In this study, the volume-to-biomass conversion models and the proportion models for biomass components of 8 subtropical forest types in China were established by using the power function model and multinomial logit model, respectively. The results show that the fitting results of the volume-to-biomass conversion models for every forest type except the evergreen broad-leaved forest exhibit significant relations (R²>0.5, P<0.001) between volume and biomass, and the predicting residuals increase with the increment of the independent variable value. The root mean square errors are all controlled within 6.520~23.123 t·hm^-2. The testing accuracy is between 31.14%-91.79%, which are all above 70% except for evergreen broad-leaved forest. On the other hand, the fitting results of proportion models for the biomass components reach significant level (P <0.05) except for the evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the predicting residuals decrease with the increased independent variable value. The root mean square errors of stem, bark, branch and leaf biomass proportion of total tree biomass are all less than 0.1, that is 0.031~0.085, 0.005~0.041, 0.029~0.103 and 0.016~0.083. The prediction accuracy reaches 91.04%~96.14%, 62.71%~94.48%, 63.70%~94.47%, and －8.86%~83.92%, respectively. The volume-to-biomass conversion models and the proportion models for biomass components in this paper are reasonable models for the 8 subtropical forest types except for the evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the obtained model parameters also can provide a reference for studying biomass distribution of the other subtropical forests

Through a field survey and laboratory analysis, the composition and fractal features of soil micro-aggregates in different Camellia sinensis plantations with different ages were studied. Results showed that 0.25~0.05 mm fraction made up the largest proportion and accounted for 41.95%~55.44% of total micro-aggregates, followed by 0.05~0.01 mm fraction that accounted for 23.54%~25.66%, and <0.001 mm fraction accounted for the smallest proportion of 5.80%~8.71%. The percentage of 0.25~0.05 mm fraction presented an increasing trend as the increase in tea plantation age, however, the percentages of 0.005~0.001 mm and <0.001 mm fractions showed an inverse trend. Moreover, the values of mean weight soil surface area (MWSSA) and fractal dimension (D) of soil micro-aggregates and compositional proportion of characteristic soil micro-aggregates PCM (<0.005 mm)/(0.25~0.05 mm) presented a decreasing trend as the increase of tea plantation age, however, the value of mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil micro-aggregates displayed an increasing trend. The values of soil micro-aggregates D and soil PCM had negative correlation with contents of soil organic matter, total N and P and available N and P. Long-term tea planting was beneficial to promoting transformation from smaller soil micro-aggregates to larger micro-aggregates, thereby improving soil micro-aggregates stability. Thus, values of soil micro-aggregates D and soil PCM can be used as the quantitative evaluation indicators of soil fertility in tea plantations.

Strip transformation test zone with different bandwidths and block transformation test zone with different sizes were established in low-quality mixed broad-leaved forest in Daxing'an Mountains, and principal component analysis was applied to comprehensively evaluate the ecological improvement models with the selection of 33 indicators such as biodiversity, water holding characteristics of litter, soil physical properties, soil chemical properties, soil carbon flux and seedling growth status, etc. The results showed that: strip clear-cutting along the hillside transformation model was better than block clear-cutting transformation model, for the strip clear-cutting transformation, the effect of different bandwidths were 10 m bandwidth> 6 m bandwidth> 18 m bandwidth> 14 m bandwidth plots, for the block clear-cutting transformation, the effect of different sizes were 100 m²>25 m²>225 m²>400 m²>900 m²>625 m², strip along the hillside transformation with 10 m bandwidth model and block transformation with 100 m² model were most appropriate to Daxing’an Mountains broad-leaved mixed low-quality forest, and its improvement effect were better than the other transformation models.

How to increase carbon stock in forest ecosystems by optimizing forest management strategy has increasingly become a concern in the world. We analyzed the changes in carbon stock in three natural secondary forests, i.e., coniferous forest, broadleaved forest and conifer-broadleaved mixed forest, in Danqinghe Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province, based on the three management regimes including target-trees management, extensive management and non-disturbance regime. The results showed that: 1) The total stand carbon stock was ranked in order of target-tree management (162.74-205.85 t ·hm^-2) > non-disturbance management (128.88-150.47 t ·hm^-2) > extensive management (107.59-130.57 t ·hm^-2), and target-tree management differed significantly in carbon stock from non-disturbance and extensive management (P<0.05). 2) Layers in these stands had different amount of carbon stock, followed in percentage by soil layer (57.33%-70.38%), tree layer (28.01%-39.83%), litter layer (0.50%-2.69%), shrub layer (0.21%-1.00%), and herb layer (0.07%-0.56%). 3) The carbon stock in soil was in order of target-tree management> non-disturbance management > extensive management, and carbon content and carbon stock reached the utmost level in the soil 0-20 cm deep. 4) Carbon stock of tree layer was in order of target-tree management > non-disturbance management > extensive management, and there was significant difference between target-tree management and non-disturbance, extensive management regimes (P<0.05), while carbon stock in stems were proportionally the highest in the tree layer, accounting for 46.58％ to 54.72％. 5) Carbon stock in shrubs and herbs showed the same order as non-disturbance management > extensive management > target-tree management, and non-disturbance management was significantly different from target-tree and extensive management regimes(P<0.05). 6) In terms of carbon stock in litters, target-tree management outperformed extensive management and non-disturbance management. Target tree management could increase carbon stock of stand level, soil layer, tree layer, indicating that it was important forest management regime for improving the carbon sink ability of secondary forest in northeast.

In this study, total RNA of stem apex and bud in Camellia oleifera was sequenced and its flowering relation genes were analysis. The results showed that transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 28 448 847 reads, 5 742 023 480 bp data, and 46.52% GC content in whole genome. The Unigenes numbers with more than 200 bp were 94 476, and the Unigenes were very similar with grape's. The N50 length was 806 bp, and 1 kbp or longer Unigenes were 12 643, accounting for 13.38% of total Unigenes database. The annotation number of Unigenes function in each database was:9 095 Unigenes in COG, 27 201 Unigenes in GO, 6 431 Unigenes in KEGG, 24 534 Unigenes in Swissprot, 36 393 Unigenes in TrEMBL, 36 400 Unigenes in Nr, and 30 858 Unigenes in Nt. The expression profile showed that FLC, FCA, FT expression were lower than AP1, AP2, PI expression in the stem apex. The FT gene (ID:Unigene60063) may be a key gene for Camellia flower, and PI genes (ID:Unigene56059) are closely related with the stamen development.

To select superior female parents, a polycross progeny test of 27-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata plus trees was conducted to examine growth and basic wood traits including tree height, diameter at breast height(DBH), standing wood volume, and basic density of wood. The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and basic density of wood among hybridized combinations. Furthermore, DBH was the trait mostly controlled by genetic factor. The family heritability of DBH and basic density of wood was 0.325 and 0.202, respectively. Based on a selection index equation which was established with DBH and basic density of wood, 11 superior plus trees such as ‘F Sanming 74-5’, ‘F Tao 3’ and ‘F Tao 2’were identified as superior female parents. The average genetic gain of DBH and basic wood density of these superior plus was 3.19% and 1.21%, respectively. In addition, based on the contrast of selection results of DBH examined at the age of 12 and 27-year-old, selection ratio of 19% was identified as the best for growth selection in the medium term.

In this study, we analyzed 13 traits of 159 Populus nigra germplasm such as growth, breeding value, material properties, efficiency of water use efficiency and efficiency of nutrient utilization. A high-quality core collection of P. nigra was constructed by utilizing 13 kinds of sampling methods of phenotypic selection. Phenotypic value evaluation showed that the sampling rate reached to more than 21.4% can meet the requirement of building core collection. However, the proportion of the sample population over 30.2% was required for building the core collection in terms of SSR molecular genetic diversity. Ultimately, the determined high-quality core collection of P. nigra contained 48 germplasm resources, accounting for 30.2% of the original germplasm. Compared with the original germplasm, there were no differences in the aspects of the mean and the variance, and the coincidence rate of range and the changeable rate of coefficient of variation were 97.07% and 89.72%. The high-quality core collection was no significantly different from the original group in the aspects of the effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity coefficient and Shannon's information index, suggesting that the high-quality core collection should maintain the genetic diversity of the original group.

The contents of anthocyanins and chlorophyll of fruits of Morus alba ‘Changjiang 1’ at the different developmental stages were measured, and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes, the encoding genes of Rubisco and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) were analyzed. The concentration of anthocyanins increased gradually, while the content of chlorophyll first significantly reduced and then increased during the fruit development process. The anthocyanin related genes showed different patterns, the expression levels of RBCL and RBCS were gradually decreasing, and PaO1 and PaO2 showed a reduction in the expression levels at early stage and increase in the following stage, and then the coding mRNA disappeared at stage S5. ABA, ethephon and 1-MCP were used to treat the mulberry fruit. ABA and ethephon induced the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and chlorophyll, improved the expression levels of anthocyanin related genes and downregulated the expression of Rubisco encoded genes. The 1-MCP can inhibited the biosynthesis of anthocyanins by downregulating the expression levels of anthocyanin related genes.

In order to investigate the frost resistance and the mechanism, 6 walnut cultivars, ‘Lvling’,‘Xiangling’, ‘Liaoning NO.1’, ‘Shangsong NO.6’, ‘Zhonglin NO.1’ and ‘Qingxiang’, were used as materials to determine their supercooling point, freezing point and electrolyte leakage rate in leaves and ovaries in April 15th, and to calculate the semi-lethal temperature. Their frost freezing indexes in April 20~21th were investigated. The results showed that the frost freezing indexes of ‘Lvling’, ‘Xiangling’, ‘Liaoning NO.1’, ‘Shangsong NO.6’, ‘Zhonglin NO.1’ and ‘Qingxiang’ were 41.97%, 52.65%, 54.88%, 67.58%, 74.93%, and 98.67%, respectively. The frost freezing indexes of ‘Lvling’ was very significantly lower than those of the other cultivars. The supercooling points in leaves of ‘Lvling’, ‘Xiangling’, ‘Liaoning NO.1’, ‘Shangsong NO.6’, ‘Zhonglin NO.1’ and ‘Qingxiang’ were -4.40℃, -4.27℃, -3.87℃, -3.73℃, -3.53℃ and -3.23℃, respectively, and the freezing points were -3.83℃, -3.27℃, -3.10℃, -3.30℃, -2.47℃ and -2.43℃, respectively. The supercooling points in ovaries were -3.71℃, -3.68℃, -3.53℃, -3.24℃, -2.72℃ and -2.31℃, respectively, and the freezing points were -3.12℃, -2.83℃, -2.61℃, -2.53℃, -1.87℃ and -1.73℃, respectively. The supercooling points in leaves and ovaries, the freezing points in ovaries of ‘Lvling’ and ‘Xiangling’ were very significantly lower than those of the other cultivars. The freezing point in leaves of ‘Lvling’ was very significantly lower than those of the other cultivars. The semi-lethal temperatures in leaves of ‘Lvling’, ‘Xiangling’, ‘Liaoning NO.1’, ‘Shangsong NO.6’, ‘Zhonglin NO.1’ and ‘Qingxiang’ was -3.33℃, -2.96℃, -2.81℃, -2.63℃, -2.31℃ and -2.25℃, respectively, and that of in leaves of ‘Lvling’ was very significant lower than those of the other cultivars. The semi-lethal temperatures in ovaries of the 6 cultivars were -2.62℃, -2.58℃, -2.39℃, -2.05℃, -1.80℃ and -1.07℃, respectively. There was no significant difference in the semi-lethal temperature between ‘Lvling’ and ‘Xiangling’, but theirs were very significantly lower than those of the other cultivars. The analyses of supercooling point, freezing point, electrolyte leakage rate and the frost resistance in the field all indicated that the frost resistance of the 6 cultivars from high to low was ‘Lvling’, ‘Xiangling’, ‘Liaoning NO.1’, ‘Shangsong NO.6’, ‘Zhonglin NO.1’, and ‘Qingxiang’.

Four flooding treatments (control, CK; continuous flooding, CF; periodic flooding, PF; and Full flooding, FF) were set in simulating the soil flooding change of the riparian zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China to study the physiological and ecological adaptation mechanisms of two-year-old perennial Distylium chinense seedlings to the soil flooding change. There were no significant differences in height and basal diameter of the seedlings grown under different water regimes, while the content of chlorophyll, photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics under different flooding forms were significantly different. Chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(G_s), transpiration rate(Tr), maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), photochemical quenching (q_P) and electron transfer rate (ETR) in CF and PF decreased significantly, and the decrease in PF was smaller than CF. In addition to chlorophyll content, G_s and Tr, the other indicators were significantly different; Chlorophyll content, P_n,G_s,Tr,F_v/F_m,q_P and ETR in FF were not significantly different compared with CK;Non-photochemical quenching(q_N)in CF and PF was not significantly different from CK, while the q_N in FF was decreased significantly. Although the chlorophyll content, P_n,G_s,Tr,F_v/F_m,q_P and ETR in CF decreased significantly compared with the other treatments, the plants were able to form adventitious roots, hypertrophic lenticels and reduce the leaf increment to enhance resilience to flooding. Thus, D. chinense has strong tolerant capabilities to submergence, and shows a certain adaptability and plasticity in different flooding forms.

Phosphorus supply shortage in soil is one of reasons for decline of Pinus massoniana stands in China. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) are able to dissolve insoluble phosphorus, which is otherwise unavailable to plants, and transform it into soluble phosphorus. PSF can also promote plant growth to some extent. Since Masson pine stands are facing degradation of soil fertility in southern China, screening high-efficient PSF from rhizospheric soil of the forest and developing phosphate-solubilizing microbial fertilizers are an effective way to improve the soil nutrient and promote growth of the pine trees. To this end, in this work 45 phosphate-solubilizing fungi were isolated from 12 samples of P. massoniana rhizosphere in Nanjing Jiangsu and Huangshan Anhui of Eastern China, including 12 fungi that had strong capability to soluble phosphate. After a test of phosphate-solubilizing capability, two strains with strong phosphate-solubilizing capability were obtained: JP-NJ1 and JP-NJ4. Their solubilization of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ accounted for 1051.69 mg ·L^-1 and 872.18 mg ·L^-1, respectively. They belonged to Aspergillus awamori and Penicillium pinophilum, as identified by morphological observation and analysis of 18S rDNA sequences. The two efficient phosphate-solubilizing fungal strains were inoculated on P. massoniana seedlings and it was found that both the fungal suspension and their metabolite could promote growth of P. massoniana obviously and the root weight of P. massoniana was enhanced notably.

With the techniques of sample plot and transect sampling, species composition of Cerambycidae in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest, coniferous forest, birch forest, and alpine tundra at different altitudes in the northern slop, western slope and the southern slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated for 8 years from 2003 to 2010. Totally 116 species of Cerambycidae, belonging to six subfamilies, 71 genera were collected. Among them, 51 species belong to Lepturinae, accounting for 43.97%; 35 species belong to Lamiinae, accounting for 30.17%; 23 species belong to Cerambycinae, accounting for 19.83%; four species belong to Spondylinae, accounting for 3.45%; two species belong to Necydalis Linnaeus, accounting for 1.72%; and one species belong to Prioninae, accounting for 0.86%. Species richness of Cerambycidae decreased from the low elevation broad- leaved Korean pine forest zone to the high elevation alpine tundra.A total of 105 species of Cerambycidae were collected in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest zone, and among them 44 species are zone endemic species, and no dominant species was found; there were 73 species collected in the coniferous forest zone, and among them eight species were zone endemic species, and two species were dominant species; a total of 29 species was collected in the birch forest zone, and among them one species were zone endemic species, and four species were dominant species; totally 18 species were collected in the alpine tundra zone, no zone endemic species was found, and 2 species were dominant species. The activity period of Cerambycidae adults were from May to September, the species was the most abundant in June and July. Cerambycidae were the most in the northern slope of Changbai Moutain, followed by the western slope, and the least in the southern slope. From the low elevation broad- leaved Korean pine forest zone to the high elevation alpine tundra, Palaearctic component had an increasing trend, while widespread component and East Asia component showed a decreasing trend. The Europe-Siberian component was predominant and East Asia component as a supplement in fauna of Cerambycidae in Changbai Mountain. According to the largest proportion of the Lepturinae collected in Changbai Mountain, Changbai Mountain would be one of the original places for Lepturinae.

To investigate diversity and relative abundance of the wildlife in Hubei Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, infra-red cameras were installed in 95 sites, with each site maintained for one to two months and monitored the movement of the animals from August to September, 2010, and from March to September, 2011. The cameras totally took 9 665 photos with identified animals, and of them there are 536 effective photos, among which 82% were mammals, 18% were birds. The total 19 species of mammals and 9 species of birds were identified. At different elevations and in different vegetation types the photographic rates (PR) of infra-red cameras were varied. The PR was significantly higher at elevation of 2219-2 597 m; PR of infra-red cameras in cold temperate mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest was the highest, indicating that diversity and abundance of mammals and birds in these places were more than other regions. For the same specie of animal in different vegetation the PR was different, suggesting preferation of wildlife in different vegetation type. By studying on 6 mammal species and 2 pheasant species in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, the result showed that in temperate and cold temperate mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest the PR of Naemorhedus goral and Tragopan temminckii were the highest, in temperate mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest the PRs of Elaphodus cephalophus was the highest, and in cold temperate mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest the PRs of Sus scrofa, Cervus nippon, Chrysolophus pictus were the highest, and in coniferous forest the PR of Capricornis sumatraensis was the highest.

In order to explore the mechanical mechanism of arbors roots to prevent shallow landslide by holding water and soil, we selected root systems of diameter in 3, 5 and 7 mm of larch, pine, birch and Mongolia oak, and buried horizontally or vertically roots and buried horizontally and vertically roots to make into root-soil composite plots with a diameter of 101 mm in the soil with fixed water content and dry density conditions. Then a consolidated undrained (CU) test was conducted with an automatic triaxial compression tester by setting the confining pressure in 200, 400 and 600 kPa to evaluate the impact of buried-root modes and root diameters on the shear strength of the soil. The results showed that root-soil complex in shearing strength was significantly greater than pure soil, and the shear strength was in an order of: complex root complex> horizontal root complexes> vertical root complex. It was shown that the composite root in enhancing soil strength effect was most efficient, and thus, the composite root forest tree species would be the best in enhancing the soil strength to maintain soil stability.

Our previous study found that ethyl acetate extract phase of Catalpa bungei leaves had strong antioxidant activity. In order to further clarify its antioxidant activity, we have searched the components had strong antioxidant ability though silica gel column chromatography combined with DPPH free radical scavenging methods. The antioxidant components were isolated and purified by semi preparative liquid chromatography. With DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing capacity and ABTS radical scavenging activity ability as investigation index to find the antioxidant components and the physicochemical properties and spectral data were to identify compounds. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract phase of C.bungei leaves had two compounds: luteolin(1) and apigenin (2). The antioxidant activity of compound 1 was stronger than BHT and compound 2. DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity IC₅₀ values of compound 1 were 23.89, 29.77 and 43.47 μg ·mL^-1 respectively. The antioxidant activity of compound 1 was stronger than compound 2 mainly because of its adjacent structure of two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the flavone compound nucleus of B ring. Luteolin and apigenin isolated from C.bungei leaves for the first time.

In order to research the feasibility of modeling the mechanical performances of clear wood, in which the properties of earlywood(EW)and latewood(LW)were chosen as the fundamental elements of the models, Larix gmelinii mature wood was taken as research object. The properties of EW and LW were obtained by experiment at first. Then, according to the classical laminate theory, the model of clear wood longitudinal elastic modulus(LMOE), was established and verified. The results of LMOE model showed that it was possible to set up Larix gmelinii mature clear wood mechanical models based on EW and LW, and density was the mainly factor influencing elastic property of mature soft wood in the models. There relative errors of LMOE model were less than 5%. Besides it was a basic method to set up other mechanical models of Larix gmelinii mature wood, of which EW and LW properties were the components.

Near infrared(NIR) spectroscopy technique was applied to predict weigh percentage gain (WPG) of acetylated Populus ussuriensis wood and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica wood. In the region of 780-2 500 nm, partial least squares (PLS) was used to build models of WPG of acetylated wood based on raw spectra of wood transverse section and pretreated spectra, including first derivative spectra, second derivative spectra, standard normalized variate spectra and noise spectra. The results showed that the PLS models of WPG of acetylated P. ussuriensis wood and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica wood, based on standard normalized variate spectra and noise spectra, gave the strongest correlations, with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.90 and 0.70 and root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.0072 and 1.3012 in prediction set. The relation between NIR predicted and WPG actual values of acetylated P. ussuriensis wood was much better than that of acetylated Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica wood. Therefore, it is concluded that WPG of acetylated wood can be estimated by NIR spectroscopy with sufficient accuracy.

An increase in forest carbon sinks is widely accepted as an important measure for reducing climate change. Based on the complete cycle of reforestation, and assuming without afforestation leakage of carbon sinks on bare land, this paper analyzed the factors of Chinese firs’ carbon sequestration by using the C-D production function and discussed households’ decision-making measures of carbon supply. This study shows that the increase in the amount of fertilizer at afforestation period, the increase in intermediate cutting labor at tending period, and the increase in employment of additional labor input in the whole process are positively related with Chinese fir carbon sequestration capacity. The characteristics of household have no significant impact on carbon sequestration capacity, while the characteristics of plots and regional differences have impact on Chinese fir carbon sequestration capacity to different degrees. Meanwhile, a decision-making optimizing model was established in this paper under the circumstance of carbon sink's benefits by households. Households need to consider the wages of labor and price of production materials, and also to take the price of wood and carbon into account in management of Chinese Fir. The model provides a decision-making support tool for households to manage carbon sink in the future.

In this study, a quadratic programming model was used to obtain Markov transition matrix of the forestry industry structure, which was applied to predict the forestry target industrial structure of Heilongjiang province from 2012 to 2020. The calculated results of 2012, 2015 and 2020 were chosen as the reference standard, the development order degree of forestry industrial structure of Heilongjiang province from 1998 to 2011 was calculated, and the adjustment degree of forestry industrial structure of Heilongjiang province was quantitatively studied. The results showed that the forestry industry structure of Heilongjiang province was in process of dynamic optimization, especially in 2006-2011. The order degree values were successively among 0.97-0.98, 0.92-0.93 and 0.89-0.90,indicating that the adjustment degree of forestry industrial structure in Heilongjiang province in recent years was well, but the forestry industry still needs to be further adjusted. Based on the results and the actual situation of Heilongjiang forestry industry, the strategies to optimize the forestry industrial structure are put forward.

Remote sensing is a key technology used in landscape quality assessment of scenic forests. This paper described the significance of landscape quality assessment and development process of landscape quality assessment of scenic forests. Applications of remote sensing in landscape pattern and dynamic, visualization and computerized management of scenic forests were also summarized, with an emphasis on elaboration of the mechanism of using remote sensing technology to assess scenic forest landscape quality. Ultimately, the theoretical and methodological problems in using remote sensing to extract and assess landscape information were analyzed, and the future applications of remote sensing technology in the quality evaluation of the scenic forest landscape are prospected.

The reproductive modes of termites include sexual reproduction and thelytokous parthenogenesis. The sexual reproduction undergoes an alternation between outbreeding and inbreeding and consists of three stages, namely pairing, tandem and mating. The corresponding semiochemicals are the sex-pairing pheromone, the sex-tandem pheromone and the sex-mating pheromone, respectively. The sex-pairing pheromone in reproductives can be secreted from the sternal gland, the tergal gland and the posterior sternal gland. Up to now, sex-pairing pheromones have 27 species of termites. The chemical compositions of sex-pairing pheromones in termites are mainly unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes,and some of them possess species-specific minor components. The sex-tandem pheromone and the sex-mating pheromone need to be confirmed further. The cuticular hydrocarbons and the egg-specific proteinaceous compounds are also called recognition pheromones that are used as intra and interspecific signals, and the recognition pheromones may indicate the reproductive status inside the termite colony and affect the partner choice. The queen pheromones have been studied in Reticulitermes speratus and Nasutitermes takasagoensis, and regulate gonad development in immatures.

To understand the microbial community, structure and its elevational patterns, four plant types at different elevations in Shennongjia Mountain, including deciduous broadleaved forest, subalpine coniferous forest, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, and subalpine bush, were selected to analyze the soil microbial community structure by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique. The results showed that a total 24 PLFAs were detected in the soil and the content of total microbial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, fungi PLFA, actinomycete PLFA, and G⁺ and G^- bacterial PLFA in the soil all exhibited a single peak of distribution pattern along altitude. The PLFA content was highest in coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest soil, and lowest in subalpine bush soil. The significant difference (P<0.05) in PLFA content in the soil was detected among subalpine coniferous forest, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and subalpine bush soils. Principal component analysis showed the four plant types had obviously different microbial community structure. Pearson relationship and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the plant Shannon-Wiener index and the soil pH were significantly correlated (P< 0.01) with the soil microbial PLFA content. Thus, plant diversity and soil pH may be the important factors in shaping the microbial elevation patterns.

The real-time PCR is an important method for analyzing gene expression levels. Selection of reference genes suitable for calibration of the expression of objective gene according to specific experimental materials and conditions is a prerequisite for obtaining reliable RT-PCR results. In this study, we used different individuals and different organs of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)to test the stability of six internal genes such as Actin gene (ACT), 18S ribosomal RNA ( 18S rRNA), adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene (SAMDC), helicase gene (Helicase), elongation factor gene ( EF1 -α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) in the real-time PCR. After being analyzed with Genorm and NormFinder, the results showed that the ACT and 18S rRNA gene were the most stable genes by using different plant individuals as experimental material, while the ACT and GAPDH were the most stable genes with using different tissues and organs. Since some controversies existed with the 18S rRNA as reference gene, the both ACT and GAPDH used for reference gene in various test conditions obtained more accurate results. This study has important implications in obtaining a more accurate result of quantitative expression of black locust.

Physiological responses of the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of one-Year-old seedlings of three sandy plant species to environmental factors were studied. The results showed that (1) the variation in photosynthetic characteristics among the sandy plant species was larger in high light and high CO₂ concentration than those in low light (0-400 μmol ·m^-2 ·s^-1) and CO₂ concentration (0-200 μmol ·mol^-1). The response curves of photosynthetic rate of Atraphaxis bracteata to light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature, and relative humidity were all located in the upper position to Morus alba and Apoceynum venetum in both July and September. (2) Photosynthetic parameters were significantly different between July and September in each species, with A. bracteata and M. alba having stronger photosynthetic capacity in July whereas A. venetum having stronger photosynthetic capacity in September.(3) A. bracteata was adapted to higher light intensity, CO₂ concentrations and temperature, showing to some degree characteristics of sun plants. M. alba was sensitive to temperature and was adapted to shade environments. A. venetum had weak ability to adapt to high light and low CO₂ assimilation, but had a longer duration of CO₂ assimilation during growing seasons.

The effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation on male sterility of indoor-reared Apriona germari were studied. The results showed that the male adults of A. germari irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-ray of 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy maintained the normal levels of feeding, excretion and mating. The male adults successfully mated the female adults without irradiation, and the mated females were able to cut grooves and oviposit normally. Additionally, the longevity of the irradiated male adults were not affected except for that with the highest dosage of 250 Gy that decreased obviously the insect longevity. The mated female adults with the mail adults irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-ray of 150, 200, 250 Gy had the normal eggs, but the eggs failed to hatch. Thus, the dosages of 150, 200, 250 Gy were considered to be sterile irradiation of A. germari. In addition, the 100 Gy irradiated males also largely reduced the larvas hatching rate to only 0.76%, showing that this dosage could be considered sub-sterile irradiation of A. germari. In terms of the cost and effect, the dosage of 150 Gy was recommended for practical usage.

A growth cycle of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) stand is an important basis in management decision. In general, there is two years cycle of on-year or off-year phenomenon during moso bamboo stand growing. This study used a less disturbed moso bamboo stand in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve of Zhejiang Province as a research object, one permanent plot of 100 m×100 m was established and divided into 100 units by adjacent grid inventory and has been annually surveyed for 5 years. The spectrum analysis of time series was applied to explore the growth cycle of moso bamboo stand. The results show that moso bamboo stand is uneven- aged forest, and its age diversity increases year after year from 1-14 year to 1-18 year during investigation. It was especially found that there is cycle diversity during the growth of moso bamboo stand. The cycle diversity includes two years cycle, three years cycle and six years cycle. Among the multiple cycles, two years cycle and six years cycle are significant. Therefore, the growth characteristics of multiple cycles, especially two years cycle and six years cycle, should be considered in moso bamboo stand management decision to take reasonable management measures to realize moso bamboo stand sustainable management.