[Objective] Site classifications and evaluation of teak (Tectona grandis) plantation by sample plot survey and analysis is to build a scientific basis for site selection of teak plantations of Xishuangbanna or other similar regions. [Method] 51 sample plots distributed in 12-26 years old plantations were set up and growth traits of teak were measured, and site topography factors were recorded. Soil samples were collected for analyzing soil chemical and physical properties. 8 factors of soil chemical properties selected by stepwise regression method were used to divide soil nutrient grades by principal component analysis, and the relations between soil factors and the growth of teak together were analyzed by quantity theory I.[Result] The multiple correlation coefficient of quantity model fitted by the selected site factors (soil nutrient grades, soil texture, slope orientation, slope position, slope degree, soil bulk density and Elevation) was 0.865, indicating a highly significant correlation (P<0.01).Soil density, soil texture,slope degree and the soil nutrient grades consisting of 8 soil nutrient factors (pH, the contents of exchangeable acid, total K, total P, available P, exchangeable Ca²⁺, exchangeable Al³⁺ and available Fe) were highly significantly correlated with the growth (P<0.01). The contribution rate of site soil factors to height growth of dominant trees reached 58.3%,indicating a highly significant correlation in the quantity model (P<0.01). According to the scores of site factors of each sample plot obtained from the quantity regression model, site productivity levels were divided into 4 groups, and 11 site types were identified according to soil density, soil texture and soil nutrient grade. Growth and site factors for each productivity group were estimated. The average annual height growth of dominant trees of the four groups of site productivities ranked from high to low were 1.70-1.81, 1.22-1.31, 1.08-1.12, and 0.51 m respectively. [Conclusion] Teak grew better in silty loam with good drainage system than in sandy loam or heavy loam. Teak was sensitive to soil density and preferred higher soil density; Teak grew best at sites with high levels of base saturation, total potassium, available phosphorus, and exchangeable magnesium; in strong acid soil, teak grew very poor due to low nutrient and poor fertility with high concentration of soil exchangeable aluminum and available iron. Soil density, texture and soil acid should be particularly considered when selecting higher fertility sites and suitable for growth of teak in Xishuangbanna region. Teak plantations planted at unsuitable sites with poor site quality should be improved so as to reduce the loss.

[Objective] The objective of this study was mainly to quantify the bias in measuring the seasonal variation of optical LAI due to different error sources and to explore which one is the most important for affecting the accuracy of LAI measurements by different optical methods in planation forests in the Heilongjiang Liangshui National Nature Reserve, in order to provide the theoretical basis for accurately estimating LAI by optical methods. [Methods] This study was conducted in a Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation and a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation. The seasonal changes of LAI were estimated using direct and optical methods including digital hemispherical photography (DHP) and LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer. Further, the measurements bias of seasonal changes were analyzed due to error sources (i.e., woody materials, clumping effects beyond shoot level, clumping effects within shoot or automatic exposure setting) with optical methods. [Result] As for Korean pine plantation, the LAI values measured with DHP and LAI-2000 were all lower than that measured with direct LAI measurement method in different periods by 55%~68% and 19%~35%, respectively. As for Dahurian larch plantation, the LAI values measured with DHP and LAI-2000 were also lower than that measured with direct LAI measurement method in most periods, but the LAI from DHP and LAI-2000 were larger than that with direct LAI measurement in late leaf fall period. The bias due to different error sources with the optical methods showed clear seasonal dynamics. For Korean pine plantation, the total bias due to all error sources during all periods approximately explained averagely 84% and 79% of the differences between DHP or LAI-2000 and direct LAImeasurement, respectively. For Dahurian larch plantation, in the case of correcting the error caused by xylem by Photoshop (PS) method, the total bias due to all error sources during all periods approximately explained averagely 80% and 65% of the differences between DHP or LAI-2000 and direct LAI measurement, respectively; In contrast, when correcting the error caused by xylem using a background method, the corresponding explanation ratios were all less than 5%. [Conclusion] For the two coniferous forests, DHP is more suitable for estimating the seasonal changes of LAI than LAI-2000 after correlation, and PS method is more useful in correcting the error caused by xylem in estimating seasonal changes of LAI using the two optical methods than the background method.

[Objective] In order to provide reference and theoretical basis for vegetation construction in Beijing mountain areas, this study investigated water utilization of typical arbors of Platycladus orientalis and Quercus variabilis in Beijing mountainous area. [Method] We measured stable isotopic values of hydrogen and oxygen of water in the xylem and different water sources by using multi-source linear mixed models (Iso-Source). In combination with the thermal dissipation probe measurement (TDP), we analyzed the contribution rate and amount of different water sources to the two tree species. [Result] Results show that: 1) in dry and rain period, the sap fluid flux was in the order of: P. orientalis in dry period (5.87 kg) < Q. variabilis in dry period (9.42 kg) < P. orientalis in rain period (13.42 kg) < Q. variabilis in rain period (18.26 kg). 2) P. orientalis up-took water from 60-80 cm soil layer and underground water in the dry season, and the contribution rate was 19.8% and 51.4%, respectively, and the average daily use rate was 1.16 kg and 1.16 kg. In the rainy season, P. orientalis consumed top layer (0-20 cm) soil water and groundwater, and the utilization rate was 51.4% and 27.7%, respectively, and the average daily use was 6.90 kg and 3.72 kg. 3) Q. variabilis up-took water from 0-20 cm and 60-80 cm soil layers in dry period, and the utilization rate of 53.5% and 20.2%, respectively, and the average daily use was 5.04 kg and 1.9 kg. In the rainy season time, Q. variabilis up-took water from 0-20 cm soil layer and shallow underground water, and the utilization rate was 51.8% and 38.1%, respectively, and the average daily use was 9.46 kg and 6.96 kg. [Conclusion] In terms of the water use characteristics of P. orientalis and Q. variabilis, two species had similar utilization of water source depth. Thus in afforestation, the two species should not be mixed together to avoid competition for water sources. In Beijing mountainous area with seasonal drought, less water consumption species of P. orientalis should be selected for afforestation.

[Objective] This study investigated transpiration characteristics and carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification of two typical afforestation tree species of Quercus acutissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Nanjing suburbs in order to provide basic scientific data for the reasonable management and eco environmental benefit evaluation. And this study could further enrich knowledge about eco-physiology of Q. acutissima and C. lanceolata production, which would be good for the reasonable operation and management of Q. acutissima and C. lanceolata forests, and benefit to improve the forestry production and provide theoretical basis in species selection for rapid growth, good water saving performance, high social benefit and economic benefit in the delta area of Yangtse River. [Method] A Li-6400 portable photosynthesis instrument was used to measure light photosynthetic and transpiration indexes, a LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer was used to measure the leaf area index, and a mini weather station measured was used to collect weather data, of Q. acutissima and C. lanceolata forests of Nanjing suburb in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, to quantitatively study the seasonal variations in carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification. With the collected data, the "optimal" multivariate regression model was constructed to determine the main impact factors in each season. [Results] Q. acutissima diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate showed a bimodal curve in spring, showed a single peak curve in summer and autumn. C. lanceolata diurnal variation in net photosynthetic rate was a bimodal curve in spring, a unimodal curve in summer, autumn and winter. The diurnal variation in transpiration rate of Q. acutissima showed a bimodal curve in spring and summer, and a single peak curve in autumn. The diurnal variation in transpiration rate of C. lanceolata was bimodal curve in spring and winter, and a single peak curve in summer and autumn. The carbon fixation and oxygen release, and cooling and humidification of Q. acutissima and C. lanceolata had overall the similar seasonal variation patterns with the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, that is, summer > spring > autumn > winter with relatively large seasonal fluctuations. Q. acutissima had higher daily light photosynthetic carbon fixation and oxygen release, transpiration cooling humidification amount per unit land area in spring, summer, and autumn and their corresponding annual total amount than C. lanceolata. [Conclusion] There existed significant differences in photosynthetic carbon release oxygen and transpiration cooling humidifying capacity, the same tree species in different season, and different tree species in the same season. The variation varied along with the geographical location of the trees, ecological environment and species characteristics. However, the overall performance was strongest for the summer photosynthetic carbon release oxygen and transpiration cooling humidifying capacity, and weakest in winter, with spring and autumn in the middle. Q. acutissima had stronger photosynthetic carbon fixation and oxygen release capacity and transpiration humidification and cooling capacity than C. lanceolata through the calculation and analysis, proving that Q. acutissima has stronger ability in using light to fix carbon dioxide and accumulation energy, cooling and humidification, microclimate regulation to improve and adapt the environment. It can be seen that Q. acutissima belongs to the water consumption and high yield, high input high output type. In contrast, C. lanceolata belongs to water saving middle, high input middle class. Thus, we can deploy the suitable tree species as the main afforestation tree species according to the local precipitation conditions to develop the suburban forestry. While better ensuring and improving the living environment and quality of urban residents, the output of forest industry is improved.

[Objective] Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed in an important tree species Eucalyptus tereticornis to provide useful information for germplasm management and breeding. Genomic loci significantly associated with habitat climatic variables were identified to explore the molecular signature of divergent selection during climatic adaptation. [Method] A total of 77 individuals sampled from nine E. tereticornis populations were analyzed using 108 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers spanning the E. grandis genome, including 44 genomic SSRs and 64 expressed sequence tag (EST) derived SSRs. The genetic diversity and population structure were assessed using 25 putatively neutral genomic SSR loci that neither departed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium nor showed F_ST outlying values. F_ST outlying loci and their significant associations with habitat climatic variables were investigated for all the 108 SSRs, with further functional annotation of the significantly associated loci. The significance of associations was also tested through univariate linear regression analysis between the allelic frequency and the climatic factor. [Results] A total of 556 alleles were detected, averaging at 22.2 alleles per locus and indicating high levels of locus polymorphism. Population diversity was high, with expected heterozygosity 0.711-0.847 (mean 0.800), allelic richness 3.054-3.386 (mean 3.246) and number of private alleles 6-26 (mean 14.4). Population differentiation was extremely low, with mean F_ST=0.012 at 25 putative neutral genomic SSRs as well as among-population variation percentage of 1.2% in analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), indicating within-population accounting for the majority of genetic variations. The clustering analysis indicated also a low level of population differentiation. A total of 78 F_ST outliers were identified as selective loci form all the 108 SSR loci, and the numbers of outliers related with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, maximum temperature of the warmest month and precipitation seasonality were 27, 10, 51 and 42, respectively. Four alleles from independent outlier loci were revealed with spatial analysis methods (SAM), each associated with one or two climatic factors. Of the four selective loci, EUCeSSR485 associated with precipitation seasonality climatic factors was functionally annotated as a member of hydroxylproline-rich glycoprotein gene family, and EUCeSSR0497 with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation was homologous to membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase gene, while the rest two loci were of unknown function. One significant association between frequency of EUCeSSR485-140 bp and precipitation seasonality was validated with univariate linear regression (P≤0.05). [Conclusion] The high levels of genetic diversity in E. tereticornis may suggest that great potential can be expected in breeding and attention should be paid to those populations with higher diversity and more private alleles in germplasm management. The low genetic differentiation may indicate that E. tereticornis populations are suitable for further association genetics analysis. The selective loci indentified herein may help in understanding the molecular mechanism of adaptation to environments and exploring the adaptation potential in forest trees.

[Objective] The study was to analyze patterns of geographical variation and to identify provenance regions or seed zones, based on observations on a 16-year-old Betula platyphylla provenance trial, in order to provide a scientific basis for selection of superior provenances with high productivity and strong adaptability for each provenance region or seed zone. [Method] Eighteen provenances of B. platyphylla planted in Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm of Shangzhi City, Heilongjiang Province, Shancheng Experimental Forest Farm of Benxi, Liaoning Province and Jinhe Forestry Bureau of Inner Mongolia, were used to study height(H), diameter at breast height (DBH),volume(V) by analysis of variance and multiple comparisons for single site and multiple sites.Then correlation analysis and cluster analysis was conducted between growth traits and their geographical and climatic factors. Superior provenances were selected and provenance regions or seed zones were identified. [Result] The results showed that there were statistically significant (P<0.01) differences in H,DBH,and V among different sites and provenances,and also significant in site×provenance interaction.Superior provenances were selected based on average volume of individual trees. At Maoershan site, the top provenances were Qingyuan, Caohekou, Maoershan, Huinan, Xiaobeihu and Dongfanghong. These six superior provenances had a volume 23.23% higher than the average of all provenances. At Caohekou site, the top provenances were Caohekou, Qingyuan and Tianshui. These three superior provenances were 22.14% higher in volume than the average of all provenances. At Jinhe site, the top provenances were Moerdaoga,Wuyiling and Chaoer,105.00% higher in volume than the average of all provenances. For provenances at Maoershan and Caohekou sites, geographical variation analysis showed negative correlation between growth and latitude, and significant correlation between growth and the average annual temperature. Provenances located in low latitudes and high average annual temperatures, performed better in growth traits at Maoershan and Caohekou sites. However, for provenances at Jinhe site, significant correlation was found between growth and latitudes, and negative correlation between growth and the average annual temperature. Provenances located in high latitudes and low average annual temperatures, displayed better growth traits at Jinhe site, and provenances from low latitudes and high average annual temperatures displayed inferior traits because of weak adaptation. The above results indicated that the growth of B. platyphylla was mainly regulated by temperature and latitude, belonging to the type of "cold-warm" geographic variation trend, which conforms to the main pattern of geographical variation of tree species in north China, under the main effects of temperature together with effects of water and heat, and in a clinal variation with latitudes. Correlation analysis and cluster analysis showed that the 18 provenances were divided into 5 provenance regions, of which 3 regions distributed in the northeast and 2 regions in the northwest.[Conclusion] Superior provenances were selected respectively for the three trial sites, including 6 provenances for Maoershan site, 3 for Caohekou site and 3 for Jinhe site. Correlation analysis showed that the 18 tested provenances displayed a "cold-warm" geographic variation pattern. Considering results from the correlation analysis and the clustering analysis, 5 provenance regions or seed zones were identified.

[Objective] There are many bamboo species with different chromosome numbers. The study was aimed to analyze the karyotype characteristics and genome sizes of different bamboo species, to estimate their evolutionary order according to the karyotype information, and to reveal the relationship between the genome size and chromosome numbers. [Method] Traditional squash technique and flow cytometry were used to study the karyotype and genome size of the four bamboo species, i.e. the monopodial bamboo species of Phyllostachys praecox cv. Prevernalis and P. vivax f. aureocaulis, mixed monopodial and sympodial bamboo species Sasa pygmea, and sympodial bamboo species Bambusa gibboides. [Result] The karyotype parameters of these four bamboos were as follows: The karyotype formula of P. praecox cv. Prevernalis was 2n=48=40m+6sm+2st,and the range of relative chromosome length was from 2.464% to 6.269%, the proportion of chromosomes whose arm ratio larger than 2 was 12.5%, the ratio of chromosome length (Longest/Shortest) and the karyotype asymmetry index were 2.554 and 60.107, respectively. The karyotype was 2B type. As for P. vivax f. aureocaulis, its karyotype formula was 2n=48=24m+16sm+8st,the range of relative chromosome length was from 2.185% to 9.091%, the proportion of chromosomes whose arm ratio larger than 2 was 29.17%, the ratio of chromosome length(Longest/Shortest) and asymmetry index were 4.161 and 64.49, respectively. Its karyotype belonged to 2C type. The karyotype formula of S. pygmea was 2n=48=28m+18sm+2st, the range of relative chromosome length was from 2.080% to 7.881%, the proportion of chromosomes whose arm ratio larger than 2 was 20.83%, the ratio of chromosome length(Longest/Shortest) and asymmetry index were 3.789 and 61.505, respectively. Its karyotype belonged to 2B type. However, the karyotype formula of B. gibboides was different from the above three bamboo species, its karyotype formula was 2n=69=40m+25sm+4st, and the range of relative chromosome length was from 1.790% to 4.382%, the proportion of chromosomes whose arm ratio larger than 2 was 28.57%, the ratio of chromosome length(Longest/Shortest) and asymmetry index were 2.448 and 64.076, respectively. Its karyotype belonged to 2B type. The genome sizes of P. praecox cv. Prevernalis, P. vivax f. aureocaulis, S. pygmea, and B. gibboides were (3.71±0.10) pg, (3.93±0.85) pg, (4.67±0.52) pg and (2.92±0.38) pg, respectively. [Conclusion] The evolutionary order of these four bamboo species was probably P. praecox cv. Prevernalis, S. pygmea, B. gibboides, and P. vivax f. aureocaulis. The genome size of S. pygmea was the largest among these four different bamboo species. However, the genome size of B. gibboides was the smallest although its chromosome number was the largest among these bamboos. The genome size did not positively correlate with the chromosome number of these bamboos.

[Objective] "Prototype landscape" refers to the impressive scenes that one has experienced from childhood to adolescence living environment. It greatly affects the people's perception of the landscape. In the past the research on urban plant landscape perception was rarely related to the "prototype landscape" level. The main purpose for this topic is to explore whether different "prototype landscape" types will have an impact on the urban plant landscape perception and to provide the relevant theoretical basis for the construction of urban plant landscape during the present urbanization.[Method] Prototype landscapes were divided into urban group,urban-rural interface group and rural group. A survey was carried out with standardized questionnaire in Nanchang where plant landscape of north subtropical plants is typical. 120 university students were invited from south China to evaluate 22 perception factors of 6 perception types in 5 different landscapes in the city, in order to compare preference values, variance of perception factors and correlation of perception types among different perceptions of the three prototype landscape groups.[Result] 1) The average preference value of plant landscapes was positively correlated with the size of plant space, and the preference values of urban group were generally high. 2) There was significant differences in attractiveness between the urban group and the urban-rural interface group, and no significant differences between the rural group and others. There were significant differences between urban group and rural group in terms of comfortableness, vitality, tranquility and brightness of the landscapes; and there were significant differences between urban group and urban-rural interface group in mystery, familiarity, tranquility, spatial continuity and brightness. 3) There was no interaction between the impacts of gender and prototype landscape on preferences(Sig.=0.253);Based on the correlation coefficients, perception types influencing the plant landscape preferences of urban group were ranked in the following order: psychological feeling(r=0.672) > plant colors(r=0.566) > the whole environment(r=0.473) > plant space(r=0.462) > plant morphology(r=0.414); those of the urban-rural interface group were in the rank: psychological feeling(r=0.821)> the whole environment(r=0.636) > plant colors(r=0.626) > plant space(r=0.577)> plant morphology(r=0.527);and those of the rural group were in the rank: psychological feeling(r=0.760) > plant morphology(r=0.675) > the whole environment(r=0.658)> plant colors(r=0.619)> plant space(r=0.579). [Conclusion] The urban-rural interface group was similar to the rural group in perception factors, and similar to the urban group in the impacts of perception types on their preferences, indicating that the plant landscape perception of the urban-rural interface group were affected by both urban and rural.

[Objective] Object-based classification method provides a new way for classifying remote sensing image of high spatial resolution because it can synthetically use spectral feature, geometric feature, texture feature, and so on. However, increase in the number of features will lead to the emergence of the "dimension disaster", complicate operation, and decline in speed. It also leads to a decrease in classification accuracy under the limited training samples. In order to solve the problem in the feature space selection during object-based classification, an optimal features selection method based on ReliefF was proposed in this study.[Method] The method gave a weight to each feature according to the separability of features of training samples, and selected the features which are important to samples classification through analyzing the correlation between features. Taking Shanchuan town in Anji County in Zhejiang Province as the study area, 370 object samples for eight classes were selected. A total of 42 object features were selected, including mean and standard deviation of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), each band of SPOT5 image and their gray level co-occurrence matrix textures(GLCM). Based on the optimal features selected from the 42 object features using the ReliefF algorithm, nearest neighbor algorithm in object-based classification method was used to extract the distribution of the bamboo forest in the study area. Moso bamboo forest information extracted by object-based classification based on optimal features was compared with the results from classification and regression tree(CART) decision tree algorithm in object-based classification method, under the same segmentation parameters and training samples.[Result] 1) By using the ReliefF algorithm, the classification accuracy of bamboo forest samples has been greatly improved. The accuracy of moso bamboo samples was increased from 68% to 88%. Mean object value of red band as well as green band, mean component of GLCM in red band, entropy component of GLCM in red band, and mean object value of NDVI were the five optimal object features. The user's and producer's accuracies achieved 97% and 95%, respectively; 2) Both the user's and producer's accuracies of moso bamboo forest were lower when using CART decision tree than those using nearest neighbour(NN)classification based on optimal features, and the main reason was attributed to the serious confusion among moso bamboo forest, deciduous as well as conifer. [Conclusion] ReliefF algorithm focus on the discrimination ability of features, and using the features selected by ReliefF algorithm were prior to other related researches, which gave insight into the object-based classification of forest resources in the remotely sensed technique.

[Objective] According to the characteristics of the discrete point cloud in forest area, canopy height model(CHM) was built through different interpolation methods. The results of the different interpolation methods were compared, analyzed and evaluated in order to provide the reference for choice of interpolation methods. [Method] In this study, the discrete point cloud data in plots(30 m×30 m) were used as the experimental data. CHMs were generated by B-Spline, triangulation with linear interpolation(TLI), ordinary Kriging(OK) and inverse distance weighted(IDW) interpolation methods, respectively, through the open source software SAGS-GIS. 2D views, 3D views, profiles and pixel statistics of CHMs with different interpolation methods in plots were compared and analyzed. At the same time, the search radius parameters of IDW interpolation were discussed, compared and analyzed.[Result] The spatial distribution was uniform and there was height mutation for the discrete point cloud in forest area. For B-Spline interpolation, zero value(no data) region was filled, canopy gap was grossly filled and pixel maximum of the CHM deviated significantly from the height value of the original data. For TLI interpolation, the CHM appeared to be more fragmentation. For OK interpolation, the image of CHM was not clear duo to excessive smoothing applied. And for the IDW interpolation, the CHM on the top of canopy was properly filled and smoothed, but canopy edge was not excessive smoothing and retained elevation mutation, meanwhile, canopy gap still retained not be over filled. The results showed that the most suitable search radius of IDW interpolation method was about 1.5±2.5 times of the mean interval of original point cloud in forest canopy. [Conclusion] The IDW interpolation was better than B-spline, TLI, OK interpolation for generating CHM from discrete point cloud data. The formation of CHM with IDW interpolation could accurately reflect the truly natural form of forest canopy. So it was good for the extraction of forest parameters.

[Objective] Self-thinning line is an important curve for describing the tree death in a certain stand. The objective of this study was to provide a new idea for exploring self-thinning law using hierarchical Bayesian method based on the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) data with different initial densities in Fujian Province.[Method] Firstly, the maximum-size density equation was established according to the relationship between stand quadratic mean diameter and number of trees per hectare. For analyzing the effect of initial density on maximum-size density line, we introduced the hierarchical Bayesian models: 1) random effect on the intercept; 2) random effect on the slope; 3) random effects on the intercept and slope. [Result] The results showed that the hierarchical Bayesian models (R²=0.867 8) were better than non-hierarchical Bayesian model (R²=0.859 3). The random effects of initial density were not significant neither on the intercept (σ₀²=0.008,SD=0.029) nor on the slope (σ₁²=0.003,SD=0.016). In addition, the uncertainty of model predictions was mostly due to within-subject variability.[Conclusion] Hierarchical Bayesian method provided a reasonable explanation of the impact of other variables on maximum-size density line, which gave us the posterior distribution of parameters of maximum-size density line. The research of maximum-size density line could be benefit from the use of hierarchical Bayesian method and helpful for managing Chinese fir plantations.

Acantholyda qinghaiica Wei & Wu, sp. nov., is a new species of Pamphiliidae damaging Picea crassifolia. The pest was collected from Qinghai Province, China. The new species is similar to Acantholyda peiyingaopaoa Xiao, 1963 damaging P. crassifolia Kom. in China, but differs from it in: The clypeus largely black in female and entirely black in male; the postocellar area as long as broad, without middle furrow and with fine middle carina; OOL:POL=2; the third antennomere as long as the combination of antennomeres 4 and 5 together; the width to length ratio of harpe is more than 2; penis valve round at ventral apical corner, the ventral caudal corner angulated. The holotype and 108 paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China (CSCS). Six paratypes are kept in the Insect Collection of Forest Diseases and Pest Control & Quarantine Station of Qinzhou District, Gansu, China.

[Objective] In order to obtain the optimization processing parameters of finger-jointing, the relationship of tenon's end pressure (finger-jointing pressure), fitness ratio and it's type was clarified, and the impact of tenon type, fitness ratio and finger-jointing pressure on its mechanical properties was also investigated.[Method] Using five different types of cutter to process Larix gmelinii lamina into vertical type finger-jointing tenon with different fitness ratio. Pressing two finger-jointing tenons together until the addendum contacts the groove bottom closely at mechanical machine, obtaining the value of pressure (ten couples test sample with different types and fitness ratio was used), and the relationship between the finger-jointing pressure with tenon type parameters and fitness ratio was clarified. Gluing the finger-jointing tenon manually (both surfaces were glued with consumption of 180 g·m^-2), then pressing them together with the value of pressure, tenon type and fitness ratio we obtained frontally. After 24 hours, the elastic modulus, static bending strength and tensile strength of the finger-jointing tenon were test using the method of chapter 5.3.3 and 5.4, the experiment of bending and tensile strength in the book of structural glued laminated timber, the GB/T 26899-2011. Ten specimens for each tenon type and fitness ratio were available for testing. Half of them were used for elastic modulus and static bending strength testing, the rest was used for tensile strength testing. The influences of tenon type, fitness ratio, finger-joint pressure on its adhesive bonding mechanical property were disussed, and the optimization adhesive bonding parameters of finger-jointing technique were obtained.[Result] The finger-jointing pressure significantly increased with the increase of fitness ratio. However, the relationship between the fitness ratio and finger-jointing pressure was not always the same and depend on tenon type (consisting of finger length, finger angle, pitch, and alveolus width). There were pronounced difference among the influence of fitness ratio on finger-jointing mechanical properties (the elastic modulus, the static bending strength and the tensile strength) with various tenon types. All kinds of tenon exhibited better mechanical properties when the finger-jointing pressure was 8-15 MPa, and the value increased proportionally with the increase of finger length.[Conclusion] 1) The pressure required for finger-jointing adhesive bonding increased with the increase of fitness ratio, especially when tenon gear angle and width of gear bottom was smaller. Finger-joint pressure increased with the increase of tenon gear length. Generally, finger-jointing pressure was proportional to the fitness ratio, and the slope decreased with the increase of tenon gear angle. 2) For all tenon types investigated in this study, the finger-jointing strength value increased with the increase of tenon gear length. The optimal finger-jointing pressure was about 8-15 MPa, which presented greater mechanical strength value. 3) The fitness ratio of maximum finger-jointing strength obtained by short tenon gear was greater than that obtained by the long tenon gear, the fitness ratio of maximum finger-jointing strength produced by 9 mm and 27 mm tenon were approximately 0.2 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. 4) Considered from safety and economy aspects, the optimal finger-jointing parameters of L. gmelinii lamina were: angle of tenon gear 9.8°, length of tenon gear 15-20 mm, width of gear bottom 0.8-1.2 mm, finger-jointing pressure 10-15 MPa, fitness ratio 0.12-0.20 mm (the longer the tenon gear, the smaller fitness ratio used).

[Objective] At present, China has become the second largest country of wood consumption and the largest country of wood importing in world, but for the reason that the total amount of forest resources in China is relatively inadequate, it's very difficult to satisfy the tremendous demand for wood and ecological environment. Due to consumption of a large number of timber, economic development and forest product trade have become a focus for solving forest problems. However,research on the effects of economic development and forest product trade on forest resources has not reached a definite conclusion. To confirm the impact of China's economic development and forest products trade on wood consumption, it would be helpful to respond to the criticism that China is "the black hole" of the world's forest resources, to examine China's forest products trade mode which shows as "large number of imports and a large number of export at the same time", to evaluation the rising forest products trade protection in the world, and finally to provide scientific basis for the development of China's forestry industry. [Method] This paper used wood consumption per capita as the environmental pressure index of forest resources, and used multiple linear regression models based on the time series data of China from 1993 to 2013, to analyze the factors that affect wood consumption per capita,such as economic development,forest products trade,timber supply and technology progress. [Result] China's GDP per capita as the factor of economic development (1% significant level), China's forest product import trade as a factor of forest products trade (10% significant level), China's forest volume per capita as a factor of wood supply (10% significant level), have the significant positive impact on China's wood consumption per capita. China's forest product export trade as a factor of forest products trade (1% significant level) has a significant negative impact on China's wood consumption per capita. China's forest products import and export trade as a factor of forest products trade, China's roundwood production per capita as a factor of wood supply, China's timber industry technological progress index and China's recovered paper pulp utilization rate as the factor of technology progress, are not significant.[Conclusion] China's economic development is an important factor impacting on China's wood consumption per capita, China's wood consumption per capita is in the rising phase with China's GDP per capita from 2006. China's forest product export trade helps to reduce China's wood consumption per capita. China's forest product import trade improves China's wood consumption per capita, but compared with the use of native wood,forest product import trade is more conducive to reducing China's wood consumption per capita. Due to the ultra-limit logging, China's wood production can not represent the real domestic wood supply, but wood supply, represented by forest volume per capita, is still the most significant positive factor for China's wood consumption per capita. The technology progress of forestry industries has a positive effect on reducing the wood consumption per capita. The huge Chinese population has greatly reduced the wood consumption per capita, but China's wood consumption is still at the forefront of the world because Chinese population is too large. According to these results,this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as keeping China's forest products trade pattern at present,promoting forest product trade liberalization,keeping wood supply at moderately tight levels,and promoting the industrial technological innovation.

[Objective] Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system has significant economic benefits, and is one of the typical management models in the eastern part of Liaoning Province. However, there was no study on the influence of this model on forest ecosystem services. The paper compares the Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system with Larix spp. plantation and natural secondary forest, and aims to illuminate the influence of this model on plant diversity and carbon stock which are significant to the global. [Method] Through field investigation, sampling, experimental and statistical analysis, a comparative analysis was carried out on trees and herbaceous plant diversity, and carbon stock of trees, understory, litter and dead woody debris (DWD), and 0-30 cm soil layer for the three stand types whose stand characteristics are similar. [Result] In the Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system, ginseng has an obvious advantage whose importance value was 0.33. For tree species, the Margalef index(R), the Shannon index(H')and Pielou's equitability index(E) decreased in the order of NS, LG, and LP. For herbaceous species, H', E, and R decreased in the order of NS, LP, and LG. In addition, the S, H' and R in the Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system were respectively 16, 1.91, and 1.83, which all lower than the Larix spp. plantation whose S, H', and R were respectively 17, 2.1, and 2.04, and the difference was not significant. However, the E was significantly lower than the Larix spp. plantation. For carbon stock, the 32 years old Larix spp. plantation was 192.81 t·hm^-2, which was slightly higher than that of the natural secondary forest, and they were both significantly higher than Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry which was 155.56 t·hm^-2. In addition, the carbon stock of trees and soil accounted for more than 90% of the total carbon stock. For the carbon stock in the different layers, from high to low were separately soil, arbor, litter and DWD, understory; for different stand types, soil carbon stock all decreased along the depth within 0-30 cm, furthermore, the soil carbon stock of the natural secondary forest was 109.41 t·hm^-2, which was slightly higher than that of Larix spp. plantation, whose soil carbon stock was 102.92 t·hm^-2, and both of them were significantly higher than the soil carbon stock of Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry. [Conclusion] Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system has no obvious influence on arbor diversity, but it has an obvious influence on herbaceous diversity. And it leads to a significant decrease of carbon stock compared to the other two stand types. Therefore, we should pay attention to the in-depth study, scientific development, rational planning, correct guidance and the combination of economic and ecological benefits of Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry in the future. Only in this way, can we ensure the sustainable utilization of forest resources and the sustainable development of Larix spp.-Panax ginseng agroforestry system.

[Objective] The objectives of this study were to deepen the understanding of air-cutting mechanism and to provide theoretical basis for popularizing the air-cutting technique. [Method] One-year-old Manchurian ash Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings grown in two types of containers (non-waven bags and plastic containers) were used to investigate the effects of air cutting on growth (height, stem collar diameter), morphology (e.g. total leaf area, root diameter) and biomass of different organs above- and under-ground, as well as on root development. [Results] The height, the ratio of height to diameter, the total leaf area and the quality index of seedlings in non-woven bags were all significantly (P<0.05) larger than those in plastic containers. The individual plant biomass, the total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of seedlings in non-woven container were 6.98%, 12.09%, and 10.3% higher than those in plastic container, respectively, the root length, the root superficial area, and the root apical number were 14.56%, 32.91%,and 11.18% greater (P<0.05) respectively than those in plastic containers. Air cutting significantly increased the number of lateral roots more than 0.5 mm at diameter (P<0.05). More dead cells of root apical meristem were found in seedlings under air-cutting treatment, however, the number of sprouted lateral roots in mature zone of these seedlings was 35.34% higher than those in control (P<0.05).[Conclusion] Our findings indicated that air-cutting inhibited root apical growth and increased the number of lateral roots and root biomass, which may greatly promote the growth in height and leaf area, and result in improved quality of Manchurian ash seedlings.

[Objective] As one of the most serious worldwide conifer diseases, pine wilt disease caused by pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has brought irreparable damages to the forest ecosystems and industries with great economic and environmental losses. Esteya vermicola is the first recorded endoparasitic fungus of PWN, has exhibited high infectivity and potential as a biocontrol agent of pine wilt disease. Through the comparison among different E. vermicola isolates in their morphological characteristics, sporulation and infectivity against PWN, the excellent isolate can be screened out and to be developed as the biocontrol agent of pine wilt disease. This work will provide useful knowledge and information for the biocontrol of devastating pine wilt disease in the future.[Method]Four E. vermicola isolates (ATCC 74485 and CNU 120806 from Asia, CBS 115803 and CBS 100821 from Europe) were compared systemically in terms of the growth, sporulation and infectivity against PWN with three most commonly used nature culture media for the nematophagous fungi (potato dextrose agar, corn meal agar and 2% water agar, served as an example of carbon nutrition-rich, -weak and -poor culture media, respectively). In addition, the influences of carbon sources on the growth, sporulation and infectivity of four isolates also were simply analyzed.[Result] Four E.vermicola isolates showed obvious variation on different culture media in terms of the colonial feature, growth speed, sporulation and infectivity, although they shared the basic morphological characteristics and nematode infection process. The nutrition of culture medium showed different influences on the growth, sporulation and infectivity of different isolates, had a markedly positive correlation with the growth and sporulation of E.vermicola, but a negative correlation with the proportion of lunate infective conidia and the infectivity against PWN. Among the four isolates, the growth speed and total conidia number of ATCC 74485 were the highest (P<0.01), but the number and proportion of its lunate conidia were the lowest (P<0.01), and hence had the lowest (P<0.05) infectivity against PWN in which it was the same as CNU 120806. On the contrary, although CBS 115803 showed slightly slower growth speed, it produced the biggest amount and the highest proportion of lunate infective conidia, and accordingly exhibited the highest (P<0.01) infectivity by killing all of the tested PWNs within three days. In addition, the isolates from the same continent (Asia or Europe) shared similar characteristics in the colony morphology, growth, sporulation and infectivity, suggesting that the geographical location has an influence on E.vermicola characteristics to some extent.[Conclusion] Although E.vermicola CBS 115803 showed slower growth speed, it produced the biggest amount of infective conidia and exhibited the significantly higher (P<0.01) infectivity against PWN than the other three isolates did. Therefore, CBS 115803 can be selected and developed into the biocontrol agent against pine wilt disease in the future.

[Objective] This study investigated the production of intracellular triterpenoids in the fungus strain Melanoporia castanea CY-2012 in order to obtain the highest amount of triterpenoids. [Method] The strain CY-2012, collected in Changbai Mountains, was first cultured under 28℃, 150 r·min^-1. Subsequently, the submerged fermentation medium components were optimized through 2 single-factor experiments and one orthogonal experiment of four-variables with three-levels. Furthermore, isopropyl alcohol-ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems were used to extract intracellular triterpenes of mycelia which were obtained under the optimal medium condition, and the extraction technique was optimized through 2 single-factor experiments and an orthogonal experiment of three-variables with three-levels. [Result] The optimal medium components were composed of peeled potatoes 200 g·L^-1, glucose 25.0 g·L^-1, lactose 3.0 g·L^-1, yeast extract 15.0 g·L^-1, MgSO₄ 0.5 g·L^-1, KH₂PO₄ 0.5 g·L^-1, NH₄NO₃ 0.3 g·L^-1, and VB₁ 0.5 g·L^-1. After the fhe fungus was incubated for ten days under 28℃, the mycelium dry weight reached 0.769 g·(100 mL^-1) which was 9.96 times greater than that produced at the initial conditions, and the yield of intracellular triterpenoids reached 14.529 mg·(100 mL^-1) which was 35.52 times greater than that produced at the initial conditions. The best extraction process with the two-phase extracting agent was under 40% isopropyl alcohol, and 0.18 g·mL^-1 ammonium sulfate in water, the mycelia were steeped for 2 hours at room temperature, and the extract was treated with ultrasonic for 35 min, and the triterpenoids extraction rate was 3.65%. [Conclusion] Optimized medium components could substantially boost the yield of total triterpenoids, and optimized isopropyl alcohol-ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems could enhance the triterpenoids extraction rate.

A new variety of Michelia maudiae named as ‘Jinxiu’was derived from selecting seedling variations of M. maudiae. The main characteristics of the variety are fast growth,with a spire shaped crown and straight trunk, and its branches are slightly flat and layered. The young buds, young twigs and leaf abaxial surface are green without white powder attached.It is mainly propagated through grafting.This new variety could be widely popularized and applied for gardens virescence and mountain afforestation in the south of the Yangtze River.

Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Beilinhuai 3’ is a new variety selected from one mutation of Robinia pseudoacacia K1. It grows rapidly, longer and wider thorn (14.55 mm), longer drooping compound leaves (28.8 cm), lanceolate in leaf shape, lower contents of tannin (0.69%) compared with the normal R. pseudoacacia and K1. It can be easy to propagate and afforest, so it is an excellent multi-purpose new variety.

The‘Beiyang’, male clone and intraspecific hybrid of Populus deltoides hybrid, was selected from the progeny of Populus deltoides‘Nankang’×P. deltoides ‘D175’ by the way of artificial control cross pollination. Average DBH, height and volume of nine-year-old ‘Beiyang’ were 21.3 cm, 20.4 m and 0.250 m³, which were 49.9% greater than the control ‘2025'. The elite variety has the fine characteristics such as straight trunk, middle crown, fast-growing, strong resistance to Anoplophora glaberipennis and soil barren tolerance.

The elite variety ‘Chengse’, introduced from Russia, belongs to Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica. The regional trials' results showed that ‘Chengse’ was adaptable to develop at the high latitude regions of China. ‘Chengse’ has no or few thorns with orange-red fruits, and its vitamin C content in fruits is up to 177.04 mg·(100g)^-1.The average stem fruit yield is up to 3 kg at full fruit stage, and fruit yield per unit area can reach to 5 000 kg·hm^-2.

Malus micromalus ‘Fly fire’ is an elite variety of North American Crabapple. It has excellent characteristics such as deep red color of the flower, red color of young leaves and fruit surface, and reddish-brown color of branches. In addition, it has large number of flowers, with long flowering and fruiting period. The variety is mainly propagated through grafting. The variety is suitable for popularization and application in landscaping in the Yangtze river basin and its north region.