中国云杉属树种地理分布格局的主导气候因子

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200401

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: In order to clarify the dominant climatic factors for the Picea (spruce) distributed along mountains of geographical steps in China,the relationship between climatic factors and geographical distribution of 12 species of Picea genus was analyzed. Methods: A total of 389 points of georeferenced data of 12 Picea species were collected from long-term field researches and Chinese Virtual Herbarium(CVH). Corresponding climatic variables were obtained from global climate data by the geographical information system software(ArcGIS). The climatic factors which restricted the distribution of Picea were determined through variance analysis and comparison of the coefficient of variation (CV). The contribution of climatic factors to the geographical divergence among Picea species were illuminated by linear regression,Monte Carlo permutation test and Redundancy analysis(RDA). Results: Annual mean temperature,monthly mean temperature difference between day and night,maximal temperature of warmest month,minimal temperature of coldest month,temperature annual range,annual precipitation,precipitation of warmest quarter,precipitation of coldest quarter and aridity index among the geographical distributions of the 12 tree species were significantly different. The percentage of variance of monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and precipitation of the coldest quarter were larger within each species' distribution,but other climatic factors showed larger percentage variance among each species' distribution. In terms of coefficient of variation (CV),the values of monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and maximal temperature of the warmest month were less than 20%,showing the lower values than the other climatic factors in distributions at both genus and species level. Latitude and longitude were significantly correlated with all corresponding climatic factors in geographical distributions of Picea species (P < 0.05),apart from mean diurnal temperature range along latitude and longitude,and the relationship between precipitation of coldest quarter and longitude. Among the correlation coefficients between latitude or longitude and each climatic factor,the highest value was exhibited in the annual range of temperature,followed by minimal temperature of coldest month. Further,Monte Carlo permutation test further showed that the annual range of temperature and minimal temperature of coldest month contributed to the geographical distribution by 84% and 66.8% respectively. RDA analysis revealed that the first principal component was mainly reflecting the thermal conditions due to annual range of temperature,maximal temperature of warmest month and min temperature of coldest month had higher loading values. Whereas annual precipitation,aridity index,and precipitation of warmest quarterhad higher loading values on the second principal component,which indicated environmental water conditions. These two principal components could cumulatively explaine 89.2% and 100% variance of species and of species-environment relation,respectively. Conclusion: Our research indicated that the monthly mean temperature difference between day and night and maximal temperature of the warmest month were the major climatic factors limiting the distribution of Picea,and temperature annual range and min temperature of coldest month were the key driving factors that influences each Picea species' geographic distribution in China. This study further confirmed that thermal conditions were likely the key factors that influence the distribution pattern of Picea species,followed by precipitation conditions.

Key words: Picea, climatic factor, latitude and longitude, geographical distribution pattern, limiting factor, driving factor

CLC Number:

Xiaowei Zhang,Jingru Wang,Minghao Wang,Yi Yang,Changming Zhao. Dominant Climatic Factors Influencing the Geographical Distribution Pattern of Picea in China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(4): 1-11.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Characteristic of climatic factors in the geographical distribution regions of each Picea species"

气候因子 Climatic factors	项目 Item	鱼鳞云杉 Picea jezoensis	红皮云杉 P.koraiensis	白杄 P.meyeri	青杄 P.wilsonii	云杉 P.asperata	青海云杉 P.crassifolia	丽江云杉 P.likiangensis var.likiangensis	川西云杉 P.likiangensis var.rubescens	林芝云杉 P.likiangensis var.linzhiensis	紫果云杉 P.purpurea	长叶云杉 P.smithiana	须弥云杉 P.spinulosa
年均气温 Annual mean temperature/℃	平均值Mean	2.47a	2.83ab	5.20d	7.99e	5.24d	3.66bc	6.99d	4.73cd	7.70e	3.97c	9.86f	9.76f
	SD	1.70	0.89	2.93	3.15	1.73	1.71	1.80	1.20	1.33	1.77	1.51	0.98
	CV	68.83	31.45	56.35	39.42	33.02	46.72	25.75	25.37	17.27	44.58	15.31	10.04
月均昼夜气温差Monthly mean temperature difference between day and night/℃	平均值Mean	12.52bc	12.60bc	12.56bc	12.03b	14.41d	12.96c	12.61bc	14.30d	12.70c	14.38d	11.14a	12.61bc
	SD	0.64	0.43	0.73	1.44	1.42	1.18	1.10	1.24	1.07	1.17	0.21	0.43
	CV	5.11	3.41	5.81	11.97	9.85	9.10	8.72	8.67	8.43	8.14	1.89	3.41
最暖月最高气温 Maximal temperature of warmest month/℃	平均值Mean	25.62f	25.81f	25.83f	26.14f	20.40de	20.17cde	18.16a	18.69ab	19.94cde	18.98abc	19.68bcd	21.00e
	SD	1.54	1.29	2.96	3.68	1.56	1.81	1.58	1.57	1.64	1.74	1.57	1.06
	CV	6.01	5.00	11.46	14.08	7.65	8.97	8.70	8.40	8.22	9.17	7.98	5.05
最冷月最低气温 Minimal temperature of coldest month/℃	平均值Mean	-25.25a	-24.71a	-18.28b	-12.63e	-13.95de	-16.26c	-8.72f	-13.22e	-8.05f	-15.37cd	-3.19h	-6.36g
	SD	2.81	1.67	3.49	4.41	2.67	2.16	2.64	1.74	1.78	2.74	1.75	1.04
	CV	11.13	6.76	19.09	34.92	19.14	13.28	30.28	13.16	22.11	17.83	54.86	16.35
年均气温变幅 Temperature annual range/℃	平均值Mean	50.87h	50.52h	44.10g	38.77f	34.35d	36.44e	26.88b	31.91c	28.00b	34.34d	22.87a	27.35b
	SD	3.07	2.34	2.94	4.44	1.99	1.62	2.15	2.39	1.90	2.27	0.33	0.87
	CV	6.03	4.63	6.67	11.45	5.79	4.45	8.00	7.49	6.79	6.61	1.44	3.18
年均降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	平均值Mean	671.6cd	656.30c	469.40a	536.40b	700.60cd	500.60ab	837.50e	655.90c	692.40cd	727.80d	957.20f	1 028.90g
	SD	87.39	82.78	91.12	121.48	80.48	84.71	118.60	119.66	80.80	124.14	189.96	125.74
	CV	13.01	12.61	19.41	22.65	11.49	16.92	14.16	18.24	11.67	17.06	19.85	12.22
最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter/mm	平均值Mean	414.10e	407.60e	312.40b	305.30b	348.80c	268.70a	518.30f	385.30de	412.20e	370.80cd	638.90g	622.90g
	SD	58.35	50.84	61.91	66.40	41.91	31.08	80.24	56.29	48.46	61.84	136.30	72.53
	CV	14.09	12.47	19.82	21.75	12.02	11.57	15.48	14.61	11.76	16.68	21.33	11.64
最冷季降水量 Precipitation of coldest quarter/mm	平均值Mean	24.10f	23.70f	12.00ab	13.20bcd	15.70cde	9.30a	16.50de	12.80bc	15.40cde	16.40de	31.10g	18.30e
	SD	6.09	5.93	4.01	4.76	3.49	2.57	7.33	5.35	8.01	4.95	2.90	8.82
	CV	25.27	25.02	33.42	36.06	22.23	27.63	44.42	41.80	52.01	30.18	9.32	48.20
干旱指数 Aridity index	平均值Mean	18.98cd	18.34bcd	12.37a	13.08a	18.31bcd	13.66a	20.93ef	17.40bc	17.01b	19.71de	22.29f	24.05g
	SD	2.61	2.43	2.78	2.72	1.82	2.24	2.69	3.25	1.85	3.43	4.12	2.80
	CV	13.75	13.25	22.47	20.8	9.94	16.40	12.85	18.68	10.88	17.40	18.48	11.64

Table 3

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树种Tree species	分布地区Distribution region	经度 Latitude (E)/(°)	纬度 Longitude (N)/(°)	样点数 Sample number
鱼鳞云杉Picea jezoensis	黑龙江Heilongjiang、吉林Jilin、内蒙古Inner Mongolia	123.7-134.0	41.2-48.2	20
红皮云杉P. koraiensis	黑龙江Heilongjiang、吉林Jilin、辽宁Liaoning	126.5-130.5	41.4-47.0	20
白杄P. meyeri	山西Shanxi、河北Hebei、内蒙古中部Central Inner Mongolia	111.1-110.3	37.3-44.0	23
青杄P. wilsonii	内蒙古中部Central Inner Mongolia、河北Hebei、山西Shanxi、陕西南部Southern Shaanxi、湖北西部Western Hubei、甘肃中南部South central Gansu	101.6-116.8	33.7-40. 8	53
青海云杉P. crassifolia	青海东北部Northeast Qinghai、甘肃Gansu、宁夏Ningxia、内蒙古中部Central Inner Mongolia	100.9-104.3	33.6-37.8	34
云杉P. asperata	陕西西南部Southwest Shaanxi、甘肃东部和南部Eastern and Southern Gansu、四川Sichuan	101.1-104.4	30.3-37.8	33
丽江云杉 P. likiangensis var. likiangensis	云南西北部Northwest Yunnan、四川西南部Southwest Sichuan、西藏东南部Southeast Tibet	98.8-101.9	26.8-30.0	53
川西云杉 P. likiangensis var. rubescens	四川南部Southern Sichuan、青海南部Southern Qinghai、西藏东部Eastern Tibet	94.4-103.0	28.3-32.9	33
林芝云杉 P. likiangensis var. linzhiensis	西藏东南部Southeast Tibet、云南西北部Northwest Yunnan、四川西南部Southwest Sichuan	92.9-100.6	27.8-30.3	29
紫果云杉P. purpurea	四川北部Northern Sichuan、甘肃南部Southern Gansu、青海Qinghai	101.1-104.1	30.1-35.8	47
须弥云杉P. spinulosa	西藏南部Southern Tibet	88.5-92.0	27.2-30.3	17
长叶云杉P. smithiana	西藏南部Southern Tibet	81.8-86.0	28.0-30.0	27

气候因子Climatic factors	平均值 Mean	SD	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval		最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum	CV (%)
气候因子Climatic factors	平均值 Mean	SD	下限 Lowerbound	上限 Upperbound	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum	CV (%)
年均气温Annual mean temperature/℃	5.92	2.92	5.63	6.21	-1.40	13.30	49.35
月均昼夜气温差Monthly mean temperature difference between day and night/℃	13.00	1.45	12.86	13.15	8.30	16.40	11.15
最暖月最高气温Maximal temperature of the warmest month/℃	21.38	3.72	21.01	21.76	15.00	32.10	17.39
最冷月最低气温Minimal temperature of the coldest month/℃	-13.36	6.07	-13.96	-12.75	-32.20	-0.20	45.43
年均气温变幅Temperature annual range/℃	34.74	7.93	33.95	35.53	22.30	56.70	22.82
年均降水量Annual precipitation/mm	691.70	187.10	673.10	710.40	277.00	1 310.00	27.10
最暖季降水量Precipitation of the warmest quarter/mm	403.40	123.70	391.10	415.70	184.00	883.00	30.70
最冷季降水量Precipitation of the coldest quarter/mm	16.20	7.40	15.50	16.90	4.00	41.00	45.90
干旱指数Aridity index	17.74	4.36	17.30	18.17	7.94	29.63	24.59

气候因子 Climatic factors	平方和 Sums of squares		均方 Mean squares		F	方差来源 Percentage of variance (%)
气候因子 Climatic factors	种间 Between species	种内 Within species	种间^a Between species	种内^b Within species	F	种间 Between species	种内 Within species
年均气温Annual mean temperature/℃	1 864.28	1 450.30	169.48	3.85	44.02^***	56.24	43.76
月均昼夜气温差Monthly mean temperature difference between day and night/℃	352.96	457.60	32.09	1.21	26.52^***	43.55	56.45
最暖月最高气温Maximal temperature of the warmest month/℃	3 695.99	1 667.16	336.00	4.42	76.02^***	68.91	31.09
最冷月最低气温Minimal temperature of the coldest month/℃	11 452.33	2 862.00	1 041.12	7.59	137.17^***	80.01	19.99
年均气温变幅Temperature annual range/℃	21 876.06	2 517.31	1 988.73	6.68	297.71^***	89.68	10.32
年均降水量Annual precipitation/mm	8 831 772.37	4 748 824.41	802 888.40	12 596.35	63.74^***	65.03	34.97
最暖季降水量Precipitation of eht warmest quarter/mm	4 298 306.29	1 635 479.34	390 755.12	4 338.14	90.07^***	72.44	27.56
最冷季降水量Precipitation of eht coldest quarter/mm	9 326.79	12 114.97	847.89	32.14	26.38^***	43.50	56.50
干旱指数Aridity index	4 482.29	2 901.45	407.48	7.70	52.92^***	60.70	39.30

气候因子 Climatic factors	重要性排序 Significance order	解释量 Explained variation (%)	F	P
年均气温Annual mean temperature/℃	5	20.8	102.87	< 0.001
月均昼夜气温差Monthly mean temperature difference between day and night/℃	9	0.2	0.30	0.60
最暖月最高气温Maximal temperature of the warmest month/℃	3	40.2	262.44	< 0.001
最冷月最低气温Minimal temperature of the coldest month/℃	2	66.8	785.47	< 0.001
年均气温变幅Temperature annual range/℃	1	84.2	2 085.07	< 0.001
年均降水量Annual precipitation/mm	4	21.4	106.34	< 0.001
最暖季降水量Precipitation of the warmest quarter/mm	6	15.9	74.06	< 0.001
最冷季降水量Precipitation of eht coldest quarter/mm	8	0.1	0.94	0.33
干旱指数Aridity index	7	13.1	58.98	< 0.001

项目Item	排序轴Ordination axis
项目Item	轴1 Axis 1	轴2 Axis 2
年均气温Annual mean temperature/℃	-0.46	-0.06
最暖月最高气温Maximal temperature of the warmest month/℃	0.64	0.06
最冷月最低气温Minimal temperature of the coldest month/℃	-0.83	-0.04
年均气温变幅Temperature annual range/℃	0.93	0.06
年均降水量Annual precipitation/mm	-0.46	-0.38
最暖季降水量Precipitation of the warmest quarter/mm	-0.40	-0.36
干旱指数Aridity index	-0.36	-0.37
特征值Eigenvalues	0.88	0.01
树种-环境相关性Species-environment correlations	0.96	0.53
树种数据累积解释率Cumulative percentage variance of species data(%)	88.2	89.2
树种-环境关系累积解释率Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation(%)	99	100

Dominant Climatic Factors Influencing the Geographical Distribution Pattern of Picea in China

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