The carbon storage of artificial forest was studied by means of forest survey and remote sensing in Qianyanzhou Ecological Station,Jiangxi Province. Based on allometric models in addition to field survey,the biomass and carbon storage were calculated for both average ground area and the whole small watershed. IKONOS imagery was used for extracting specific forest areas. The biomass of individual trees for Pinus massoniana,Pinus elliottii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,all 19 years old,were 29.0,25.6 and 23.3 kg,respectively. The above-ground biomass of C. lanceolata forest,P. massoniana forest,P. elliottii forest,Schima superba forest and mixed forest was 14 088,8 768,7 542,13 215 and 8 359 g·m^-2 ,respectively. The average biomass and carbon storage of the artificial forest were 8 257 and 3 979 g·m^-2 ,respectively; The area of the small watershed was 207.96 hm², of which, 78.8% was forest and orange field; The total above-ground biomass and carbon storage of Qianyanzhou region were 13 291 t and 6 336 t, respectively; Plantation carbon storage accounted for the 79.24% of total carbon storage, which was the largest carbon pool; Aboveground vegetation biomass in this region was enhanced from 256 g·m^-2 to 6 391 g·m^-2 during the period 1983-2005, which increased 25 times. It is significant that artificial afforestation was an effective approach to the fixed carbon.

In a 42-year-old Pinus koraiensis plantation in Maoershan Forest Ecosystem Research Station,3 representative trees each of dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees were selected and sap flux density was measured using thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method from May 29 to October 30,2004. Meanwhile,the related environmental factors,including air temperature,air relative humidity,soil relative humidity,photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and global radiation were simultaneously measured with various sensors attached to Campbell Scientific dataloggers (CR23X). The sapwood thickness of another 40 trees selected based on diameter distribution in the stand was measured with tree coring method for developing the relationship between sapwood area and diameter at breast height (DBH) A=8.032DBH-46.95(R²=0.82,P<0.001). The result showed that the sapflow density in a sunny day exhibited a mono-peak diurnal pattern with its maximum occurring between 12:00 and 14:00,while that in cloudy and rainy days had no clear diurnal pattern with irregular peak values and even had night-time sapflow signals. In sunny days,the daily maximum sapflow density was in an order of dominant > intermediate > suppressed trees. However,the difference among the tree crown classes decreased in cloudy or rainy days. There was an obvious growing seasonal pattern in daily sapflow flux,in which the daily sapflow flux showed a magnitude order of dominant > intermediate > suppressed trees and declined with the growing season processing. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses indicated that the main environmental factors influencing sapflow density in the growing season were vapor pressure deficit and photosynthetic active radiation. Scaled up from sapflow measurements and sapwood area (89 436.94 cm²·hm^-2 in total) in the stand,the total transpiration from the Korean pine stand during the growing season was 678.95 t·hm^-2 ,of which the dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees accounted for 54.83%,35.68% and 9.48%,respectively. The mean daily transpiration of the dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees was 0.06～1.42 t,0.014～0.83 t and 0.017～0.25 t,respectively.

The biomass and distribution of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different stand densities and ages were studied by the methods of sampling permanent plot and allometric dimension analysis in sand land of North China. The biomass of plantation with densities of 1 000,500 and 250 tree5hm^-2 was measured by the model of W=aD^b. The biomass of 27 years old P.×xiaohei plantations was 85.23,102.60 and 86.74 t·hm^-2 ,respectively; While the biomass of 29 years old P.×xiaohei plantations was 88.64,104.90 and 90.94 t·hm^-2 ,respectively. Stand biomass had a close correlation with the stand density and the age. It first increased then reduced along with the increase of stand density, but increased along with the increase of stand age. Stand density had the important influence to the biomass distribution of the P.×xiaohei organs. The stand density different, the proportion of the organ biomass was different. The proportion of leaf and bark biomass increased along with the increase of stand density, but the proportion of stem, branch and root biomass did not display the obvious regularity along with the increase of stand density. In the three densities of plantations, the proportion of stem biomass was the most, the leaf the least. The biomass distribution of three densities of plantations assumed the normal probability distribution.In plantation with density of 1 000 tree·hm^-2, 72.37 per cent of biomass centralized on diameter classes from 18 to 22 cm. 90.02 per cent of biomass centralized on classes from 20 to 26 cm in plantations with density of 500 tree·hm^-2; In plantation with density of 250 tree·hm^-2, 68.27 per cent of biomass centralized on classes from 26 to 30 cm.

Effect of aluminum stress on longan (Dimocarpus longana) seedlings was studied. The results showed that aluminum stress induced the change of root exudation content of longan. The membrane permeability and leakage of longan root increased. Compared with control,the concentrations of K⁺,Ca²⁺ ,Mg²⁺ ,soluble sugar,reduced sugars,sucrose,citric acid,malic acid,and oxalic acid,and electricity conductance in the root exudation increased by 13.7%～94.9%,26.9%～ 2 088.5% ,89.5%～871.1%,25.9%～855.6%,27.8%～847.9%,29.2%～921.9%,21.4%～200.0%,14.3%～142.9%,4.9%～97.6%,14.6%～109.9%,respectively. The quantity and kind of amino acid increased at the low concentration of aluminum (≤0.185 mmol·L^-1 for the quantity,≤0.074 mmol·L^-1 for the kind). However,the quantity and kind of amino acid decreased when the concentration of aluminum increased further.

Fluorescent probe acetoxymethyl ester of Fluo-3 (Fluo-3/AM) was loaded into the cells of Liriodendron tulipifera × L. chinense anther under low temperature at 4 ℃ to observe the distribution of free Ca²⁺ during the pollen development using confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM). The dynamic distribution of free Ca²⁺ was measured with the relative changes of Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity. We found that the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of primary sporogenous tissue was lower than secondary sporogenous tissue. The fluorescence intensity became stronger gradually from the stage of sporogenous cell to microspore mother cell. In the earlier stage of microspore tetrad,Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of cytoplasm was stronger than the tetrad wall. Actually,there was no Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity in the callose wall of the tetrad. Later on,fluorescence intensity of cytoplasm in microspore tetrad was subdued,and callose wall of microspore tetrad was enhanced. Similarly,the Ca²⁺ distribution of microspore was not symmetrical. There was stronger Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity in the microspore wall,and weaker in the cytoplasm by contraries. At the same time,the regular changes were presented in anther wall tissue during the development of pollen. In the stage of sporogenous tissue,the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity was well-proportioned in different cell layer of anther wall. In succession,the middle layer of anther wall had the strongest Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity,and the tapetum took second place during the meiosis of microspore mother cell. Subsequently,the tapetum cell began to disorganize,and it kept the strongest Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity from microspore to pollen maturity until the tapetum was disappeared completely. The dynamic distribution of Ca²⁺ in anther wall shows the evidence that the Ca²⁺ flux flows from outer layers to inner layers. Moreover,the characteristic distribution of free Ca²⁺ is closely related to the important conversion taches in the development of pollen.

The chromosomal biological characteristics of 3 different clones were analysed with CMA and DAPI(fluorescent dye)during the meiosis of pollen mother cell in Cunninghamia lanceolata. Some fluorescent bands were detected in the chromosomes with CMA,but none with DAPI. In addition,some abnormal cytology behaviors,such as univalence,multivalence,chromosome bridges,lagging chromosomes,non-equivalent division,and micro-nucleus,etc. were also observed in the meiosis of pollen mother cell. At last,the relation between abnormal phenomena in meiosis of pollen mother cell and pollen sterility of C. lanceolata was discussed from cytogenetis levels.

Five natural populations of Batula platyphylla from northeast part of China were taken as the materials, of which ISSR and RAPD molecular markers were used to detect the genetic diversity, and then the correlation between the fiber properties and DNA markers among the populations was studied based on the fiber property measuration. The result indicated that there was no significant difference among five mature stands in fiber length of the wood, but significant differences in fiber width and the ratio of fiber length to width. The fiber properties of Maoershan population were the best and Wangqing population the worst. The similar trend existed in genetic diversity among five populations detected by both molecular markers, which displayed the highest value in polymorphic loci percentage for Xinbin population, the second for Maoershan and Wangqing populations, the lowest for Tahe and Jinshantun. By AMOVA analysis, 10.82% of total genetic variation existed among the populations in ISSR markers and 12.94% of that in RAPD marker. That meant the genetic variation of B. platyphylla mainly occurred within the populations. The cluster analysis result according to the genetic distance among five populations by both markers was similar to that according to the fiber properties. Also, some correlation was showed between genetic distance by marker detection and geographic distance among the populations.

The seasonal photosynthesis and dark respiration (R_d) in the upper, middle and lower portions of the canopy of Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla from 34-year-old larch-dominated plantation in northeastern of China were measured. We examined the gas exchange pattern of larch plantation in temporal and spatial variation in canopy-level during the growth season. The results indicated that the maximum net photosynthesis (P_nmax) among upper, middle and lower layers differed significantly for current-year branch needles of L. gmelinii in August and September,respectively, and had highest in August, ranged as 13.09,8.63,9.07 μmolCO₂·m^-2s^-1from upper layer to lower layer. There was no significant difference in P_nmax of previous-year branch-needles of larch among different months during the growth season. The mean of P_nmax was 8.22 μmolCO₂·m^-2s^-1. P_nmax of the birch leaves among the three canopy layers differed significantly throughout the growth season, ranged as 17.56, 13.01 and 9.58 μmolCO₂·m^-2s^-1from upper layer to lower layer. There were changes in R_d differences between the two species during the growth season, but no significant was found among the three layers of the canopy in the two species. During the whole growth season the R_d of birch, current-year and previous-year branch-needles of larch were 0.47～1.40, 0.83～1.46 and 0.68～1.63 μmolCO₂·m^-2s^-1, respectively. Our objective was to examine temporal and spatial variation in canopy-level gas exchange patterns during the growing season, notable positive correlation of R_d with temperature but no obvious correlation with illumination in the two species were found. P_nmax had no significant correlation with leave temperature during the growth season excepted the upper layer leave of larch. The gas exchange of the canopy of the larch and birch was variable depending on growth season with species-specific.

Currently, with the rapid development of rattan plantations, the management technique and economic benefit have been gaining more and more concerns from both the government and private sectors. This study aimed to determine the impact of harvesting regimes on economic benefit of rattan plantation, to evaluate the effect of interplanting of rattan on the growth and yield of upper tree, and to analyze the economic return of rattan interplanting to the mixed stand. Permanent plots for harvesting Daemonorops margaritae were established in the mixed stand and 5 different harvesting regimes were set, including first harvesting at 5,6,7,8,9 years and harvesting intervals of 8,7,6,5,4 years respectively. In addition, field investigation on the upper support tree, 19-year-old Pinus massoniana mixed with D.margaritae was made and 2 plots nearby were also established in pure stand to know the effect of rattan planting on the growth and yield of support trees. Harvesting regimes had eminent effect on economics of 13-year-old D.margaritae plantation. Under the regime of first harvesting at 9 years with 4 years' interval afterward, optimal economic benefit was gained in D.margaritae plantation, being 18 144 yuan·hm^-2, 13.45%, 1.32 in term of net present value (NPV), internal return rate (IRR) and the ratio of benefit to cost (B/C). The interplanting of D.margaritae had unfavorable effect on the mean diameter, tree height and tree number of Pinus massoniana stand. As a result, the net income and NPV from P. massoniana plantation interplanted with D.margaritae decreased by 7 500 yuan·hm^-2 and 3 000 yuan·hm^-2 respectively over those from pure stand. However, the economic loss in the upper stand could be compensated with the monetary gain from rattan plantation generating considerable economic benefit. The level of economic gain and the increment of NPV by interplanting D.margaritae with P. massoniana under various harvesting regimes were estimated to range from 3.07% to 12.74% and from 514 yuan·hm^-2 to 2 407 yuan·hm^-2 .

Using pot culture 1-year-old Rhus typhina seedlings as experiment materials and adopting the method of weighing the soil to control the water content,four different levels of water stresses were applied to examine the effect of water stress on the growth and eco-physiology of R.typhina seedlings. The water stresses were the control(CK)、mild water stress(T1)、moderate water stress(T2) and severe water stress(T3).The results showed that height, root collar diameter, biomass accumulation (expressed as total biomass and weight of needles, stem and shoots and roots), taproot length, number of first-order lateral roots of R.typhina seedlings in group of CK were obviously higher than those of group T2 and T3,In group T1 of R.typhina seedlings did not effect Stem weight and total biomass,but seriously decreased shoots and root weight;R.typhina seedlings under extremely low water supply exhibited notably reduced net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,which restricted their biomass accumulation and root growth of R.typhina seedlings,while R.typhina seedlings could acclimate to the water regimes by adjusting their water use efficiency. In the whole water treatment period,in group of T1、T2 and T3 had higher content of proline than that of group CK,which had a important function in infiltration modulation. Content of chlorophyll of R.typhina seedlings increased at the beginning of water treatment,it enhanced the compliant ability of water regimes. Because of R.typhina seedlings kept fighting a drought at the beginning of water treatment,after 30 days of water stress,in group of T1、T2 and T3 had lower content of MDA than that of group CK. At the later period of water stress,in group of T1、T2 and T3 of R.typhina seedlings, content of chlorophyll decreased,and content of MDA was a bit higher than that of group CK,which indicated that R.typhina seedlings had less damage.

Trissolcus halyomorphae is an important parasitoid of eggs of Halyomorpha halys. Male emergence is much earlier than female, and one host egg only comes out of a parasitoid. Adults mate and oviposit immediately after emergence. Single female can lay 40.6 eggs averagely. It prefers to oviposit eggs inside fresh host eggs. Developmental period and longevity of the wasp are closely related to temperature. The shortest developmental period occurred at 30 ℃, and the shortest longevity at higher temperature. The thermal threshold and effective accumulated temperature are 12.2 ℃ and 132.5 d·℃ respectively. Supplementary nutrition can remarkably prolong adult longevity. The mid and last ten days of June, the last ten days of July and the first ten days of August are the peak periods of wasp abundance.

To develop microbial control of Apriona germari, a destructive stem-boring pest, Beauveria bassiana were isolated from infected insects obtained in the field and by the bait method from soil samples in Hebei Province. The bait results showed that B. bassiana occurred more frequently in the natural and undestroyed soils.The virulence of all isolates was tested in bioassays by dipping larvae in 1×108 conidia·mL^-1 suspensions. Two isolates Bi05 and Bs04 with the shortest LT₅₀ value(4.53 d and 4.83 d) caused 96.47% and 92.93% mortality(due to B. bassiana)respectively 10 d post-inoculation while other isolates only caused mortalities from 28.59% to 82.12% with LT₅₀ value ranged from 5.84 d to 16.4 d. The virulence of Bi05 and Bs04 was further tested by exposing A. germari larvae to conidial serial concentrations of 1×10⁴～1×10⁸ conidia·mL^-1 .LC₅₀ value of Bi05 and Bs04 were 6.76×10⁵ and 1.39×10⁶ conidia·mL^-1, respectively. The present results suggest that the isolate Bi05 and Bs04 has excellent potential for biological control of A. germari.

A specific fragment of ca. 1.2 kb in length was amplified with PCR from spiraea plants showing typical phytoplasma symptom of yellowing, witches' broom and dieback. The fragment was sequenced and subjected to RFLP and phylogenetic analysis. RFLP analysis showed that the phytoplasma associated with spiraea witches' broom belonged to 16Sr I-B subgroup of aster yellows phytoplasma group. This phytoplasma shared the highest homology of 99.6% with severe aster yellows (SAY) in subgroup 16Sr I-B.

This paper reported the symptoms, pathogen and pathogenic mechanism of the leaf brown spot and its control methods and their effects for the improved varieties Kerman and Peters of Pistacia vera introduced in 1997—2006 in contrast with Xinjiang Pistacia vera. The result showed that during disease occurrence, macroscopic, brown, circular or irregular lesion on both surface of the leaf occurred, and in severe cases leaves became massive scorch and yellow. According to the isolates from infected leaves, its pathogen has been verified to be fungi of Alternaria sp. And Cerospora sp. Monthly average temperature above 30℃ and air relative humidity 64%～70% accelerated occurrence and development of this disease. Disease severity was relevant to tree vigor and growth conditions. The cultivars Kerman and Peters showed higher resistance. Usually, trees which grow stronger and in soils rich in P (1.750 3 g·kg^-1), and containing relatively high level of Cu and B didn't suffer from the disease. But planting in high-density with leaf area index (LAI) over 7, tree were prone to be infected. Based on studies on the disease, the authors summarize that control measures should be taken as major considerations for its effective; controlling irrigation strictly in accordance with soil natural water content(15%～20%) and air relative humidity (60%) at growth stages. Moreover, planting improved varieties with strong seedlings in reasonable density, and spraying once a week fungicides (0.2% carbendazim or 0.2% thiram in turn),and fertilizers(0.5%(NH₄)₂HPO₄ or 0.5% K₂HPO₄), with dosage of 0.5 kg·m^-2 can keep disease index below 6%.

On the basis of studying space-time pattern of forest fires, the carbon emission of main arbor species from forest fires from 1980 to 1999 was studied by using field research and experiment in Daxing'an Mountains in Heilongjiang Province. The result is as follows: 1)The burned area of Larix gmelinii forest, Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica forest, conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, Betula platyphylla forest, Quercus mongolica forest is respectively 437 947.34,20 938.70,142 526.95, 168 531.57 ,1 374.97 hm² during the past 20 years. 2)By carbon-nitrogen-analysis apparatus measuring, it is concluded that the mean aboveground carbon content rates of main arbor species in Daxing'an mountains were 42.34%, 41.20%, 42.01%, 39.21%, 39.79% respectively in L. gmelinii, P. sylvestris var.mongolica, B. platyphylla, Populus davidiana, Q. mongolica. The mean aboveground carbon content rate of two conifer-leaved species was 41.77%, and which of three broad-leaved species was 40.30%. The mean carbon content rates of main arbor species were less than 0.45.3)The burned biomass of arbor species in Daxing'an Mountains was 7.31×10⁶～11.57×10⁶ t for 20 years, which of L. gmelinii forest and B. platyphylla forest is respectively 61.80%～62.38% and 26.53%～26.81% of the whole burned biomass。The burned biomass of different arbor species is distinctly. 4)The research indicated that the carbon emission of arbor species in Daxing′an mountains was 3.04×10⁶～4.78×10⁶ t for 20 years, mean carbon emission in each year is 1.52×10⁶～2.39×10⁶ t,which is 7.51%～11.81% of total carbon emission in China. About 2/3 of the total carbon emission is from L. gmelinii;1/4 is from B. platyphlla;1/12 is from other tree species. The results will provide scientific foundation for researching on forest fire carbon balance and evaluation for influence of global ecological environment from forest fire.

Ni-Cu-P alloy was deposited on Fraxinus mandshurica veneer by using electroless plating. The effects of pH value and plating temperature on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were investigated. The structure and composition of each layer were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and energy dispersion spectrometer(EDS) respectively. And surface features of plated veneer were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results show that the structures of each layer obtained under pH value in the range from 8.5 to 9.5 are microcrystalline. However, the compositions of copper and phosphorus in the layers under different pH value are different. The compositions of copper and phosphorus are 9.73% and 1.70% respectively and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of plated veneer is up to 50 dB at frequencies from 9 kHz to 1.5 GHz when pH value of the plating solution is 9.25.The structures of layers obtained under invariable pH value and temperature from 60 ℃ to 72 ℃ are all microcrystalline. And the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of plated veneer is highest. It was found at 63 ℃ by SEM that the surface of wood is covered by uniform compact layer and has remarkable metallic luster.

The accurate measurement of log interior decays is the basis of reasonable bucking. With the non-destructive testing technology of stress wave, the interior decay of logs was measured for three kinds of conifer species such as Picea asperata, Abies fabric, Larix gmelinii and nine broadleaved trees, such as Betula platyphylla, Acer mono, Tilia tuan, Populus pseudosimonii, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Ulmus pumila, Ostrya japonica, Quercus mongolica in northeast forest regions. Then we made a comparative analysis between the actual value and the observed value of the interior decayed areas of the logs. The test result indicated that the two-dimensional images of the interior decay from logs could be got with the non-destructive test technology of stress wave, but the measuring accuracy is low. Thus we suggest that !multi-spots" survey method and improved Arbotom stress wave measuring instrument should be used in order to increase the measuring accuracy.

In this paper, 216 different groups of bamboo charcoal were collected from 18 factories in Zhejiang Province, and their respective water content, density, ash percent,volatility, the charcoal contained percent,the burning hot value, resistivity, conductance and pH value were measured according to the reference national standard. Applying probability density function, principal component analysis and analysis of variance to analyze relations among bamboo charcoal physic-chemical properties with the help of Matlab, the results shows that bamboo charcoal physic-chemical properties are significantly different among factories but not interior factory; that bamboo charcoal physic-chemical properties are mild significant. The factors loading matrix show that vaporized percent, ash percent and the burning hot value, pH value are opposite sign so they are negative but positive between the charcoal contained percent and the burning hot value, pH value. The factors loading matrix are positive between density, ash percent and resistivity of bamboo charcoal but negative between density, ash percent and resistivity.

“Ba Qi”, a kind of raw lacquer coming exclusively from the mountainous area of Enshi Prefecture, southwest of Hubei Province, has owned very good quality and fame for a long history. Under detailed and thorough investigation about its ethnobotany and resources in its producing area, we found its cradleland located in !Rentoushan" Mountain, where is in Lichuan County and adjacent to Xianfeng County. The lacquer trees in the cradleland owned abundant genetic biodiversity. In the mountainous area of Enshi, local people have created a series of methods, which had very high efficiency in managing and utilizing the lacquer trees. In southwest Hubei Province, local people utilizing and cultivating lacquer trees has been influenced by outside for a long history. In recent ten years, influenced by market economy, product of "Bai Qi" and resources of lacquer tree in Enshi has been in a depressed condition. The local government should play a certain role in developing the production of "Ba Qi", such as leading the local people to establish a concentrated and efficient productive mode, propagandize "Ba Qi", standardize the trade, expand its usage, and fully use the abundance of genetic biodiversity of lacquer trees in Enshi to produce new and good breeds etc. So the good quality and fame of "Ba Qi" will be brought into play well and will run a good role in the local economy in the southwest of Hubei Province.

Using first-hand data and data envelopment analysis method, this paper evaluates efficiency performance of forest product processing mills in Northeast-Inner Mongolia state-owned forest areas. Subsequently a multivariate linear regression model is employed to investigate the determinants of mills' efficiency. The results indicate that level of privatization, production scale, financing constraints, payment scheme, level of left-over profits, incentive system for mill managers and intensity of marketing all have significant impact on mills' efficiency.

Development of the 3-north shelterbelt forest system is the first large-scale programs of public interests are emerging during the implementation. Ther scale ecological forestry program in the history of forestry development in China. With continual socioeconomic changes in China, intrinsic problems of large-scale programs of public interests are emerging during the implementation. Therefore, all aspect assessment of actual impacts of the programs is a necessary precondition for improving decision-making. This study developed indicators for assessment of social impacts of the 3-north shelterbelt forests program based on the characteristics of the program, basic information was obtained through in-depth investigations. Taking Yuanzhou District and Chaoyang County as examples, an assessment was conducted on impacts produced by the 3-north program in terms of ecological, social and economic benefits using combined quantitative and qualitative method. Several strategies were proposed for sustainable development of the 3-north program based on analyses of social factors that affect effectiveness and sustainability of the program.

A new inequality probability sampling——adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) is presented,which includes the conception,characteristics,the two basic estimators of ACS and some reviews. The precision and efficiency between ACS and simple random sampling (SRS) are compared based on the case of trees of rare and clumped characteristics.

This paper reviewed main results and methodologies of relative researches, summarized the observed and future impacts of climate change on forest phenology, productivity, structure, composition, distribution and carbon storage. The vulnerability and adaptation options of forest ecosystem to climate change are also reviewed. The uncertainties and problems of present relative researches were overviewed and the advanced fields need to be developed were discussed.

The seabuckthorn carpenter moth(Holcocerus hippophaecolus) was a severe insect borer of seabuckthorn in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces in China in recent years, and the larvae mainly damage stem and root of seabuckthorn. The related studies were very few because the pest has never been outbroken with a large scale before 2000.So, the causes of the disaster, features of biology and ecology, sex attractant and its application technologies,the species and suppression effect of natural enemies had been studied systemically, and a great progress had been achieved.

Thirty-four characters of 11 species in Machilus in Zhejiang Province were studied by using numerical taxonomy. The clustering results suggested that all 11 species were clustered into 2 sections. The cluster one includes M. thunbergii, M. thunbergii var. linlongshanensis, M. phoenicis and M. litseifolia, and the cluster two includes M. pauhoi, M. leptophylla, M. chekiangensis, M. longipedunculata,M. oreophila, M. velutina and M. grijsii. There was the closest relationship between M. chekiangensis and M. longipedunculata, and M. thunbergii and M. thunbergii var. linlongshanensis illustrated the second closer relationship. In the principal components analysis, the cumulative contribution rate rose fast and that of the first five principal components came up to 83.73%. The hairs on organs were the first principal components. Based on the relationship of the characters, there was the biggest correlation among the hairs on organs of the genus Machilus.

The four-year-old Michelia chapensis, M. platypetala, M. foveolata, and M. maudiae leaves were selected as experimental materials, and their ethanol extracts (light yellow liquid) were obtained by method of organic solvent extraction. The antioxidant components of extracts were initially identified by physical and chemical detection and UV scan. Moreover, the activities of anti-overoxidation for four samples on soybean oil were determined, and PA(phytic acid)and PG(propyl gallate)were contrasted. Besides, the regression models of first-order kinetics for soybean oil samples containing additives were fitted. Results showed that the extraction rate of M. chapensis was the highest (13.24%).The anti-overoxidation components of four samples were flavonoids. According to results of Pf (Oxidation Protection Factor) and determining values of MDA, we found that the capacity of anti-overoxidation for the extract from M. platypetala was the strongest(Pf value 1.25, MDA 0.456). The regression relationships for equations of first-order kinetics were significant. They were suitable to fit exponential function curves. The experiment provides scientific basis for the research and exploration of four Michelia species.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of seed banks in six land use types of urban wetland in Hangzhou Xixi. The results show that the seed bank density of abandoned farmland and farmland are more than the others. The seed banks density of the uprightness in abandoned farmland, pond bank I, II and bamboo non-timber forest are downtrend, which is different from the pattern of low-high-low in farmland, and there is no difference among the density of three lays in man-made landscape area. There are 35 families and 102 species totally according to six different land use types of urban wetland in Hangzhou Xixi. A part of its seed bank types obtain the seeds of shrub, which the annual and perennial seeds use the interval of early spring to germinate as the same as farmland type. Farmland type also owns another small part of the seed banks which germinate in Autumn. The seed banks type of bamboo non-timber forest and pond bank are the herbage and shrub type germinating under the condition of drought and interference with the contribution of permanent seed banks.

The selectivity of Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus viennensis to Ginkgo biloba leaves was determined by means of method of petri dish, and elucidated the resistance of G.biloba against spider mites, and then the influence of volatiles from G.bioloba leaves on selection behavior of spider mites was explored.Volatiles from G.biloba leaves which were collected with solid phase micro extraction(SPME) and preliminarily identified by GC-MS are nonanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecan oic acid, bexadecanoic acid, 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-,benzophenone, butylated hydroxytoluene, phenol,4,6-di(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-methyl,2-buten-1-ol,3-methyl-,1,8-naphthyridin-2-amine,5,7-dimethyl-, 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol,1-methyl- and 4-hexen-2-yn-1-one,1-phenyl-5-(1-piperi) and so on. The bioassay on selectivity of two kinds of spider mites to G.biloba leaves and apple leaves or clear air was carried out with Y-tube olfactometer. Results showed that the antifeedant rates of two kinds of spider mites against G.biloba leaves are all 100%. The selection rate of T.urticae and T.viennensis to G.biloba leaves in odour source group, G.biloba leaves vs. apple leaves, is 22.2% and 23.5%, respectively. It is 21.3% and 24.8% in G. biloba leaves vs. clear air, respectively. There is highly significant difference between treatments and controls, apple leaves or air. Two kinds of spider mites antifeedant against G. biloba leaves and volatiles from G. biloba leaves are an important factor that affects the selection of spider mites to hosts.