A one-hectare plot was set in a well-conserved forest of Erythrophleum fordii at Damingshan Nature Reserve, Guangxi Autonomous Region. The four aspects of population spatial pattern, age structure, static life table and survival curve were investigated to study the spatial distribution pattern, quantitative characteristics and dynamics of E. fordii populations. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern tended to be cluster on the whole, but changed from cluster at young and middle-aged stages to random at mature age stage. The population age structure shaped like pyramid, indicating that the population of E. fordii was increasing, and the population was stable even taking potential artificial disturbance into account. Seedlings and saplings were abundant in the population with high mortality, and the individual number decreased severely from age class three to Age Class four, and this period was thus considered as milestone in E. fordii population dynamics. Thereafter the mortality rate in higher age classes was obviously lower with low rate of individuals. Population survival analysis showed that mortality rate, mortality density and hazard rate declined as age classes increased. Competition at young stage was stronger than that at middle and mature stages, and the survival curve of this tree species fitted the Deevey Type Ⅲ.

Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in carbon sequestration. A survey was carried out along two transects of mangroves in Qinglangang, Hainan Island, where the most typical mangrove community in China is distributed. This study aimed at evaluating site effect on carbon sequestration and its relationship with pH. One of the transects was located in a site far away from the sea (more than 500 m), the other near the sea (less than 100 m). Along each transect, three soil columns (seaward, interior, landward) were withdrawn using a PVC pipe. Each soil column was separated into sections of 5 cm interval. Soil samples from each section were analyzed for carbon content and pH. The main results are as follows. The pH of mangrove soil far from sea ranged from 4.9 to 6.2, compared with a much higher pH of around 8.0 near sea. The SOC content in the soil far from sea ranged from (9.1±1.08) g·kg^-1 to (66.2 ±5.17) g·kg^-1, with an average soil depth of about 85 cm. The SOC content increased with soil depth until 60-70 cm, then the SOC decreased. Along each transect, the SOC content decreased with the distance away from sea. The SOC contents of seaward, interior, landward were (36.76±3.04) g·kg^-1, (35.12 ±3.78) g·kg^-1, (17.20±1.56) g·kg^-1, respectively. There was significant difference in SOC content between seaward site and landward site. The change patterns of the mangrove SOC far from sea in Qinglangang were consistent with that of Yap and Palau mangrove in Micronesia.The SOC content of transect near sea ranged from 8.35±0.94 g·kg^-1 to (38.3±2.53) g·kg^-1, with an average depth of about 60 cm. The SOC content generally decreased with depth but with a small peak at 40cm. Average SOC contents of seaward, interior, landward were (22.12±2.57) g·kg^-1, (14.83±1.01) g·kg^-1, (13.18±1.20) g·kg^-1, respectively.The SOC content was significantly different between seaward and landward sites. The SOC content of all samples had significant negative relationship with the soil pH.

In this study, net primary productiviby (NPP) data at various stand ages for eight major forest types in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in northeast China were estimated from stand yield tables with consideration of the total biomass increment and foliage and fine-root turnovers. Then, we estimated the spatial and temporal changes in NPP according to NPP-age relationships and InTEC model. The results indicated that the forest NPP increased quickly at young ages, reached the maximum value at middle age (10-40 years old), and then decreased to a relative stable level at old ages. NPP of planted stands in Xiaoxing'an Mountains was larger than the natural forest. Natural coniferous forest can accumulated more carbon than natural broad-leaved mixed forest and natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Forest NPP in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in 1901-2008 presented an increase trend, NPP in 2008 increased by 30 percent more than that in 1901. Forest NPP was higher in middle part and lower in northern and southern part because of the elevation effects on NPP.

The characteristics of stem sap flow and photosynthe sis parameters in leaves of four-year-old Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosus, which was grown in shell ridge island, were studied under different soil water regimes with a packaged stem sap flow gauge based on stem-heat balance method and a CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system. The objective was to investigate the change pattern of stem sap flow and photosynthesis of leaves of Z. jujuba leaves in response to soil water conditions. The results showed that soil moisture had threshold effect on the stem sap flow and photosynthetic parameters of Z. jujuba. The stem sap flow velocity, diurnal cumulative sap flow flux and sap flow density all increased at first and then decreased with decreasing soil water content. The maximum daily sap flow flux (95.91 g·d^-1) was observed at the relative soil water content (W_r) of 61.6%, and the daily stem sap flow flux decreased by 35.7% and 94.8% at a W_r of 90.1% and 16.5% respectively. The daily water consumption declined under high soil water content and drought stress conditions, while drought stress had a more significant effect on the decrease of stem sap flow velocity and daily water consumption than high soil water content. The diurnal changes of stem sap flow velocity showed a wide single-peaked curve under all soil water condition. There were significant differences in stem sap flow between day and night were observed, and the stem slap flow maintained high levels during 9:00—15:00 and stopped during 19:00—5:30. With aggravation the aggravating of drought stress, stem sap flow started and reached the daily peak value later, and stopped earlier; The daily active time shorter from 12.5 h to 8.0 h, implying a shorten daily transpiration period, leading to a decrease of daily transpiration water consumption, which indicated a water physiological adaptability of Z. jujuba to drought stress. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (Tr) in of Z. jujuba leaves increased first and then decreased with increasing W_r, while the water use efficiency (WUE) exhibited a trend opposite to that of P_n and Tr. Namely, under lower and higher water conditions, the photosynthetic production of leaves of Z. jujuba was low, but the water use efficiency was high. The maximum value of P_n (15.07 μmol·m^-2s^-1), Tr (8.56 mmol·m^-2s^-1), and WUE (4.40 μmol·mmol^-1) was observed at an W_r of 61.6%, 52.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The changes of stem sap flow and leaf photosynthetic parameters under variant soil water content indicated that Z. jujuba growing in shell sand habitat exhibited a certain tolerance to drought, but not to waterlogging.

In this study, 60 phenotypic characters of 200 accessions collected from the national jujube(Ziziphus jujuba) germplasm resources garden were analyzed by descriptive statistics, diversity test, correlation and principal component analyses. The results showed: 1) There were significant differences in qualitative characters, with Shannon-Wiener indexes between 0.33-1.96. The genetic traits with high diversity included fruit shape, tree shape, leaf base shape, color of fruit head, leaf tip shape, and fruit color; 2) The quantitative characters showed wide variations, with variable coefficients and Shannon-Wiener indexes of 2.39%-86.84% and 0.99-2.10, respectively; 3) There were 68 pairs of extremely significant correlations and 27 pairs of significant correlations among quantitative characters, showing the relationship closeness, which could be divided into 5 groups by R-type variable clustering; 4) The twelve quantitative characters, including extension shoot length, secondary shoot length, and fruit rate per fruiting shoot, had rich genetic information and should be preferentially considered as important characterization and evaluation items; 5) There were significant differences in 1-2 phenotypic quality traits between rare and common jujube germplasms, including pit existence, fruit shape, secondary shoot tortuosity, and they should be classified as formas.

A field investigation, and erperiments of pollen germination in vitro, paraffin sectioning and artificial pollination were conducted to study flowering dynamics, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, characteristics of wind pollination and pollen germination of Castanea henry. The results showed that the differentiation time of female flowers in C. henryi was about 40 days, and the differentiation time of a single flower was about 22 days. The stigma receptivity duration was 7 days. The male inflorescence bloomed from April to May, and spanned about 23 - 26 days. The life span of individual male inflorescence was approximately 10 - 12 days. Within 6 days after flowering, the inflorescence maintained the highest pollen viability. Anemophily was the main pollination process of C. henryi, and wind speed and direction were the main meteorological factors affecting the pollination. With emasculation bagging, and without artificial pollination, C. henryi had not fruit. This result indicated that C. henryi did not occur apomixis. The artificial pollination experiment showed that outcrossing could significantly increase the fruiting rate of C. henryi, thus the pollination tree should be configured in the field.

Tree grading is one of important foundation works in thinning of young- and middle-age stands, however tree grading techniques for scenic forests are not reported. In this study, 554 individual trees in 13 different stands of Pinus tabulaeformis scenic plantation in Xishan Forest Farm of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry were targeted to study 9 morphological indicators and 3 growth indicators, and the model between scenic beauty values and those morphological indicators and growth indicators was established for the tree grading. The integrate indicator method was applied to construct the tree height, DBH and crown growth potential. Results showed that the relationships between scenic beauty value and morphological, growth indicators were in multiple ways rather than only in linear way. Annual average increment of tree height, straightness of trunk, the ratio of DBH to tree height changed in quadratic curve way with change of SBE grades, and crown volume, annual average increment of DBH, annual average increment of crown width, crown length ratio, stretch degree of crown, growth potential changed in a positive linear trend with change of SBE grades, and the ratio of death crown length to total crown length changed in a negative linear trend with change of SBE grades. Thus the relationships between SBE value and morphological and growth indicators could be well described by non-linear model. Integrate indices which could describe tree crown morphology, harmony between trunk and crown, tree growth and trunk form were constructed according to factor analysis results. The sampled P. tabulaeformins trees were divided into 3 classes and 6 subclasses by means of systematical clustering using morphological and growth potential indicators. Class one (Ⅰ) is named as key trees of in-stand landscape and it could further be divided into quality upgrade trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅰ₁) and framework trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅰ₂). Class two (Ⅱ) is named as beneficial trees of in-stand landscape and it could further be divided into adjuvant trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅱ₁) and potential trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅱ₂). Class three (Ⅲ) is named as harmful trees of in-stand landscape and it could be divided into harmful trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅲ₁) and destructive trees of in-stand landscape (Ⅲ₂).

The diameter of fine roots plays an important role in root physiological and ecological functions of woody plants. Fine root diameter varies greatly within or among tree species, even at the same root branch level. However, the underlying mechanism for such variation remains unclear. Although fine root morphology and anatomy in woody plants have been extensively studied during past decades, it is poorly understood for the mechanism of diameter variation in absorptive roots. In this study, we sampled fine roots from Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix gmelinii plantations, and measured root morphological (diameter) and anatomical traits (cortical thickness and stele diameter), and used path analysis to examine the effects of anatomical traits on root diameter variation of the two species. There were substantial and similar seasonal variations in root diameter, cortical thickness and stele diameter in both species. Root diameter increased with increasing of cortical thickness and stele diameter. Correlation analysis indicated that 85% -95% of the variations of root diameter could be explained by the variation of cortex thickness, and 92% -97% by variation of stele diameter, suggesting that the anatomical traits were important for root diameter variation in the two species. Path analysis showed that root diameter variation in F. mandshurica was affected directly by cortical thickness, and indirectly by stele diameter, however in L. gmelinii, it was affected directly by stele diameter, and indirectly by cortical thickness. These results may help us understand the mechanism of diameter variation of absorptive roots in woody plants.

Crop trees were selected and released in a 14-year-old even-aged Pinus massoniana stand in Guangxi in October 2007, in which 20 plots for no cut as control and 20 plots for thinning were set up and all plots were remeasured in November 2011. Three-year increments of DBH, height, clear bole height, crown width and volume of crop trees were observed to demonstrate the growth effects of crop tree release treatment on crop trees. Results indicated that the growth of crop trees was significantly greater than non-crop trees. The 3-year DBH and volume increments of released crop trees were 80% and 55% higher than that of unreleased trees in control stand, respectively, while the height growth difference decreased and clear bole height increment significantly decreased. DBH and volume increments increased with an increase in the number of sides of the crown that was measured as free-to-grow(FTG). However, the increments of height and clear bole height had no obvious rules with the increase of FTG. FTG is the determinant reason that affects the crop trees growth instead of thinning intensity. It suggested thinning should not just focus on thinning intensity, but also pay attention to which tree (i.e. interference tree) should be cut in order to make crop tree growth faster and healthier.

Bamboo forests are multi-function resources, which frequently suffer from bamboo aphid infestation. This study aimed to estimate the potential of the aphid-specific pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus on bamboo aphid biocontrol. Tthe fungal infection features on Takecallis taiwanus were observed by scanning electronic microscopy. Conidia adherent to the aphid cuticle could germinate rapidly to invade into host body. 24 h after inoculation, first cadavers appeared. Cystidia penetrated the cuticle in 6 h after host death, and followed by conidiophores, which sporulate for renewing next infection cycle. The result of multi-concentration bioassay showed that C. obscurus had high infectivity to T. taiwanus. After inoculated at high conidial concentration of (192.6±20.3) conidia·mm^-2, 92.8% aphids died in 5 days. The bioassay data were well fitted to the time-concentration-mortality model, and the lowest value of the median lethal concentration was computed as 51.6 conidia·mm^-2 on day 5. Meanwhile, the median lethal time was computed as 2.3 days under the inoculation of 100 conidia·mm^-2. All the results presented the promising potential of C. obscurus on bamboo aphid pest control.

In this paper, a superior ectomycorrhizal fungus, Rhizopogon luteolus of Pinus tabulaeformis' was used as the research object. The fungus γ-actin gene(Rl-act) was isolated by using homology based method and RACE technique. The results showed that the full-length sequences of Rl-act cDNA 1 339 bp which was consisted of a 1 128 bp opening reading frame (ORF), encoding a protein of 375 amino acids, a 5'-UTR with 95 bp and a 3'-UTR with 116 bp. The online analysis of Port Param software displayed that the putative amino acids had an isoelectric point of 5.01, a molecular weight of 94.929 kD, and 3 highly conserved regions of γ-actin gene of fungi. Homology search indicated that the homogeneity was more than 97% between Rl-act cDNA and 12 basidiomycetes actin sequence. Phylogenetic tree indicated that it had closer relationship with Laccaria bicolor,an ectomycorrhizal fungus. In different culture conditions of carbon and phosphorus level, the quantity expression of Rl-act was almost same, which validated the reliability of Rl-act as reference gene in quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. The research provided an internal standard for studying other stress resistance genes' expression and regulation in symbiosis of R.luteolus and P.tabulaeformis, and gave a theoretical foundation for exploring the molecular mechanism in stress resistance.

Loranthus tanakae, one of the most common parasitic seed plants, mainly infests oak trees in the South Slope of Qinling Mountains. To explore the distribution pattern and damage status of L. tanakae, a comprehensive survey and typical sample investigation were conducted in Fengxian County. The results revealed that Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Maxim. ex Wenz. was the preferential host of L. tanakae. L. tanakae radially distributed from the center of the oak forest, mainly infested mature and over mature oak trees of 40- to 50-years-old and prefered the southern aspect of the canopy. The maximum diameter of a cluster of L. tanakae could reach 160 cm and the diameter had a linear positive correlation with the host ages. Parasitism rate in the plots was 29.03% of all kind of tree species and 36.90% of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata. Furthermore, parasitism rate on the primary branches of the all infected trees was 49.53%. With seriously affected by L. tanakae, growth and vigor of the infected hosts were clearly harmed, resulting in death of the distal branches. Populations of L. tanakae had been increased with its host density in virtue of the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Project. Although only parts of the hosts were threatened, potential ecological damage and large scale eruption of L. tanakae should not be overlooked.

Acousto-ultrasonic(AU)technology was used to evaluate bending properties of air-dried dimension lumber of Chinese larch(Larix gmelinii). Some AU parameters including wave velocity, peak voltage, time -centroid and frequency-centroid were measured. The air-dried density and bending properties of static modulus of elasticity(MOE)and modulus of rupture(MOR)were also measured. The relationships between AU parameters and density and MOE, MOR were analyzed and the prediction regression equations of bending properties based on AU parameters and air-dried density were built. The results showed that the relationships between all the AU parameters and air-dried density and MOE, as well as the relationships between peak voltage, frequency-centroid and air-dried density and MOR were significant at 0.01 level. Better regression results for MOE and MOR prediction can be achieved with air-dried density, peak voltage and wave velocity as independent variables with r²=0.83 and r²=0.66 respectively, compared with traditional ultrasonic technique with dynamic modulus of elasticity(DMOE)as independent variable with r²=0.80 and r²=0.34 respectively. The study indicated that acousto-ultrasonic technology can be used to predict the bending mechanical properties of larch dimension lumber better than ultrasonic wave technology especially modulus of rupture.

Analyzed with the overall structure and working principle of dehumidification drying equipment, in this study, a kind of intelligent control system was designed on the basis of fuzzy control. The control system could adjust the run-time proportion of dehumidifier dynamically according to the real-time changes of temperature and relative humidity in the drying kiln, then calculated turn-on time and stop time of dehumidifier in one control cycle T, so as to exactly control the drying process to meet the wood drying schedule. Production practice indicated that compared with instrument control, the control system designed in this study could shorten the drying time, from 30 days to 23 days; reduced the energy consumption and the energy-saving ratio is 17% on the premise of good drying quality. At the same time, the running time of dehumidifier decreased by 157 hours, so the device wear was reduced to extend the life of equipment. This study could provide a reference for the design and application of dehumidification drying equipment.

The technical efficiency of forestry production plays a crucial role in the forestry production development. This study was based on the bamboo production data in Longyou county, Zhejiang province, and analyzed the forestland fragmentation impact on the bamboo production technical efficiency with the stochastic frontier production function model of translog form. The results showed that the error of stochastic frontier production function was mainly caused by technical inefficiency. The output elasticity of labor, capital, and bamboo area were 0.204 75, 0.271 36, 0.119 37;Currently the farmers' bamboo production efficiency is low, only 37.04%, and therefore has large room to improve; Effects of the bamboo land fragmentation on the bamboo production technical efficiency was not very significant, but site quality of bamboo plots, and farmers attending in bamboo production training had a significant effect on bamboo production technical efficiency. Based on this study, suggestions, such as to strengthen the capital input and labor input, and continuously improve the bamboo forest site quality, strengthen technical training for farmers' bamboo production, are put forward.

This paper firstly measured and compared the international competitiveness of China's wood-based panel industry. Then the paper constructed the econometric model which determined international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry according to generalized double diamond model, and empirically analyzed the model by using the panel data of 34 countries for the period 2000—2011 and fixed effects model. The results suggested that: China's wood-based panel industry still had a relatively strong international competitive advantage despite of suffering the negative impact of the global financial crisis in 2008, domestic forest resources, import of wood raw material, the number of labor resource endowments, labor cost, technological innovation, scale and quality of domestic demand, international demand scale, transportation industry, wood-based panel machinery manufacturing and foreign investment restrictions were the determinants associated with the international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry in post-crisis era.

The pore structure in wood has significant influences on the modification and drying of wood. Hence, in the present work, there was an introduction to the macro-meso-micro pore distribution, pore size and pore shape in wood, effects of wood and treatments such as drying, pyrolysis etc. on the pore structure, the advantages and disadvantages of traditional characterization methods of pore structure, and fundamentals of DSC thermoporometry, NMR cryoporometry and hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe NMR to get a better understanding of wood pore structure. Furthermore, several suggestions such as to study the mesopores and micropores in cell wall, especially the relationship between pore shape and water status and migration, to avoid influences of internal and external factors on wood pore structures research, to explain wood physical properties on the basis of wood pore structures and to explore wood pore structures by multi-technology were formed to contribute to the further research on the wood pore structure and application in other research area.

As an important component and functional factor of the global eco-system, forest is of great ecological significance. By photosynthesis, forest absorbs and stores carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. A net reserve, the forest carbon sink, is formed after the deduction of the released amount of carbon dioxide by respiration. Under the circumstance of low carbon economy, this paper analyzed the carbon cycle effects of "no forest participation", "forest hedge" and "forest recycling" in the relations between forests and carbon cycle based on the mechanism of forest carbon cycle. Referring to the economic significance of forest, this paper stated a basic principle that the forest recycling increases land supply and improves carbon cycle. Upon this basis, it is concluded that forestry industry development, which uses forests as the basic materials, is a win-win choice for both economic growth and environmental improvement. The improvement suggestion is proposed about the policy of transforming farmland to forests.

In this study, over 100-year-old persimmons were used as the object of study. A wood analysis of stems was applied to estimate the biomass, and with the harvest records the relationships between different ages, D.B.H.(Diameter at Breast Height) factors and biomass, fruit production and economic coefficient (Ec) were investigated. Furthermore, the statistics software was applied to establish the regression models of persimmon biomass of individual tree, fruit production and Ec. The results were as follows: 1) with year as the unit, the relationship between EC₁ (the ratio of annual production of fruit and the cumulative biomass) and tree age and D.B.H. was all featured by hyperbola. 2) with a life cycle as the unit, EC₃ (the ratio of the cumulative amount of fruit production and cumulative biomass) tended to be stable, with the value of 0.846 and the standard deviation of 0.036. 3) thus, Ec plays the significant role in biomass estimation and study of economic forests and should give full attention.

The surface cover and soil hydrological characteristics of three alpine shrubs in eastern Qilian Mountains were studied in the report. The experimental alpine shrubs are Potentilla fruticosa shrub,Salix spp. shrub and Rhododendron spp. shrub. The result showed that the different shrub had significant effect on water holding capacity of surface cover and soil; The cumulation of litters was Salix spp. shrub> Potentilla fruticosa shrub > Rhododendron spp. shrub; The litter accumulation exhibited was Rhododendron spp. shrub > Salix spp. shrub > Potentilla fruticosa shrub; The water holding capacity of litters was Potentilla fruticosa shrub >Salix spp. shrub > Rhododendron spp.shrub; The water holding capacity of moss was Rhododendron spp. shrub> Salix spp. Shrub >Potentilla fruticosa shrub; The maximum and minimum water holding capacity、the capillary water holding capacity of soil in different shrub types were all Rhododendron spp. shrub > Salix spp. shrub > Potentilla fruticosa shrub;The soil infiltration rate of three alpine shrubs was basically identical, and the soil infiltration all gradually decreased with the infiltration time expand.

To study the variations of vessel anatomical characteristics in Quercus mongolica crown, vessel diameter, vessel density, vessel tissue proportion and vessel roundness of the different order branches were investigated in upper, middle and lower canopy of seven sample trees. Theoretical specific conductivity and vulnerability indices in different parts were calculated to estimate water transport efficiency and safety in the trees. The results showed that the ring age was correlated positively with vessel diameter, and was correlated negatively with vessel density and vessel roundness. With the increase of vessel diameter, the theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability indices increased from pith to bark. From lower canopy to upper canopy, the vessel diameter, theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability indices increased, the vessel density decreased, and the vessel pores were more round. With the increase of branch orders, the vessel diameter, theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability indices decreased, the vessel density increased.

In this study, we measured the photosynthetic rate, the contents of primary inorganic elements, and nitrate reductase activity and leaf N content of Torreya grandis seedlings subjected to different inorganic nitrogen treatments. The results showed that the nitrogen forms and the ratio had significant impact on the photosynthetic rate, N, P, K content, and the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of T.grandis seedlings. With the mixture of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N at the ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, the photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (Tr) were significant higher compared to plants fed with sole NH₄⁺-N or NO₃^--N. However, there were no different significances in intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) among the different inorganic nitrogen treatments. The sole NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fed plants had lower phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content than that treated with mixed nitrogen of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N. Plants supplied with both forms of N (NH₄⁺-N /NO₃^--N =25/75 and 50/50) had higher NO₃^- content and NR activity in comparison to the plants only fed with NO₃^--N. Compared to the plants fed with NH₄⁺-N or NO₃^--N alone, significant higher N content was observed in the plants fed with mixture of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N (NH₄⁺-N /NO₃^--N =50/50 and 25/75). It is concluded that Torreya grandis seedlings have no obvious preference to NH₄⁺-N or NO₃^--N. The mixture of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N at the ratio of 1:1 is able to boost the photosynthesis, nutrients absorption and nitrogen metabolism of T.grandis seedlings.

In this study, 51 accessions of mature persimmon fruits were used as materials to investigate the correlation between characteristics of tannin cells, and total phenolics and condensed tannins contents. The sizes and quantities of the tannin cells were observed with direct extrusion of soft persimmon fruits. A calculating method for determining the volume of tannin cells was explored in unit mass of mature fruits flesh. The total phenolics and condensed tannins contents were measured. The results showed that 1) The size and quantity of tannin cells in PCA (pollination constant astringent) cultivars were larger, while those of Chinese PCNA (pollination constant nonastringent) and Japanese PCNA cultivars except for ‘Suruga’ were smaller. Part of the PCA cultivars was similar to PVA (pollination variant astringent) and PVNA (pollination variant nonastringent) cultivars. 2) There was extreme significant (P<0.01) correlations between the volume of tannin cells and total phenolics content as well as condensed tannins contents of mature persimmon fruit, respectively. 3) Cluster results showed that the volume of tannin cells was able tobe used as an index for classification of different types of persimmon cultivars.

The spatial distribution patterns of Basilepta melanopus adults in Camellia oleifera (tea oil camellia) young forests of three different ages were studied using aggregation index examination and regression analysis. Correlation, multiple linear regression and path analyses were carried out on the relationships between eight environmental factors and the aggregation number of the leaf beetle on tea oil camellia. The eight environmental factors included slope (PD), slopes aspect (PX), slope position (PW), vegetation coverage (ZB), and host plant basal diameter (DJ), height (GD), crown width (GF), the distance from nearby old forests (YJ). Results indicated that the spatial distribution patterns of B. melanopus adults were aggregated in C. oleifera young forests of different ages, i.e., common negative binomial distribution in 1-year-old young forest and tended toward Neyman type A distribution in 3-year-old and 5-year-old young forests. In the young forests, the aggregation of the beetle was caused by environmental conditions. The results of multiple linear regression and path analyses showed that the number of environmental factors influencing distribution of the beetle populations tended to decrease with increasing age of young forest. The YJ and GF were the main environmental factors influencing the aggregation number of the beetle on tea oil camellia. With the increased age of young forest, influence and direct path coefficient of YJ gradually decreased, contrarily, GF become the leading factor in 5-year-old young forest. Migration and dispersal behaviors of B. melanopus adults in young forests were discussed, and the management approach of logging old forests may be necessary to prevent the beetle population from spreading throughout nearby young forest.

To explore counter-defense response mechanism of pine caterpillar (Dendrolinus punctatus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu) to the induced insect-resistance of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), the Chinese pine was fed by different amount pine caterpillars to obtain induced insect-resistance in Pingquan of Hebei Province, and main detoxifying enzymes, protective enzymes and digestive enzymes of pine caterpillars fed on the Chinese pine leaf were determined. The results showed that most of enzymes in the pine caterpillars changed obviously after feeding various induced resistant pine leaves. Carboxylesterase, glutathione-transferase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and protease activity of the lavae increased significantly with the increasing feeding stimulation. Acetylcholinesterase, lipase and amylase activity of the lavae had some change but no obviously linear variation, and acetylcholinesterase activity had no change. The results indicated that carboxyl esterase, glutathione-s-transferees, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and protease were important enzymes with that pine caterpillar responded to the pine defense. Within a certain range, the adaptive enzymes activity in the pine caterpillar increased as the increasing of the action strength and time of the pine induced defensive products to pine caterpillar.

Noni "Wanwei No. 1" of noni that was introduced from the Big Island of Hawaii, USA and has been selected through series of selective breeding measures including seedling propagation and regional screening to select for superior growth, excellent fruition, strong resistant to diseases and wind, and well-adapted to new climate conditions. It has such bears the desired features of early maturity, high fruit yield with large fruits and high quality, and resilience to harsh growth condition; thus it is especially suitable for growing in tropical region of south and west of Hainan island and Yongxing Island, along the shoreline and coastal saline areas both as windbreaks and orchard. The fruits can be processed as healthy supplement.

‘Suyadang’ is a new cultivar of crabapple (Malus ‘Adams’), and has been which is selected from the progeny of ‘Adams’. The cultivar has open tree crown. One year old branch is purple-brown, young leaves is purple-red and mature leaves is deeper green. Buds and petals are purple-red. The fruit is oblate and it has green background and red cover. The cultivar has high ornamental value. It is suitable to be popularized as a new cultivar of ornamental woody plants.