[Objective] Using long-term exploration of community dynamics (ranging from 1996 to 2012), this study was aimed to provide scientific support for forest protection, management and operation in Tianmu Mountain. [Method] In 1996, a field site with the size of 1hm² locating in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest of Tianmu Mountain, a national nature reserve in Zhejiang province was built, and then each tree in the site was numbered, labeled and recorded it's species name, height, diameter at breast height (DBH), location and other information. In 2012, the above data was determined again to compare the community dynamics of the trees with the DBH more than 10 cm during the past 16 years. [Result] The results showed that in 1996, the evergreen broad-leaved trees and deciduous broad-leaved trees accounted for 54.97% and 45.03% of the total number of trees, respectively, while in 2012, the ratios changed to 62.81% and 37.19% respectively. The community structure changed from 40 species, 34 genera and 24 families in 1996 to 48 species, 40 genera and 29 families in 2012. During the 16 years, there were 14 species emerged which are belonging to 11 genera and 8 families and 6 species disappeared which are belonging to 5 genera and 3 families. Among them, 66.67% of the disappeared species were accidental species (defined as the total number of individuals varying from 1 to 3),while in new emergent species, 92.86% of which were accidental species.. The total number of trees increased from 553 in 1996 to 597 in 2012, of which the dead was 191 and the regeneration was 235. The richness index, Simpson diversity index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index were changed from 40, 0.72, 3.98, and 1.03 in 1996, respectively to 48, 0.88, 3.88, and 1.05 in 2012, respectively. The small DBH class (DBH<20 cm) trees were accounted for 49.55% and 55.11% in 1996 and 2012, respectively and the mortality ratio was 25.73%; the medium DBH class (20 cm≤DBH < 60 cm) trees were 47.92% and 42.88%, respectively and the mortality ratio was 22.89%; while the large DBH class(>60 cm) trees were 2.53% and 2.01%, respectively and the mortality ratio was 7.69%; In general, the DBH class varied little and all are with the reverse "J"-shaped structure. The mean tree height decreased from 11.47 m in 1996 to 9.47 m in 2012, and the percentage of higher trees (>10 m) was decreased from 50.27% to 36.01% with the normal distribution.[Conclusion] The community remains its appearance of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest during the 16 years, but the number of evergreen trees tended to increase significantly, and that of deciduous trees tended to decrease remarkably. Except of the significant increase in the number and importance values of Daphniphyllum macropodum there were no obvious changes in other trees. However, the number of accidental species changed a lot, accounting for 50% of the changes. Accidental species were the main causes of the community dynamics, and contributed to the increase of richness index and Simpson diversity index. Further, there were high competition and mortality rates in medium and small DBH class trees.

[Objective] The objective was to investigate the stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in litter and soil in four forest types at different succession stages in subtropical region of China, in order to provide a scientific basis for understanding the mechanism of influence of restoration of subtropical secondary forest on soil nutrients and forest restoration. [Method] The study was conducted in a permanent observation plot in size of 1 hm² at Dashanchong Forest Park in Changsha County, Hunan Province, China. The method of spatial sequence was used instead of time successional sequence, four types of subtropical forests:plantation of Cunninghamia lanceolata, mixed forest of Pinus massoniana+Lithocarpus glaber, deciduous broad leaved forest of Choerospondias axillaris, and evergreen broad-leaved forest of L. glaber+Cyclobalanopsis glauca were chosen to represent successional stages of forest restortation in the region. Based on the status of litter decomposition, the litter of forest ground was divided into layers of un-decomposed, semi-decomposed and decomposed. within the permanent observation plot, 6 small sample plots (10 m×10 m) were established along the slope, and each was set at random with 2 sample squares (1 m×1 m), Within each of the sample squares, soil samples were collected from the three soil layers respectively with 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm depth. Concentrations of C, N and P in litter and soil samples were analyzed and the ratios of C/N, C/P, and N/P were estimated. [Result] At the same litter decomposition layer, concentrations of C was decreased, while N and P contents were increased with successional stages and the increases of proportion of broad-leaved trees in the studied sites, except at the decomposed layer. Contents of C was decreased with litter decomposition progress in the four forest types. Specifically, N content ranked in an order of semi-decomposed layer > decomposed layer > un-decomposed layer in the mixed fores of P. massoniana+L. glaber, and in an order as semi-decomposed layer >un-decomposed layer >decomposed layer in the plantation of C. lanceolata, deciduous broad leaved forest of C. axillaris, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest of L. glaber+C. glauca. The distribution of P content was in an order of un-decomposed layer>semi-decomposed layer>decomposed layer in the deciduous broad-leaved forest of C. axillaries, and semi-decomposed layer>un-decomposed layer>decomposed layers (except the mixed forest of P. massoniana+L. glaber) in the plantation of C. lanceolata, the mixed forest of P. massoniana+L. glaber, evergreen broad-leaved forest of L. glaber+C. glauca. At the similar decomposition conditions, the ratios of C/N, C/P and N/P of litter were decreased along with forest successional progress. The C/N and C/P ratios of litter were decreased, but the N/P ratios were not significantly changed with the litter decomposition progress. The contents of C, N and P were increased with successional stages. The ratios of C/N and C/P were similar in 0-30 cm soil layer in the four subtropical forest types. It was found that the ratios of C/N and C/P were the highest in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of L. glaber+C. glauca, followed by the mixed forest of P. massoniana+L. glaber, and the lowest in the plantation of C. lanceolata. No significant differences of N/P ratios were found among the studied forests. There were significant negative correlations between C concentration at un-decomposed layer and C, N and P contents in 0-10 cm, 0-30 cm soil layers, while significant positive correlations were founded between N and P contents at un-decomposed layer and C, N (except N) and P contents in 0-10 cm, 0-30 cm soil layers. Significant negative correlations were found between the C/N, C/P and N/P ratios and C (except N/P), N and P contents in 0-10 cm, 0-30 cm soil layers. There were no significant correlations of C/N, C/P and N/P ratios between litter and soil in all four forest types. [Conclusion] The ratios of C/N, C/P and N/P were decreased, but C, N and P were increased along with the successional stages and the increase of proportion of broad-leaved trees in forests. The C, N and P contents and the C/N, C/P and N/P ratios in undecomposed layers significantly affected the contents of C, N, P in soil. As a consequence, it is a critical during forest management process to adjust the species composition of the forests in order to change the quality of litter layer.

[Objective] Ormosia henryi is listed as the precious timber species under state protection (category ii). For providing a theoretical basis of water supply according to demand of O. henryi seedlings at different growth stages, we conducted this study on the water consumption rule of O. henryi seedlings at different growth stages under different water supply and on the effect of water supply conditions to growth and physiological processes of O. henryi seedlings, to save water, reduce nutrient loss and improve seedlings quality. [Method] We conducted a potting experiment in which six relative water content gradients were set, that is, of 90%,80%,70%,60%,50% and 40%, controlled by weighing filling water method. The water consumption dynamic per a seedling and the growth, physiological and biochemical indices of one-year-old O. henryi were measured with six different substrate moisture contents. [Result] In the six different water regimes, both the daily and monthly water consumption of O. henryi seedlings were smaller at early growth stage (15-76 d) and later growth stage (185-231 d), while the water consumption was bigger in fast growth period (77-184 d). The daily water consumption presented two peak periods, they were 92-107 d and 139-169 d, respectively. The biggest daily water consumption ranged from 10.12 mL to 18.84 mL. The monthly water consumption of 5-month-old seedlings (136-169 d) was biggest, ranging from 307.62 mL to 565.26 mL. The total water consumption of seedlings increased with increase of soil moisture content in the range of 40%-80%, and when the relative water content was 80%, the total water consumption of seedlings was biggest, with 3870.99 mL water. The growth and physiological indices of seedlings existed significant differences (P<0.05) in the six different water regimes. When the relative water content was 80%, the height, ground diameter, biomass and root indicators of O. henryi seedling were all better than the other water treatments, and the total chlorophyll content was higher, and the malondialdehyde content, SOD activity, proline content and soluble sugar content were lower than the other water regimes. It was shown that too high or too low relative water content inhibited growth of the seedlings. In synthetic consideration of seedling growth, physiology and water consumption characteristics, the relative water content of 80% was best for cultivating the high quality seedlings of O. henryi, and also realizing the efficient use of water. [Conclusion] Different water supply significantly affect the water consumption, growth and physiology of O. henryi seedlings at different stages. It is benefit for cultivating O. henryi seedlings in the relative water content of 80%, in which the height, ground diameter, biomass and root indicators of O. henryi seedling are superior to other water treatments, and the physical performance also is the best. In terms of the overall quality of seedlings, according to the water consumption rule of O. henryi seedlings under 80% relative water content, we have formulated the optimization irrigation system for O. henryi container seedlings at different growth phases, that is, the irrigation water volume per month is 178.35,232.47,469.98,436.59,565.26,367.35 and 329.55 mL when the seedlings age is 15-45, 46-76, 77-107, 108-138, 139-169,170-200 and 201-231 d, respectively.

[Objective] Caragana genus, a group of shrubs, are used in vegetation restoration and reconstruction in sandy area due to its characteristics of strong tolerance to drought and barren soil. In this study, a repeated low temperature stress experiment was conducted to study the effects of repeated low temperature stresses on chlorophyll fluorescence of four different Caragana species and to analyze the response of the seedlings to the repeated low temperature. [Method] Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Caragana. species were measured under room temperature (daytime:30℃, night:20℃), the first low temperature stress (0℃ for 12 h) and the second low temperature stress (0℃ for 24 hours). The influence of the repeated low temperature stress on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed in four different Caragana species. [Result] Initial fluorescence (F_o) of different Caragana species had an increase tendency under the repeated low temperature stress, but maximum fluorescence (F_m), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m), PSⅡ electron transfer rate (ETR) and PSⅡ photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (q_P) showed a decreasing tendency. After repeated low temperature stress, initial fluorescence of C. tibetica increased significantly (P>0.05), and maximum fluorescence and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ of four different Caragana species decreased significantly (P<0.05). The PSⅡ electron transfer rate of C. microphylla and C. tibetica was decreased significantly (P<0.05). The PSⅡ photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient of C. korshinskii, C. tibetica and C. microphylla was decreased significantly (P<0.05). The PSⅡ non-photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (NPQ) of C. korshinskii was increased significantly (P<0.05), but C. microphylla was decreased significantly (P<0.05). [Conclusion] The result indicated that the repeated low temperature stress influenced the photosynthetic apparatus of different Caragana species, and photosynthetic capacity of different Caragana species decreased under the repeated low temperature stress. C. intermedia, C. korshinskii and C. tibetica showed an ability of consuming the surplus excitation energy to protect photosynthetic apparatus under the repeated low temperature stress. All the analysis shows that C. intermedia and C. korshinskii have a strong adaptability to the repeated low temperature stress than C. microphylla and C. tibetica.

[Objective] Reaction wood is one of the limiting factors for efficient cultivation and wood utilization of fast-growing timber species. There are various types of tension woods (TWs) in Betula luminifera plantation, but the research on their characteristics and forming causes is absent. In this study, microscopic structure, physical and chemical characteristics of B. luminifera TW were determined, and distributions of endogenous hormones were analyzed during the early period of its formation to provide knowledge of the TW formation mechanism in birch. [Method] B. luminifera clone 1V25-2 was used for artificially inducing tension wood by bending. Anatomical characteristics of xylems were observed, and fiber characteristics, microfibril angle, and contents of cellulose and lignin were determined. The distributions of four endogenous hormones were analyzed using the ELISA during the early period of TW formation (from 6 h to 7 d of a tension time course). [Result] TW fiber presented a conspicuously thickened inner layer of the cell wall after bending for 12 months, and the fiber of the double wall was averagely 1.8 times more thickness than the opposite wood (OW) fiber. The double-stained results with Safranin-Astra blue showed that a gelatinous layer deposited in the lumen side of secondary cell wall of TW. Fiber lengths and cellulose contents of TW were both obviously greater than those of OW, but lignin contents exhibited the converse tendency. At the early stages of bending treatment, four endogenous hormones showed the distinct distributions in different xylem regions. The IAA content of TW was all lower than that of OW, but the difference between the two regions reached to significant level only after 7 days bending. The distributions of GAs (GA₁+GA₃) were same as IAA. Except for the sample of 6 h bending, the BR contents of OW were significantly higher than those of TW, and showed a rising tendency as bending progressed. Although ZR content showed a rising tendency as bending progressed, their differences between TW and OW were insignificant for each sampling time. However, the ZR content of TW and OW was significantly higher than that of the control after 7-day of bending. [Conclusion] After 12 months bending, cell walls of B. luminifera were obviously thickened in TW xylem. A typical gelatinous layer was deposited in the lumen side of secondary cell wall of this region. And specific physical and chemical characteristics, such as the longer fibers and higher cellulose content, were found in TW. At the early stages of bending, four endogenous hormones showed the different distribution patterns in the xylems, implying that re-distributions of these hormones may be associated with the TW formation in B. luminifera.

[Objective] Immature zygotic embryos of Larix olgensis were used as explants to study induction, proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of embryogenic callus in order to reveal the key factors affecting Larix olgensis embryogenic callus induction,and at the same time, to explore the effects of growth regulators of different types and concentrations on proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of embryogenic callus, in subculture process. [Method] Embryogenic callus was induced using immature seeds from superior individuals of three families of Larix olgensis, and the effects of seed collection time, family, concentration of 2,4-D and basic medium on the induction of embryogenic callus were studied. Subsequently, the embryogenic callus subculture on the proliferation medium containing different kinds and concentrations of growth regulators, and the somatic embryos were obtained by the process of somatic embryogenesis. Finally, morphologically normal somatic embryos were selected and germinated, and transplanted after rooting of the somatic embryos. [Result] There was significant differences in induction rate of embryonic callus of immature embryos with different collection times. The induction rate was 5.61% 63 days after pollination, the induction rate was 22.35% 70 days after pollination, and the induction rate was zero 80 days after pollination. In this experiment, the average induction rate of embryogenic callus from the families of‘77-22’,‘77-37’and‘73-50’was 6.69%, 11.17% and 3.11%, respectively. The concentration of 2,4-D had a certain effect on the induction of embryogenic callus, the induction rate was increased with the proliferated of 2,4-D concentration in a certain range. It was up to 11.11% when the concentration of 2,4-D reached 1.5 mg·L^-1. The induction rate began to decrease when the concentration of 2,4-D exceeded 1.5 mg·L^-1. The medium of BM, MS and S were able to induce embryogenic callus, the induction rate in BM medium was the highest, followed by S medium, and the induction rate in MS medium was the lowest. Embryogenic callus culturing for 15 days on BM medium which containing 2,4-D 0.3 mg·L^-1, 6-BA 0.1 mg·L^-1 and KT 0.1 mg·L^-1 can obtain more embryogenic callus, the proliferation rate was up to 345.93%. Culturing for 14 days on BM medium which containing 2,4-D 1.5 mg·L^-1, 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1 and KT 0.5 mg·L^-1, the number of somatic embryos per gram embryogenic callus was up to 179.87 on average. The germination rate of somatic embryo and regeneration rate of plantlets was up to 75% and 66.67%, respectively. The survival rate of transplanting was 27.08%.[Conclusion] The embryos of L. olgensis seeds collected 70 days after open-pollination was suitable to induce embryogenic callus, the basic medium BM contains 2,4-D 1.5 mg·L^-1. Embryogenic callus was prone to lose the ability of somatic embryogenesis in the medium with high concentration of exogenous hormones, and the proliferation speed was slow, but the number and the germination rate of somatic embryo were relatively high. An appropriate decrease of the concentration of the growth regulator was beneficial to keep the ability of somatic embryogenesis and proliferation of callus, but the quantity and the germination rate of somatic embryogenesis were somewhat decreased. It was not conducive to the proliferation of callus when the concentration of the growth regulator in the medium was low, but the ability of somatic embryogenesis was maintained for a long time. The proliferation of embryogenic callus can be improved by using NAA 0.15 mg·L^-1 instead of 2,4-D 0.5 mg·L^-1, and the germination rate of somatic embryos can be improved to a certain level. Therefore, according to different purposes at different stages, it was necessary to select the medium containing different types and concentrations of exogenous hormones for subculture.

[Objective] Approximately 22.5% of the total distance of the Qinghai-Tibet railway has been affected by sand damage, a major threat to the safe operation of the railway. In this study, we calculated the volume of sand deposition under each sand control measure through field investigation, and analyzed the influence of their spatial distribution on sand blocking capability, aiming to provide a scientific basis for deploying effective sand barriers to reduce the impact of sand damage to the railway and to guarantee the safety of railway operation.[Method] In this study, We focused on Nanshankou section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, which was partially deployed with sand control measures. Four sand control measures and a control with no measures were established to compare their effectiveness. Area Ⅰ with no sand control measures was used as control, area Ⅱ was deployed with PE (polyethylene) checkerboard barriers (PCBs); area Ⅲ with sand fences (SFs) and PCBs; area Ⅳ with SFs; and area Ⅴ with sand blocking PE nets (SBPNs) and SFs. By measuring cross-section elements and depth of the sand deposition, the volume of sand deposition in different areas were calculated, respectively. The effectiveness of the sand control measures were evaluated using annual deposited-sand volume per unit width in different areas with different models of sand control measures as the main indicator, and the influence of their spatial distribution on sand blocking capability were analyzed. [Result] 1) Our investigation showed that no sand accumulation on the railway track and no evidently visible abrasion of the rail in the area I, indicating that the degree of sand damage in Nanshankou section was mild and no need to have sand barriers. Inappropriate sand barriers may lead to extra sand accumulation and causing damage to the railway embankment. 2) Annual deposited-sand volume per unit width in the area Ⅲ was 1.125 m³·m^-1, the highest among the 4 areas, indicating minimum average annual sand flux at Nanshankou area was 1.125 m³·m^-1. 3) Annual deposited-sand volume per unit width in the area Ⅳ was 0.978 m³·m^-1, accounting for approximately 87% of those in the area Ⅲ, indicating that SFs was an effective single sand control measure; 4) Annual deposited-sand volume per unit width in the area Ⅴ was 0.782 m³·m^-1, accounting for 70% of those in the area Ⅲ, indicating SBPNs did not enhance the amount of sand deposition, even weaken the effects of sand blocking of SFs,the main reason was that they were settled too close to each other and to the railway. 5) Considering the sand blocking effects and economic costs, our investigation showed that the optimum width of the PCBs in Nanshankou section was 13 m; and single measure of SFs could play an important role in the sand control of Nanshankou railway section, which cost less. [Conclusion] The sand barriers in Nanshankou area:the large width of the PCBs resulted in a waste of material and the optimum width of the PCBs was 13 m; SBPNs did not enhance the amount of sand deposition, even weaken the effects of sand blocking of SFs, because they were settled too close to each other and to the railway; SFs was an effective single sand control measure in the study areas. Moreover, our investigation showed that the degree of sand damage of Nanshankou section was mild and no sand barrier was needed. If necessary, single measure of SFs can be used for sand control for Nanshankou section with a low cost. The result can provide a basis for scientific arrangement of mechanical sand barriers in mild sand damage railway sections.

[Objective] In order to provide the references for forest management and tabulation,this paper evaluated maximum likelihood estimation method(MLE), moments method(MOM)and percentile method(PM)in estimating diameter distribution frequency of Quercus mongolica, and evaluated the direct parameter prediction method(PPM), moment-based parameter recovery method(PRM)and percentile-based parameter recovery method(PCT)in predicting diameter distribution frequency of Quercus mongolica.[Method] 157 plots of pure Quercus mongolica were taken as the research object. The differences of methods to estimate and predict diameter distribution of Quercus mongolica were valuated based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S) test and error index. Firstly,MLE,MOM and PM were analyzed and evaluated. Then the regression model were built by multiple regression method between parameters of three methods and stand variables including stand age, stand average height, dominant height and stand density. Finally, by regression model, Weibull parameters were calculated to predict diameter distribution.[Result] K-S test and error index were compared for three methods to estimate and predict three Weibull parameters. From the results, we can find that all three methods estimate diameter distribution of Quercus mongolica well and the acceptance rates of K-S test are from 82.80% to 96.18%, of which MLE is the highest. By t test, average error index of MLE is less than that of MOM and PM at the significant level of 0.05. When comparing three methods to predict distribution, we find that the acceptance rate of K-S test of PCT is 64.45% and highest in three methods. By t test, PCT predict is better than PPM and PRM at the significant level of 0.1.[Conclusion] MLE is better to estimate diameter distribution frequency than MOM and PM. Meanwhile, PCT is better to predict diameter distribution frequency than PPM and PRM.

[Objective] Fitting non-linear mixed effects models (NLME), predicting the random effects parameters, as well as predicting the response variable, often involve a Taylor series expansion for linearization, based upon either the expected value of the random effects or final iterative value. In forestry, however, the linearization bases are not always consistent as they should be, and probably reduced the accuracy of prediction. In this paper, we investigated the tree height growth and discussed the effects of inconsistency among the linearization bases for fitting, predicting random effects the response.[Method] We randomly selected 49 trees for NLME-fitting and 30 trees for validation from 79 dominant trees of ponderosa pine in British Columbia, Canada. The base model was three-parameter Logistic. We used the nlme function in R and the nlmixed procedure in SAS for model fitting, respectively corresponding linearization based upon the expected value and the final iterative value. The IML procedure in SAS was employed for predicting the random effects and the response. Mean squared prediction error (MSPE), mean percentage error (MPE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used as evaluation criteria.[Result] The results showed that inconsistent linearization bases between the random effects and the response significantly decreased the accuracy of the response prediction.[Conclusion] The linearization bases between the random effects and the response had to be consistent, and enough for obtaining predictions as accurate as possible. The accuracy of prediction was invariant to the linearization base for model-fitting and to either the expected value or the final iterative value, which was used as a linearization base.

[Objective] The population genetic structure genetic diversity and the geographical distribution of haplotype patterns of Colletotrichum fructicola from Oil-tea and other host plants in Hainan province were analysised to explore the molecular genetic variation pattern of the pathogen in different hosts.[Method] C.fructicola associated with anthracnose diseases of oil-tea and other native plants were isolated using single spore isolation and confirmed by DNA sequencing of the partial sequences of rDNA-ITS, CAL and GAPDH region. GenALEx6, DnaSP 5.0,TCS1.21 and MEGA6.0 software was used to analyze the data of ITS-CAL-GAPDH sequences.[Result] A total of 108 strains was isolated, and 18 haplotypes were identified. The most common sequence type, haplotype 11, was found in 70 samples and distributed across all populations. AMOVA test showed that 3% of genetic differentiation occurred among populations and 97% within population. There was a very low genetic divergence in Fst and Nm values among the populations and the high level of gene flow was among populations. There existed genetic recombination among some populations of C. fructicola from Oil-tea camellia and the other host plants. [Conclusion] Results of this research illustrates that there exists high degree of genetic intermixing among natural populations of C. fructicola. Our study provides a foundation that a more holistic approach would be needed to take into account of the life histories of different hosts in order to develop effective strategies for controlling anthracnose.

[Objective] This research was aimed to study the technical parameters for efficient production of biochemical fulvic acid (BFA) by fermentation of Molasses Alcohol Wastewater and provide a theoretical basis for the efficient production of BFA. [Method] Single-factor and orthogonal experiment were applied to test effects of inoculation amount and inoculation ratio of Geotrichhum candidum, Aspergillus niger and Bacillus pumilus, culture medium composition and fermentation period etc. on production of BFA. The aluminum sulfate flocculation gravimetric method was used for the determination of BFA. This study was conducted to identify fermentation conditions and culture medium of efficient production of BFA in fermentation broth. [Result] In the inoculation amount of 5%, the BFA content produced by different proportion of Geotrichhum candidum, Aspergillus niger and Bacillus pumilus was 221.2-236.5 g·L^-1, and the best proportion was 1:1:2. When the concentration of adding glucose was less than 15 g·L^-1, the of BFA content increased with the increase of glucose, but when it was more than 5%, the increase of BFA production was not significant. When the urea was less than 1.5%, the content of BFA increased with the increase of urea. [Conclusion] As the inoculation ratio of Geotrichhum candidum, Aspergillus niger and Bacillus pumilus was 1:1:2, inoculation amount was 6%, the content of glucose, urea and ammonium sulfate were 50.0, 15.0 and 2.0 g·L^-1, and the fermentation time was 72 h, the production of BFA was the highest, 278.9 g·L^-1. The effects of several factors on the production of BFA were decreased in the following order of:the concentration of glucose, the fermentation period, the amount of urea, the concentration of inoculation, the amount of ammonium sulfate.

[Objective] This study aims to reveal the relationship of population dynamics of gypsy moth(Lymantria dispar) with nucleopolyhedrovirus(NPV) and induced-resistance of host plant. [Method] The effects of induced resistance of the green poplar (Populus cathayana) by jasmonic acid (JA) on development and nutritional utilization of gypsy moth larvae infected with and without LdNPV(Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus) were studied in laboratory. Gypsy moth larvae were reared with artificial diets to the second instar and inoculated using a modified version of the diet plug method with 92 OBs·μL^-1 of LdNPV each larva. Larvae that had consumed the entire plugs were transferred to the green poplar seedlings induced with jasmonic acid or the normal green poplar seedlings (not induced with jasmonic acid) and fed on the seedlings up to the 3^rd instar. Larvae without inoculation with LdNPV and feeding on normal green poplar seedlings served as control. Larval body weight, leaves consumption, amount of feces were measured and efficiency of conversion of digested food of gypsy moth larvae were calculated, as well as the developmental duration was recorded. [Result] Larval development and nutritional utilization of gypsy moth were effected by LdNPV and the green poplar induced resistance by jasmonic acid (JA). The developmental duration, the relative growth rate, food utilization index of the group JA+V (larvae infected with LdNPV and fed on green poplar induced by JA) were decreased significantly compared with both the group V (larvae infected with LdNPV but fed on leaves of the green poplar) and the group CK (normal larvae fed on leaves of the green poplar). The larval developmental duration of the group JA+V was longer for 1.0 day, 1.2 day and 1.7 day than that of the group CK when fed on the poplar after JA inducing 1day, 5 days and 10 days, respectively. Larval weight of the group JA+V after induced 1 day, 5 days and 10 days decreased by 27.8%, 37.9% and 34.3%, respectively, compared with the group CK, by 11.8%, 18.2% and 14.4%, respectively, compared with the group V. The relative growth rates of the group JA+V after JA inducing 1day, 5 days and 10 days decreased by 46.3%, 58.1% and 58.8%, respectively, compared with the group CK, by 20.7%, 28.5% and 26.6%, respectively, compared with the group V. The approximate digestibility, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food of the group JA+V and the group V reduced compared with the group CK, and the rank of three group was the group CK>the group V> the group JA+V. The food consumption of the group V is not differ significantly from that of the group CK. The food consumption of the group JA+V differed significantly from that of the group CK only when JA inducing 5 days.[Conclusion] The results suggested that induced resistance of poplar by exogenous JA may enhance the negative effects of NPV on development and the nutritional utilization of gypsy moth larvae.

[Objective] Eriocrania semipurpurella alpina(Lepidoptera:Eriocraniidae) is an leaf miner of birch trees, Betula spp. in Qinghai Province, China. The knowledge of the biological characteristics of E. semipurpurella alpina and its natural enemy parasitoids are important for the pest integrated control. [Method] The life history and biological characteristics of E. semipurpurella alpina were observed in Beishan Forest Farm, Huzhu County, Qinghai Province from 2011 to 2014. Overwintering cocoons of the pest were dissected under the microscope and the parasitism was recorded. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh (REGW) multiple Q test at α=0.05. [Result] The results showed that E. semipurpurella alpina had one generation per year, spinning its cocoon near the surface of soil or litter layer mainly from 3 to 6 cm, in Qinghai Province. Mature larvae began to pupate in Mid-April. The adults emerged from late April to late May, mainly from early May to Mid-May. The egg stage was 7 to 10 days. The larvae had 4 instars, lasting from late May to early July. The mature larvae emerged from the leaves and dropped to the ground up to peak at 12:00 to 15:00 every day from late June. Three parasitoid insect species of E. semipurpurella alpina were found, i.e. Grypocentrus basalis Ruthe and Lathrolestes sp. (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) and one species of Eulophidae. The average parasitism rates of cocoons of E. semipurpurella alpina by G. basalis were from 28.0% to 30.3%. The larva populations of E. semipurpurella alpina per one hundred-leaves were 206, 145, 101, 29 from 2011 to 2014 and significantly different among the years. [Conclusion] E. semipurpurella alpina completed one generation per year in Qinghai. The details of its biological characteristics were provided in Result section. Parasitoids exert an important control effect on E. semipurpurella alpina populations in nature.

[Objective] The assessment for forest combustion is a base of fire management. Simulation of the fire regime under different climate change scenarios with the burn probability model is an important way to understand the effects of climate change on fire activities. In this study, burning probability model (BURN-P3) was used to simulate the fire occurrence and spread on the landscape scale. The fire regime changes in Daxing'anling under four climate scenarios were described quantitatively based on the simulations with the burn probability model, which would facilitate understandings of the impacts of climate change and provide the scientific basis for fire management. [Method] The climate data simulated from the climate model for climate scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 were calibrated by using historical ground observations for temperature and precipitation. This paper simulated daily fire occurrence and spread in the Daxing'anling in 1971-2050 for four climate scenarios with the climate model data, fire weather index system and combustion probability model (BURN-P3). It was analyzed for the burn probability and fire behavior with the data of fuel type, fire occurence and terrain in the study area. [Result] The average burn probability for the whole study area in 1991-2010 (except 2003) was 0.010 8, and the average for fire scars 0.011 3. The average burn probability for the locations of fire occurrence was 0.012 45, which showed significant difference with the average for whole study area by t-test. In 2003, the average burn probability for the study area was 0.014 2, which 31.5% higher than that of 1991-2010. BURN-P3 model can be used in the study area for simulating fire regimes through comparative analysis for the simulation results and actually burned areas in history. Compared with the baseline period (1971-2000), the average combustion probability in 2021-2050 under climate scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 would increase -6.21%, 7.71%, 7.80%, and 19.48%, respectively. The increased areas were mainly distributed in the central and southern parts. Fire intensity would increase -13.0%, 4.4%, 1.5%, and 8.0% respectively. Meanwhile, the crown fraction burned would have an increase by -12.7%, 4.2%, 5.0%, and 4.7%, respectively. The central and western parts would have a significant increase.[Conclusion] The simulation results of BURN-P3 can reflect the status of forest burn probability in Daxing'anling. Compared to the baseline period (1971-2000), the average combustion probability in 2021-2050 under climate scenario RCP 2.6 would decrease, but it would increase under RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. The average fire intensity, rate of spread and combustion probability would show a slight increase. The fire regime in central and western parts would have a significant increase.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of density and moisture content (MC) on ultrasound velocities along the longitudinal direction in wood.[Method] Epoch XT device was used to measure the longitudinal ultrasound velocities of six species wood (softwood:Chinese fir, Red pine, Mongolian scotch pine; Hardwood:Manchurian walnut, Asian white birch, Mongolian oak) with equilibrium moisture content (EMC) obtained at different relative humidity levels (20℃, 50%, 65%, 85% and 90%RH). The relationships between longitudinal ultrasound velocities and wood oven-dried density or MC were analyzed, respectively. The decrement of longitudinal ultrasound velocities per unit MC of six species wood were compared with each other as well.[Result] For given RH, the EMC varied among six species wood, and the degree of variance increased with the increasing RH. The oven-dried density of the three hardwood species were higher than that of the three softwood species, but this trend was not found in longitudinal ultrasound velocities. The relationship between wood oven-dried density and longitudinal ultrasound velocities was analyzed in two different manners:for each species and all six species. The results showed that longitudinal ultrasound velocities were not dependent on oven-dried density for each species wood, and the coefficients of determination R² were below 0.24. When six species wood were considered together, longitudinal ultrasound velocities tended to decrease with the increasing oven-dried density, but this tendency was not significant either, the coefficient of determination in this case was found to be only 0.42. Longitudinal ultrasound velocities decreased linearly as MC increased, the coefficient of determination R²was above 0.91. While less difference among softwoods was observed on decrement of longitudinal ultrasound velocities per unit MC, as compared to hardwoods. For softwoods, the decrement of longitudinal ultrasound velocities per unit MC was almost the same for Red pine and Mongolian scotch pine, which value was 42.6 m·m^-1%^-1 and 42.4 m·m^-1%^-1, respectively, and the value of Chinese fir was the lowest, 38.1 m·m^-1%^-1. For hardwoods, the value of Mongolian oak (55.4 m·m^-1%^-1) was 2.4 times higher than that of Asian white birch (23.1 m·m^-1%^-1). [Conclusion] No significant correlationship between longitudinal ultrasound velocities and wood oven-density was found in this study. It was hard to establish a direct dependence of density on longitudinal ultrasound velocities. The velocities of wave propagation in wood is probably much more affected by the microstructure of particular species, such as rays percentage, the length of tracheids, vessels and fibers. Below the fiber saturation point, as MC increased, longitudinal ultrasound velocities of six species wood decreased. It is attributed to the adsorbed water increasing the acoustic resistance of cell wall. Furthermore, microstructure, extractives, thyloses and rays percentage of particular species could be the major reasons for the differently influence of MC on six species wood longitudinal ultrasound velocities.

[Objective] Economic benefits and optimal rotation period were analyzed in consideration of carbon sequestration and timber based on survey data of sample plots for a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in northwest of Fujian province. [Method] The stand volume and carbon storage were predicted by ARIMA time series models. And the economic benefits and optimal rotation period were calculated by using average net present value (ANPV) and land expectation value (LEV).[Result] 1)The accuracies of ARIMA models for stand volume and carbon storage were high, where the minimum R² was only 88.460%. So the results predicted by these models were acceptable and effective.2)Under the circumstances that carbon price was much less than wood price (at 5% interest rate and 173 yuan per ton carbon price), there were no significant influences on optimal rotation period in consideration of carbon sequestration benefits, but total economic benefits including carbon sequestration and timber were increasing obviously,about 6.55%-10.12%(ANPV)and 6.60%-10.72%(LEV),respectively. 3)Raising of site index, carbon price or interest rate would lead to shortening optimal rotation period. The higher site quality and carbon price, the more economic benefits in consideration of carbon sequestration and timber. When carbon price was 600 yuan per ton (at 5% interest rate), the increasing range of benefits were 25.01%-35.09%(ANPV)and 22.90%-37.19%(LEV)in different sites, respectively. In contrast, higher interest rate would reduce economic benefits, for instance, when carbon price was 123 yuan·t^-1, the total economic benefits at 4% interest rate were almost three times as much as ones at 7% interest rate (site index 14-16 m).[Conclusion] 1) It is worthy of promoting time series prediction model (ARIMA) to estimate forest growth based on survey data. 2) Under the present Chinese fir management environment, forest managers do not need to change the optimal rotation periods to obtain maximum total economic benefits including carbon sequestration and timber. It is beneficial to enhance the enthusiasm of Chinese fir operation. 3) Choosing high quality site to plant Chinese fir will increase economic benefits. 4) The higher carbon price, the more economic benefits in consideration of carbon sequestration and timber. 5) High interest rate is disadvantageous to manage Chinese fir. In conclusion, consideration of carbon sequestration and timber economic benefits will increase sharply revenues for Chinese fir managers, and it has a great significance to realizing the carbon sequestration potential of Chinese fir plantation in practice.

[Objective] Eucommia ulmoides is a dioecious perennial woody plant with high medicinal and economic values. The utilization value was different between male and female of E. ulmoides, especially of the gutta-percha and other secondary metabolites. Also, it was difficult to identify sex by morphological or cytological methods before flowering, and the trees need more than 7 years to bloom. EST-SSR markers were used to find sex-associated ones, and expected to identify sex at early stage for improving the utilization of E. ulmoides resources.[Method] We screened primers by using DNA samples of 6 male and 6 female plants from 7 different regions, and the primers ware designed based on the SSRs locus flanking sequences of dioecious transcriptome library of E. ulmoides. We obtained gender different products by PCR which has been cloned and analyzed, then another 12 male and 12 female plants were used to test reliability of the gender markers.[Result] The result showed that only one pair of primers(EST-Eu059) out of 140 pairs of EST-SSR primers displayed different bands between male and female, a common band was about 160 bp(named as Eu-f160 and Eu-m160) for both male and female plants, with an extra band of 120 bp approximately(named as EuMSM) in all males. Sequence analysis indicated that Eu-f160 and Eu-m160 were 156 bp, with the repeat unit (GT)₆, and only 1 base was different, that was, the third G base in the female repeat unit became A; and EuMSM was 112 bp without (GT)₆. By Blastn comparison, EuMSM was not homologous with the sequences in the GenBank database. We confirmed that there was a male-specific band in all male plants.[Conclusion] We selected one pair of primers EST-Eu059 that can be used to identify male and female plants of E. ulmoides, which had a specific band EuMSM in male plants. This marker can be used to identify sex of E. ulmoides quickly and reliably at an early stage.

[Objective] Semiochemicals have the advantages such as less environmental pollution, less easy to produce drug resistance and easy to use in monitoring and controlling insect pests, which is a hot study spot in pest control field. In this study, we compared the lure effects of three botanical attractants to beetles in two forest types in order to screen effective lures for controlling various coleopterous beetles. [Method] The attractant traps were placed in a natural secondary forest (Laoshan station) and an artificial pure forest (Northeast Forestry University Forest Farm) to compare the trapping effects of the three attractants by Lindgren funnel traps. Luring effect was compared in different locations to confirm influence under different environmental factors. [Result] 1) The three botanical attractants, UHR, COB, and LAP, had different lures on beetles and trapped 3 215 coleopterous beetles belonging to 55 families and 120 genera. Among these beetles, the insects of Scolytidae were 48.93% of the total coleopterous beetles and were dominant beetles. The trap effects of three botanical attractants were in the order of UHR > COB > LAP. The UHR attractant trapped 74.21% of total attractive beetle individuals, and the Scolytidae individuals were 48.65% of these trapped beetles. The dominant species were Xyleborus dispar and Scolytoplatypus sp. in Scolytidae. 2) The UHR attractant had stronger lure to Scolytidae, Elateridae, Cleridae, Silphidae than COB and LAP attractants, while the COB attractant had stronger lure to Staphylinidae. However, there was no significant difference of the three attractants in attractive effect to Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. 3) The attractants had stronger trap effects in Laoshan station than in Northeast Forestry University Forest Farm, indicating that the chemical attractants had different efficiency in different geographical areas. Silphidae was only trapped in Laoshan station, which might be related to living habit and environment. [Conclusion] Thus, the UHR attractant have stronger lure to Scolytidae beetles and could be further developed for monitoring and controlling Scolytidae beetles in forests. This study also provides a new method for the nuisanceless prevention.

[Objective] The oomycetes pathogen Phytophthora palmivora is one of the most devastating pathogens in agricultural and forestry production. It is important to establish suitable molecular methods for detecting the pathogen with a rapid, cost-effective and efficient assay in predicting the occurrence of P. palmivora, controlling the spread of P. palmivora and reducing the economic losses. [Method] In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was used to establish a method for visual detection of P. palmivora with targeting the IGS gene. Multiple sets of LAMP primers were designed according to the IGS target using the LAMP technique. The LAMP reaction system and conditions were optimized to select a definitive set of primers. The set of primers were also verified by the specificity, sensitivity and application of the LAMP assay. A visualization indicator, namely, hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) was brought into the PpIGS-LAMP assays prior to amplification. [Result] The result showed that the PpIGS-LAMP assay efficiently amplified the target element in 80 min at 64℃. All isolates of Phytophthora species, Pythium species, and fungi were used to determine the specificity of the LAMP assay. A positive colour (sky blue) was only observed in the presence of P. palmivora by addition of hydroxynaphthol blue prior to amplification, whereas none of other isolates showed a colour change. The detection limit of the PpIGS-specific LAMP assay for P. palmivora was 10 fg·μL^-1 of genomic DNA per reaction. Furthermore, the naturally P. palmivora-infected soil samples collected from diseased cassava root and inoculated cassava root were evaluated for detection P. palmivora. [Conclusion] In conclusion, this is the first report of the application of the LAMP assay technique for the rapid and specific detection of P. palmivora. These results suggest that this IGS-specific LAMP provides a rapid, high sensitivity, high specificity, visualization for detecting P. palmivora in plants and in production fields. The PpIGS-LAMP assay developed in this research efficiently amplified the target element in 80 min at 64℃, significantly shortened the testing time and reduced the cost of the government. Establishment of PpIGS-LAMP method provides a new alternative means for the rapid detection of P. palmivora.

Populus×euramericana cv.‘Zhaoxiayang’is a mutant of Populus×euramericana‘74/76’(107). The leaf color of Zhaoxiayang is purplish red in spring, purple in vigorous growth period, mauve in autumn. In comparison with 107, the leaf of zhaoxiayang is somewhat smaller, the leaf bud is brown and somewhat smaller, and seedling growth stop and defoliation in fall are relatively late for 5-7 days. The trunk of zhaoxiayang adult tree is redish brown, while the 107's is grey.

A new variety of Chinese chestnut‘Timamingzhu’was selected from Castanea mollissima. It has excellent characteristics such as lower of plant height, self-withering of shoots, labor-saving. Average weight of the nut is 8.41 g,and it ripens in middle of September. The new variety is suitable for high density cultivation in mountains and hills of northern China.

Cultivar‘Hunjin’, introduced from Russia, belongs to Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Mongolica. The result of regional trials showed that‘Hunjin’was adaptable to develop at the high latitude regions of China.‘Hunjin’has no or few thorns, the average stem fruit yield per plant is above 2 kg at full fruit stage, and the fruit yield per unit area can arrive at 5 000 kg·hm^-2. The hydrolyzed total flavonoids content in seed is 223.38 mg·(100 g)^-1.

Gleditsia sinensis‘Songci No.1’is a elite variety selected from superior individuals of Gleditsia sinensis in Song County,henan province. The shoot thorn of G. sinensis‘Songci No.1’is thick and dense, It has characteristics of early maturation, high yield, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, disease resistance, and extensive adaptability.It is an elite variety to produce medical shoot thorns of Gleditsia sinensis.