision(85% or more). Furthermore, the results of five approaches for calculating carbon stock of individual trees showed that the carbon allometric equations and the estimated biomass multiplied by weighted mean carbon concentration were more advantageous, whereas the approach using the generic carbon concentration constants(i.e. 0.45 or 0.50)might produce significant biases in estimating the carbon stock of individual trees. Conclusion: In order to estimate model parameters more effectively, the additive property of estimating tree total, sub-totals, and component biomass or carbon should be taken into account. Overall, the biomass and carbon models would be suitable for predicting individual tree biomass and carbon of Populus×xiaohei in west plain of Heilongjiang Province.

Objective: The endogenous hormones, including auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, play an important role in regulating the embryonic development. The dynamics of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₄), cis-abscisic acid (cABA), and trans-abscisic acid (tABA) were studied, in embryos and flesh at four important developmental stages of the same jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) variety, in order to reveal the relationship between the embryo abortion and the changes of endogenous hormones during fruit development and to provide evidence for clarifying the mechanism of jujube embryo abortion and theoretical guidance for salvage, germplasm innovation, especially cross breeding of jujube embryos. Methods: The development of fruit and immature embryos in 20-50 days of Z. jujuba 'Lengbaiyu' were observed during different development stages, including pro-embryo, small globular embryo, globular embryo and torpedo shaped embryo, and the concentration of IAA, GA₄, cABA, and tABA in embryo and flesh of normal embryo and aborted embryo during the four embryonic development stages was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MSn). Results: 1) The IAA content was significantly higher in the embryo than in the flesh. The IAA content in the embryo increased gradually for the normal embryo, and gradually decreased for the aborted embryos. The IAA content in the flesh displayed an inverted V-shape for the normal embryo, and a normal V-shape for the aborted embryo. 2) The content of GA₄ was significantly lower in the embryo than in the flesh and it was at a lower level. The GA₄ content was lower in the normal embryos than in the aborted embryos. The GA₄ content in the flesh showed an increase earlier followed by a decrease later in both the normal and the aborted embryos. 3) cABA showed a gradual decrease in the development of flesh and embryo. The cABA content was greater in the normal embryos and lower in the aborted embryos respectively than in the flesh. 4) The content of tABA was higher in the embryo than in the flesh. The content of tABA displayed a tendency of gradual decrease in the normal embryos, and a tendency of gradual increase in the aborted embryos and even higher than that in the normal embryos at a later stage. The tABA content in the flesh for both the normal and the aborted embryos displayed an earlier decrease followed by a slow increase later. 5) The lower level of GA₄, higher level of IAA in the embryos, the lower levels of tABA, cABA and the high IAA/GA₄ were beneficial to the normal development of immature embryos. The decrease of IAA, the continuous increase of tABA, and the decrease of (GA₄+IAA)/ABA ratio in embryos were the important factors leading to embryo abortion. Conclusion: In the early stage of jujube embryo development, higher growth hormones are required, and the increase content of tABA in the embryo at the later stages may cause embryo abortion.

Objective: The inflorescences and floral organs of Fargesia yuanjiangensis were studied by morphological and anatomical observations. The inflorescence characteristics, flowering characteristics and seed setting rate of F. yuanjiangensis were analyzed, and the sterility was tried to shift through tissue culture, in order to provide a new theoretical evidence for reproductive biology and breeding of F. yuanjiangensis. Methods: The morphological and anatomical characteristics of floral organs were described by means of anatomical observation. The development process of female and male gametophytes was studied using paraffin sections. The pollen viability was determined using TTC staining. The development of anthers under field and tissue culture conditions was compared and analyzed. Results: The inflorescence of F. yuanjiangensis is terminal or occasionally lateral with phyllomophore, and surrounded by a foliage leaf. The whole inflorescence is uniaxial branched, and the top spikelet develops earlier than the base one, which is finite inflorescence. The base floret of a single spikelet opens first, so it belongs to infinite inflorescence. Each spikelet contains 4-5 small florets and the average length of the florets is 0.9 cm. Each floret is connected by one spikelet, and the tip of the spikelet is swollen with white fluff. There are 2 pieces of glumes at the base of the spikelet. Each floret contains 2 opposite bracts, 3 lodicules, 1 pistil and 3 stamens. The lodicules are located between palea and stamen. When the florets are maturing, lodicules absorb water, yellowish-green or purple anthers are extended outer with four chambers. The immature anther wall consists of four layers:epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum from outside to inside. The anther develops to the dyad, and the tapetum begin to degenerate, the tapetum cells belong to the glandular type. The mature pollen grains are two-cell type with an average diameter of 43.92 μm. The pollen grains are dyed red by TTC with pollen viability of 54.78%, yet the germination rate is extremely low and even without germination. The pollen sterility can be summarized into four types:tapetum overdevelopment, anther wall shrinkage, pollen grains degradation, empty pollens without nuclei and cytoplasm. The ovary has 2 carpels and unilocular, superior and parietal placentation with dual-integument enclosing the anatropous ovule, and their stigmas have 2 extremely feathery branches, with short column and long stigma, homogamy and herkogamy. Under tissue culture condition, the flower buds can normally develop into spikelets and blossom, the inner and outer lemma and palea open, and the anthers extend out of the spikelet. The fibrous layer of anther wall became thicker and more continuous, but most pollen grains still appear empty shell. Conclusion: F. yuanjiangensis is a mixed inflorescence, uniaxially branched and open wind-borne flower. It is a typical male sterility and cannot form effective pollen, which is the main reason for the low seed setting rate of F. yuanjiangensis. The spikelet of F. yuanjiangensis can continue to bloom under tissue culture and the anthers extend out of spikelets, but the pollen development is still abnormal. The tissue culture techniques cannot change the sterility phenomenon of F. yuanjiangensis, suggesting that the stamen sterility of F. yuanjiangensis may not be caused by nutrient deficiency.

Objective: Heterologous expression is an important means of plant protein function verification and molecular breeding. Codons are important factors for efficient expression of heterologous genes. An analysis of codon bias of gene coding region of Pinus massoniana transcriptome was conducted in order to provide a theoretical basis for molecular breeding of P. massoniana. Method: Analysis of codon parameters and bias in P. massoniana transcriptome by using CodonW, EMBOSS and other codon analysis software. According to the neutral mapping, ENc-GC3s correlation analysis and bias analysis speculates the main reasons for codon bias. The optimal codons of P. massoniana were screened by comparing the relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU) of high and low expression gene samples, and the codon bias differences between P. massoniana and Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Populus tremula, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed by codon usage frequency ratio. Result: The average GC content of P. massoniana transcriptome coding sequence(CDS) codon was 44.95%, and GC content in the third position of codon was 38.95%, especially preferred A/T. Statistical analysis of high and low expression gene samples indicated that the difference of the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) in the transcriptome of P. massoniana was small, the 27 codons such as TTA, CAA, TGT and GGT can be used as the optimal codons for P. massoniana. Neutral mapping, ENc-GC3s correlation analysis and bias analysis showed that the formation of P. massoniana codon preference may be mainly affected by mutation, and secondly affected by multiple factors such as natural selection. Codon usage frequency analysis showed that the codon bias in P. massoniana was less different from N. tabacum, A. thaliana and P. tremula. The difference with E. coli was the largest, and the difference with S. cerevisiae was smaller than E. coli. Conclusion: Among the 27 optimal codons screened, 25 codons have the third one as A/T. P. massoniana prefers the third codon as A/T. The formation of P. massoniana codon preference may be mainly affected by mutation, and secondly affected by multiple factors such as natural selection. N. tabacum is the preferred plant organisms for heterologous expression of P. massoniana and S. cerevisiae may be superior to E. coli in the microorganism.

Objective: China's wild peony has been regarded as precious germplasm resources at home and abroad. Wild Paeonia jishanensis is considered as one of the most important ancestral species of cultivated tree peonies. The analysis of chloroplast genome (cp DNA) characteristics of Paeonia, including P. jishanensis, has important theoretical and practical values for elucidating the phylogeny of Paeonia and developing improved varieties. Method: Chloroplast data of P. jishanensis were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. The cp DNA data of P. ostii, P. ludlowii, P. delavayi, P. veitchii and P. obovata were downloaded from NCBI database. Comparative analysis of the six peony cp DNA was performed using Geneious 8.0 and EMBOSS 6.4.0. Result: The cp DNA sequence of P. jishanensis was 152 628 bp with 112 genes, 25 988 codons encoding 78 proteins. There are 19 genes (including 4 rRNA, 7 tRNA, 8 protein coding genes) repeat in the IR (Inverse Repeat) region. A total of 143 SSR loci were searched, the mononucleotide repeat are the most common (116, accounting for 81.12%), and there was no hexanucleotide repeat motif. Although the chloroplast genome of Paeonia is conservative, there are still some changes in the boundary of IR and LSC(large single-copy) between different species. The rpl2 gene of P. ostii extends 718 bp to the LSC region, while that of other species are completely located in the IR region. Conclusion: Paeonia cp DNA genome size and gene content are highly conserved. The cp DNA of P. obovata and P. delavayi was the largest (152 698 bp), and that of P. ostii was the smallest (152 153 bp). The codons of cp DNA protein coding genes and the base composition of SSR loci in P. jishanensis prefer to use A/T. Among 143 SSR loci, 134 loci were A/T loci. The distribution of cp DNA SSRs in P. jishanensis has heterogeneity, 14 SSR loci were located in IR region, 103 in LSC region and 26 in SSC region. Analysis showed that boundary change of LSC/IRb was the main reason for the expansion or contraction of IR region in Paeonia. The results provide a basis for the studies of phylogeny and origin of cultivation, and for the development of molecular markers and the breeding of elite cultivars of Paeonia plants.

Objective: This study investigated the quality change, free radical formation and fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil during oxidation process, and there by revealed the oxidative characteristics which aimed to provide important theoretical basis and technical supports for the quality detection and shelf life prediction for hazelnut oil. Method: A main cultivar of hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla×C.avellana 'Dawei') was used as the trial material. Hazelnut oil was obtained by the screw pressing method. The accelerated oxidation experiment of hazelnut oil was carried out in an oven at 60℃. The changed regulation of peroxide value (POV), p-anisidine value (AV), total oxidation value (TV), conjugated diene value, relative contents of fatty acids, total carotenoid content, relative content of free radicals and internal structure of the molecules were determined in hazelnut oil during the oxidative period, and the correlations of these indicators were analyzed. Result: During the oxidative process of hazelnut oil, the initial values of POV, AV, TV and conjugated diene were 6.22 meq·kg^-1, 0.31, 12.75 and 0.12, and then the values increased significantly to 370.47 meq·kg^-1, 25.91, 766.85 and 3.48 at the end of the oxidation process for 40 days, respectively. The relative contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids changed from 5.96% and 93.69% to 6.35% and 93.20%, respectively. The relative content of free radicals increased rapidly from 8.41 to 28.09. Total carotenoid content of hazelnut oil was not detected after 30 days of oxidation. The change of characteristic peak intensity of 1 158 cm^-1 and 1 524 cm^-1 in Raman spectra was consistent with total carotenoid content. Raman relative intensities of I_{972 cm^-1}/I_{1 441 cm^-1}, I_{1 268 cm^-1}/I_{1 441 cm^-1}, I_{1 158 cm^-1}/I_{1 441 cm^-1} and I_{1 524 cm^-1}/I_{1 441 cm^-1} were positively correlated with the unsaturated degree. Conclusion: The oxidation of hazelnut oil is roughly divided into three stages, namely initial slowly oxidative stage, rapidly intermediate oxidative stage and later deeply oxidative stage. The oxidative degree of hazelnut oil can be well evaluated according to comprehensive four oxidation indexes (namely, POV, AV, TV and conjugated diene value). Carotenoids are the main contribution factors to the color of hazelnut oil, and closely related to the oxidative degree of hazelnut oil.The relative content of free radicals, characteristic peak intensity of Raman spectra and total carotenoid content have a significant correlation with conventional oxidation indexes, which proves that electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman spectroscopy can be used to evaluate the oxidative degree in hazelnut oil. ESR and Raman spectroscopy have great potential as supplement or replacement for evaluation methods of traditional lipid oxidation, providing a new method for rapidly nondestructive test of lipid quality.

Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between the landscape pattern and the epidemiology of poplar rust disease, and explain the incidence of poplar rust disease in Yanqing district of Beijing in terms of the landscape, in order to provide essential information for the control of the disease. Method: A total of 78 sites were set in Yanqing, Beijing to investigate the disease. According to the disease classification standards, the incidence of poplar rust disease was recorded, and the disease index was calculated. Based on the remote sensing image classification map of the research area, the sample site is set as the center and a buffer zone with a radius of 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 m was set up. Fragstats software was used to calculate the landscape metrics of landscape level and class level in each scale buffer zone.R software was used to implement statistical analysis, correlation analysis of landscape metrics under different scales, and stepwise regression analysis of disease index and landscape metrics, and Canoco, the ecological statistical analysis of ware, was used for RDA analysis of class level. Result: The result showed that the disease occurred frequently in the study area, with the disease index between 5.6 and 94.1. The severity of the disease was significantly affected by the landscape pattern, habitat environment and management status. At the landscape level, the landscape pattern in different buffer zones had different responses to the severity of poplar rust disease, and the factors with significant influence on the disease were also different. At the class level, cropland patches and grassland patches had significant impacts on the occurrence of poplar rust disease, which was mainly reflected in the common metrics such as patch density(PD), and intersperse and juxtaposition index IJI. Conclusion: In the landscape structure, the corridor of road and the foundation of grassland and cultivated land provide convenient conditions for the spread of disease, which can promote the occurrence of poplar rust disease. In this study, the landscape pattern of 500 m buffer is the optimal scale of disease management. Under this scale, the landscape metrics establish the most significant correlation with the disease index. Combined with the pathological characteristics of poplar rust disease, this study considers that the occurrence of the disease can be explained by the area-shape, landscape aggregation and diversity. The complexity of the shape of the patches inside the landscape and the level of diversity of the landscape will affect the occurrence of disease, and it will greatly promote the prevalence of disease with dispersed patches in the landscape, refined landscape structure as well as the uniform distribution between patches.

Objective: This paper aims to study the diversity of the fungus community structure in heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia odorifera, and their relationship with the internal environmental factors, in order to provide a basis for the evaluation of endophytic fungi and resource utilization in the trunk of D. odorifera, and further to provide a theoretical basis for artificially promoting the formation of heartwood of D. odorifera. Method: High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the community structure and diversity of endophytic fungi in the heartwood and sapwood, and the relationship with the physical and chemical properties of heartwood and sapwood was analyzed by means of variance analysis and redundancy analysis. Result: A total of 2 193 336 sequences were obtained with high-throughput sequencing. The total number of bases was 761 438 850 bp, and the effective sequence had an average length of 385 bp. There were 3 621 OTUs, belonging to 26 classes, 67 orders, 116 families, 167 genera and 186 species. At the class level, the dominant flora of endophytic fungi of heartwood was:Agaricomycetes, Sordariomycetes and Eurotiomycetes; the dominant flora of endophytic fungi of sapwood was:Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Geoglossomycetes and Tremellomycetes. At the genus level, the dominant fungi of endophytic fungi in heartwood were:Phaeoacremonium, Fusarium, Sporothrix, Cladophialophora and Gongronella; the dominant endophytic fungi insapwood were:Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Cladosporium, Candida, Debaryomyces and Trichoderma. At the species level, the dominant flora of endophytic fungi of heartwood was:Sporothrix lignivora, Gongronella butleri and Fusarium oxysporum; the dominant flora of endophytic fungi of sapwood was:Lasiodiplodia theobromae, yeast Debaryomyces udenii and Fusarium pseudensiforme. The results of redundancy analysis showed that pH, ash and potassium were negatively correlated with the community structure of endophytic fungi, and hot water extract, magnesium and calcium were positively correlated with most fungal communities, and negatively correlated with a small number of fungal communities. Water content, hot water extract, mineral element calcium and magnesium were positively correlated with the diversity index, such as chaol, shannon and simpson, while pH, ash and potassium were negatively correlated with them. Conclusion: Endophytic fungal population is rich in heartwood and sapwood of D. odorifera.The richness and diversity of endophytic fungi community in the heartwood arelarger than that in the sapwood. The structural differences in endophytic fungal populations in heartwood and sapwood are mainly affected by wood environmental factors, such as pH, ash and mineral element potassium. The diversity of endophytic fungi populations in heartwood and sapwood is mainly affected by environmental factors in wood, such as pH, water content, mineral elements calcium and potassium.

Objective: This paper aims to investigate effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of Hyphantria cunea, to clarify main factors of inducing the diapause, and to unveil the sensitive larval instars to photoperiod inducing the diapause. Method: In this experiment, four temperatures (21, 23, 25 and 27℃) and 7 photoperiods (L8:D16, L10:D14, L12:D12, L13:D11, L14:D10, L15:D9 and L16:D8) were set. The diapause incidence of these 28 treatments were analyzed and compared to show the effects of photoperiod and temperature and critical photoperiod on diapause of H. cunea. Under the condition of 23℃, the larvae were alternately treated with long photoperiod (L16:D8) and/or short photoperiod (L10:D14) at different developmental stages. The diapause incidence under 32 different treatments were statistically analyzed and compared to determine the sensitive period of larval instars for diapause induced by the photoperiod. Result: At four different temperatures (21, 23, 25 and 27℃), the day time less than 13 h caused the diapause of H. cunea, while when the day time reached 16 h tended the individual continued to develop without diapause. The diapause is controlled by photoperiod and temperature at the same time when the day length was in the range of 13 to 16 h, and the diapause incidence decreased with the increase of temperature or photoperiod. The critical photoperiod was 14 h 58 min:9 h 02 min (L:D), 14 h 45 min:9 h 15 min (L:D), 14 h 35 min:9 h 25 min (L:D) and 14 h 24 min:9 h 36 min (L:D) at 21, 23, 25 and 27℃, respectively. Also, the response of the larvae to short photoperiod inducing diapause is cumulated, and the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar were the most sensitive instars to short photoperiod inducing diapause of H. cunea. Conclusion: The results indicate that the H. cunea is a typical short-photoperiod diapause (long photoperiod development) insect. The photoperiod plays a crucial role in the process of diapause induction, and temperature is the cofactor of diapause induction. Low temperature and short photoperiod are favorable for the diapause, and the critical photoperiod shortens with the increase of temperature. It is found that 3-5 instar of H. cunea larvae are the most sensitive developmental stage to diapause induction by short photoperiod.

Objective: The mechanical properties of full-scale glued laminated timber(glulam) beams made of thermal treated laminas were performed. The effects of thermal modification and humidity in the surrounding environment on wood moisture content, longitudinal shear strength and tensile strength were determined. The study can provide a reference for thermal treatment technology in the structural applications. Method: The high-grade Larix gmelinii was used in the tests. A total of 12 full-scale glulam beams were fabricated with modified laminas using industrial thermal modification technology. The effects of humidity in the surrounding environment and industrial thermal treatment on bending properties were determined, including bending strength, modulus of elasticity(MOE), failure mode, the relationships between load and deformation and the strain profile of full-scale glulam beams. All beams were tested using the four-point bending method according to BS EN 408 standard. Result: The results showed that, thermal modification improved MOE significantly in high humidity with a slight reduction in bending strength. In 90% relative humidity, bending strength of thermally treated glulam beams decreased by 29.79% than that of the untreated. MOE of thermally treated glulam beams increased by 23.71% than that of the untreated. MOE of the untreated glulam beams under the two humidity conditions was 23.27% difference, and the thermally treated glulam beams under the two humidity conditions was only 7.55% difference. The curves of bending load with displacement and strain profile curves of the glulam beams in different relative humidity showed that, the untreated glulam beams exhibited a more nonlinearity than the thermally treated glulam beams, especially at a high moisture in the surrounding environment. The relationships between moisture in the surrounding environment and mechanical properties were negatively correlated. Compared with the untreated control at 60% relative humidity, bending strength and modulus of elasticity of glulam beams at 90% relative humidity were 43.98 MPa and 12.191 GPa, and low ered by 17.07% and 23.27%, respectively. The effects of humidity in the surrounding environment on equilibrium moisture content of wood specimens were significant, and equilibrium moisture content of wood specimens can be deduced obviously by industrial thermal treatment. Thermal treatment decreased equilibrium moisture content from 10.74% to 4.76% and from 20.62% to 11.18% at 60% and 90% relative humidity, respectively. Conclusion: The untreated glulam beams at 60% and 90% relative humidity both failed in tension mode, while the series of the thermally treated glulam beams all failed in combined flexure and shear mode. Longitudinal tensile strength and shear strength of wood specimens both decreased after thermally treated, and led to the decrease of bending strength of the glulam beams. Industrial thermal treatment technology could improve modulus of elasticity of glulam beams significantly in a high relative humidity with a reduction in bending strength, so thermally treated wood materials could be used in construction after checked in bending strength.

Objective: In order to solve wooden furniture production line of machine-group layout under multi-product and small lot-size production is prone to create bottlenecks, then resulting in low productivity, we study how to determine the bottleneck and improve the production efficiency in this paper, and through the actual production line to verify the validity and feasibility of the scheduling scheme, the consistence of actual production results and the simulation results are also compared. This paper establishes a model of cluster layout production line with FlexSim. This model trends to save the actual running cost of wooden furniture production line, and it also can be used as a reference for improving the efficiency of other wooden furniture production lines. Method: Taking a cluster layout wooden furniture production line for an example, by setting parameters of source, processor, storage area, transport and other entities according to production hours, transportation hours, production batch and order plan of each order, the model with FlexSim is simulated. Through analyzing simulation results, namely the average process rate and release rate of each process, we can identify the bottleneck process in production line, set time buffer for production system and schedule the orders according SPT (shortest processing time) rule. Result: We can get the state parameters of each working procedure in production line by FlexSim simulation, in which the average process rate of blanking process, milling process, sanding process, assembling process, painting process and testing process is 45.30%, 62.70%, 74.13%, 52.80%, 54.53% and 54.20%, and the release rate of these processes is 42.00%, 57.50%, 72.40%, 22.70%, 30.90% and 29.90%, respectively. Therefore, the average process rate of sanding process is the highest, at 74.13%, and the release rate of sanding process is the highest too, at 72.40%, so the sanding process is the bottleneck of the wooden furniture production line. According to time buffer calculation model, the bottleneck time buffer of each order is 24 min, 31.5 min, 30 min and 36 min, the delivery time buffer of each order is 30 min, 54 min, 54 min and 72 min. Through simulation by FlexSim, we can get that the average process rate of SPT scheme is 90.28%, which increases 16.15% compared with the original plan. By comparing the results of the actual operation and the simulation results, the average processing rate and the average idle rate error of each process are within the range of ±5%. Conclusion: This paper investigates a cluster layout wooden furniture production line model with FlexSim7.lnk, and it can effectively identify the bottleneck of the production line and predict the production results. The bottleneck process might be eliminated by setting the production line time buffer, and a fine schedule according to SPT rule could greatly improve production efficiency of the wooden furniture production line.

Objective: Here,we reported one-pot catalytic conversion of bamboo to liquid fuels,and investigated the effect of reaction factors on the liquefaction products of biomass catalyzed by Cu and Ni-doped porous metal oxides(PMO)in supercritical methanol,revealing the role of active components in liquefaction of bamboo. Method: Cu-Ni-doped PMO catalysts were prepared through coprecipitation using hydrotalcite-like as precursors. The catalysts were characterized by XRD,BET and SEM. The liquefaction of bamboo was accomplished using a one-pot method in supercritical methanol,and the liquefied products were analyzed by GC-MS. Effects of Cu/Ni ratio,catalyst dosage,reaction temperature and time on the composition and distribution of bamboo liquefaction products were investigated by single factor analysis. Result: XRD results suggested that the Cu and Ni doped Mg-Al hydrotalcite crystallized well,showing seven unique diffraction peaks of hydrotalcite and no diffraction peaks of CuO and NiO. The higher doping concentration of Cu and Ni,the smaller specific surface area of PMO. SEM analysis showed that the hydrotalcite-like precursor had a typical layered structure,while the layered structure disappeared and the oxide particles were agglomerated after calcination. The yield of ketones was increased gradually with the increase of Cu/Ni ratio. The yields of alcohols and hydrocarbons were the highest with a Cu/Ni ratio of 1:1,while the phenols and esters were the least. The yields of ketones,alcohols and hydrocarbons were gradually increased along with the catalyst dosage increased. In particular,the rising trend was evident when 20% of catalysts were used. When the reaction temperature was higher than the supercritical temperature of methanol,the products with relatively low oxygen content,such as ketones,alcohols and hydrocarbons,showed a sharp rise. However,esters and other products(mainly including ethers,acids,furans,etc.)were decreased significantly. Conclusion: CuO and NiO are highly dispersed in the complex oxides,and the doped PMO has a smaller specific surface area. The supercritical temperature of methanol is a key factor that affects the composition and distribution of liquefaction products. Hydrogenation of the unsaturated functional groups were occurred by in-situ produced H₂ from methanol cracking along with the liquefaction of bamboo,resulting in alcohols,ketones and hydrocarbon products with relatively lower oxygen content. The addition of Ni can improve the dispersibility of Cu species in the active component of the catalyst,making the structure of the catalyst better as well as the stability of the catalyst; thereby the catalytic activity of the catalysts for depolymerization of biomass was increased. Our observations clearly indicated that the acidity and alkalinity of PMO can be changed with the addition of Ni,and the catalytic activity of PMO was adjusted as well,promoting the directional distribution of the products.

Objective: The aim of this study was to study the distribution of the temperature field of the section of the molding block during the biomass hot compression molding,which was expected to provide a reference for the study of biomass hot forming technology. Method: This paper took the single plunger biomass molding machine independently developed by the School of Technology of Beijing Forestry University as the experimental equipment,and adopted the heating method of forming sleeve to study the waste pine sawdust used as the experimental materials. The orthogonal test was designed with heating temperature,raw material moisture content and motor frequency as experimental factors. The heating temperature was set as 155,170,185,200 and 215℃,the sawdust moisture content was adjusted to 10%,12%,14%,16% and 18%,and the motor frequency was set as 14,16,18,20 and 22 Hz,respectively. Using the variance analysis method to analyze the overall density of the molding block,the average temperature,the highest temperature and the center point temperature of the molding block section were affected by the experimental temperature,moisture content,and motor frequency. Experimental results showed that by establishing a multivariate regression model,the multiple regression equations could be obtained with the overall density of the molding block,the average temperature,the highest temperature,and the center point temperature of the molding block section as the dependent variables,with the experimental temperature,moisture content,and motor frequency as independent variables,and get a simplified multiple regression equation. Through the establishment of multiple regression models and comparative analysis,the best mathematical model relationships between the overall density of the forming block and the temperature field distribution of the biomass forming block were expected to be found. Result: For the center point temperature,the primary and secondary influencing factors are moisture content,motor frequency and temperature; for the average temperature,the primary influencing factors are temperature and moisture content,the secondary influencing factor is motor frequency; and for the highest temperature,the primary and secondary influencing factors are temperature,motor frequency and moisture content. Our results demonstrated that the error of each simplified multiple regression equation and the original multiple regression equation is less than 1.5%. The best multiple regression model and equations are obtained with the overall density of the biomass molding block as the dependent variable,and the average temperature,the highest temperature,and the center point temperature of the molding block section as the independent variables. Conclusion: In practical applications of biomass hot forming,the distribution of the temperature field of the section of the molding block has a profound effect on the quality of biomass molding. This paper explores the distribution of temperature field in biomass hot forming in actual experiments. Through analysis and modeling,it is found that there is a mathematical relationship between the overall density of the forming block and the distribution of the temperature field of the section of the molding block,which might broaden our ideas for subsequent biomass research.

Forest ecosystem is an important carbon pool and plays an important role in mitigating climate warming. As a discontinuous ecological factor of forest,forest fire disturbance is the driving factor of biogeochemical cycle,which significantly changes the structure and function of the ecosystem,nutrient cycle and energy transfer,and causes the change of carbon pool and carbon distribution pattern in forest ecosystem,and in turn affects the process of forest succession and carbon sequestration capacity. This paper reviews the domestic and abroad research method on the impact of forest fire disturbance on forest carbon pool,and focuses on the direct and indirect effects of forest fire disturbance on forest carbon pool. The direct impact is mainly the direct carbon loss of forest ecosystem,while the indirect impact is mainly through forest ecosystem net primary productivity and soil respiration changes to affect the carbon cycle and carbon balance of forest ecosystems. The influence of forest fire disturbance on vegetation carbon pool,litter carbon pool and soil organic carbon pool are respectively clarified. The forest fire disturbance affects vegetation carbon pool and nutrient turnover by directly changing vegetation coverage,and ultimately affects vegetation fixation to carbon and the transfer of carbon from vegetation to soil leads to redistribution between different carbon pools. In terms of the effects of forest fire disturbance on the litter carbon pool of ecosystem,the main researches are mainly the change of litter production under different forest fire intensity and environmental gradient after forest fire disturbance. The influence of forest fire disturbance on soil organic carbon pool can be studied from small scale and large scale. Generally,in the small scale,the change of topographic conditions may be the main reason that affects the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon pool. At relatively large regional scales,the interactions of climate,soil texture,topography,vegetation,and human activities and management levels can affect the spatial migration and morphological transformation of soil organic carbon pools,which leads to the difference of soil organic carbon pools in different regions. On this basis,this paper points out the existing problems in the study. Finally,the quantitative research on the influence of forest fire disturbance on the carbon pool of forest ecosystem is put forward:1) Futher research on the effect mechanism of forest fire disturbance on the carbon pool circulation of forest ecosystem. 2) Strengthen the systematic study of "vegetation-soil-water-microbe-climate". 3) Improve the quantification of forest fires in the forest ecosystem by the forest fire disturbance at different time and space scales. 4) Futher discussion in-depth of the interaction between forest fire disturbance and carbon in forest ecosystems and its impact mechanism.

There are six species of pine caterpillars in China,including pine caterpillars include Dendrolimus punctatus,D. superans,D. tabulaeformis,D. houi,D. spectabilis and D. kikuchii,and all the insects are serious pests of pine forests in China. Pine caterpillars have a strong reproductive capacity. When the pests break out,the all leaves of pines are eaten up quickly,which seriously hinders the growth of trees and even causes the trees to die. Furthermore,the pine caterpillars'infestation cause pines to decline,which can lead to the invasion of stem borers. Therefore,the control of pine caterpillars has always been an important research direction of forest entomologists in China. It is an important part of the comprehensive management of pine caterpillars to find an effective population monitoring method. Sex pheromone is an important means for the comprehensive management of pine caterpillars for its strong specificity and convenient application. Sex pheromone attractants can be used not only to monitor the occurrence period and population dynamics of pine caterpillars,but also to control the population number and prevalence by interfering with their mating. The active ingredients of sex pheromones in the 6 species of pine caterpillars could be divided into two main categories. The derivative of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol and the derivative of (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol. Their precursors are the corresponding alcohols. In this paper,the synthesis methods of these two precursor compounds were summarized. The total synthesis of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol could be roughly classified into three different synthetic ways. Route one,the Wittig reaction between aldehydes and phosphoranes; Route two,coupling reaction of E type iodinated alkene with unsaturated hydrocarbons; Other paths of reactions,including anti-Markovnikov addition of substituted olefins; rearrangement of thexylalkenyllalkynylboranes,and coupling reactions of organometallic reagents. In contrast,(E,Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol could be synthesized by two ways. Route one,the Wittig reaction between α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and phosphoranes; Route two,coupling reaction of E type iodinated enol with alkynes. At present,the demand for sex pheromone of pine caterpillars is increasing day by day,and the design and optimization of its synthesis methods have become an important task. Consequently,this review will provide important reference for the researchers who carry out the similar research in China.

Objective: Carbon sequestration value (CSV) of (Phyllostachys edulis) forest were estimated and its spatiotemporal change was also examined,so as to exemplify an estimation method of CSV and contribute to a better understanding of the ecosystem service function of bamboo forest,thereby providing a theoretical and technical basis for carbon accounting and carbon trade. Method: Phyllostachys edulis forest in Fujian Province,accounting for 1/6 of the China's bamboo forest in area,was identified as a case study. We first fitted the biomass allometric equation and inverse models,then calculated the CSV of each bamboo component (including stand live culms,selectively cutting culms,bamboo shoot and soil) and also examined their changes from 2001 to 2014, using the data of stand increment,biomass,MODIS EVI and from questionnaires. Result: Over the past 14 years,the mean CSV of moso bamboo forest was estimated approximately RMB 553 million per time period (every two years),and a total CSV of the whole province was about RMB 38.71 billion. The CSV of bamboo stand and different stand components varied greatly; standing live culms,selective cutting culms,bamboo shoot and soil carbon accounted for 73.78%,16.11%,13.56%,and 3.65% of the total,respectively. During the study time,the CSV of moso bamboo forest showed an upward trend in fluctuation,with a increasing rate of RMB 157.69 per hectare per time period. Spatial distribution of the CSV showed a large variation; about 31.26% of the bamboo stands decreased in CSV,with an mean decrease of RMB 256.76 per hectare; about 68.74% of the bamboo stands increased,with a mean increase of RMB 640.80 per hectare. Conclusion: Moso bamboo forest in Fujian Province has shown an increasing carbon sink over the past 14 years. Compared with the three stand components,i.e.,standing live culms,bamboo shoot and soil,the selectively cutting culms has the largest contribution to CSV of moso bamboo forest ecosystem. Given that bamboo forests are at risk of degradation and very likely to be a carbon source without an intensive management,the selectively cutting culms is,therefore,an indispensable management measure to enhance the potential of carbon sequestration.

Objective: Agroforestry system has been widely used,because it can improve the utilization rate of natural resources. Regulation of inter-specific relationships in agroforestry system is an important way to ensure high yield and efficiency of this system,and water and light are the core contents of the regulation. In this study,the water use and carbon metabolism of intercropping crops in an agroforestry system under different water conditions were investigated,in order to better understand the effects of interspecific interactions on plant growth. Method: In 2017, soybeans were sownat different locations from walnut trees in the walnut-soybean agroforestry system in the southern foothills of Taihang Mountains.The soil moisture content,predawn and mid-day water potential,mid-day stem percentage loss of conductivity (PLC),plant height and basal diameter,biomass,and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content of root,stem and leaf of soybean plants were measured in dry (mid-July)and rainy season(late August). Result: 1) In dry season,with the increase of distance from walnut tree,the surface soil moisture content decreased,the predawn and mid-day water potential of soybean plants decreased,and the mid-day stem PLC increased. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of soybean plants at 1.5 m and 2.5 m away from walnut tree were higher,while the photosynthetic rate of soybean plants at 0.6 m away from walnut tree and mono-cropped soybean plants was lower.However,there in general was no significant difference in gas exchange between intercropped and mono-cropped soybean. Biomass,root-shoot ratio and NSC increased with the increase of distance from walnut trees. 2) In rainy season,except for at 0.6 m away from walnut tree where the soil moisture content was low,there was no significant difference in the soil moisture content over other locations. The soil moisture content in the rainy season was more than 60% higher than that in the dry season. In rainy season,there was no significant difference in the predawn water potential of soybean plants at different locations,but the midday water potential in monoculture was lower,and the PLC was more severe than thosein intercropped soybean. Photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass,NSC content and root-shoot ratio all increased with the increase of the distance from walnut tree. The NSC content of root,stem and leaf in the rainy season was significantly higher than that in the dry season,which was mainly caused by the increase of starch storage. Conclusion: In the dry season,the water situation of soybean atdifferent locations is affected by drought,and the water situation of soybean in the agroforestry system is better than that of mono-culture.However,the degree of water imbalance in the dry season doesnot significantly affect photosynthesis and growth,because the effects of shading overshadow the effects of water status. In the rainy season,soybeans in the agroforestry system are mainly affected by shading,so the farther away from the trees,the better the growth. Under the condition that water is not the limiting factorin the study year,the mutual benefit of intercropping could not be shown.In contrast,light energy competition in the agroforestry system would lead to obvious decrease of soybean growth.

Objective: In this study,a priori category of alien plants in China was used to test the assessment effect by the United States weed risk assessment system (USWRA),and the paper further analyzed whether USWRA could be applicable to the quarantine management of forest plants in China,in order to lay a foundation for the establishment of risk assessment methods for invasive plants in China. Method: In this paper,131 alien plants (including 76 non-invasive plants and 55 invasive plants) with a priori category in China were selected and tested with USWRA. The evaluation outcome of USWRA was analyzed through comparing the predictive categories of the tested plants evaluated by USWRA with the known categories,and the outcome was tested using the ROC curve. In addition,the proportion difference of invasive plants in different life forms was analyzed by Friedman test and Nemenyi method. One-way ANOVA and LSD multiple comparison methods were used to analyze the differences in risk scores among different life forms of plants. Result: For major invasive plants,USWRA correctly rejected 68.4% of them,and did not wrongly accept single one,and the remaining 31.6% needed to be evaluated further. For non-invasive plants,USWRA correctly accepted 84.2% of them,and did not wrongly reject single one,and the remaining 15.8% needed to be evaluated further. For minor invasive plants,USWRA rejected 27.8% of them,accepted 5.6% of them,and the remaining 66.7% needed to be evaluated further. The ROC curve test results showed that USWRA had a high ability to distinguish major invasive plants from non-invasive plants with a curved AUC value up to 0.990. In addition,there were significant differences in risk scores to become invasive plants among different life forms,and the risk scores of herbaceous and vine plants were significantly higher than those of arbor plants. There were significant differences in the proportion of invasive plants in different life forms,and the risk of herbaceous and vine-like plants becoming invasive plants was greater than that of tree plants. Conclusion: USWRA can satisfactorily discriminate major invasive plants from non-invasive plants without any error,and thus it can be applied the quarantine management of forest plants in China.