Through canonical correlation analysis the relationships between soil nutrients, soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities were studied in vegetation restoration areas for soil degradation and erosion in the case of Nüerzhai watershed, northwest Hunan. The results showed that the key factors in soil nutrients, microorganisms and enzyme activities were N and P elements, bacterial number, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase, phosphataese and invertease respectively. The activities of urease and polyphenol oxidase were related to the transformation of N and P elements which had important impact on the cumulation of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase and phosphataese promoted microbial biomass carbon cumulation, however, invertease activities inhibited the cumulation of microbial biomass nitrogen. Urease activities were also beneficial to the N element content in soil and unfavorable for P element. There existed a negative relationship between the polyphenol oxidase activity and N element content. For every canonical variable group, the gathering tendencies of soil nutrients, microorganisms and enzyme activites in different soil layers in different vegetation restoration communities could offer some scientific basis for soil health diagnosis and site type dividision in the process of vegetation restoration.

The effects of gap size, gap age and canopy openness on Pinus yannanensis regenration were investigated with 65 gaps in virgin old\|growth P. yunnanensis forest in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province. The results showed that gap disturbance promoted P. yunnanensis regeneration. Regeneration densities of seedlings peaked in small gap, while saplings and mature trees peaked in large gaps. The gap age also played a role, that is, seedlings and saplings density peaked in young gaps, and mature trees peaked in mature gaps. Canopy openness had significant effects on P. yunnanensis regeneration. Seedling regeneration density decreased with an increase of canopy openness, while saplings and mature trees increased with canopy openness broadened. P. yunnanensis of natural regeneration was stronger in gaps with large canopy openness, whereas it was difficult for P. yunnanensis to regenerate in gaps with low canopy openness (<0.6). The P. yunnanensis were listed as the most importance value both in gaps and nongap, indicating P. yunnanensis will be the dominant species in this area in the future. 

The water dynamics in soil with different leaf area indexes and the soil water deficit value in the prerequisite to assure the plant survival were simulated and calculated using the dynamical soil water model based on the water balance theory, the characteristics of the environment and the physiological ecology of the plants in the Ulan Buh Desert, and the soil water carrying capacity of vegetation in the area was estimated. The results showed that the proportion of the soil evaporation was more than 60% of the precipitation in wandering and semifixed sands, while it was 44.8% in fixed sand. When the leaf area index was less than 1.7 m²·m－2, the soil water deficit remained in a lower level, while when the leaf area index continuously increased, the soil water deficit increased rapidly. It was concluded that the leaf area index of the soil water carrying capacity of vegetation was 1.7 m²·m－2in this area.

Forest include artificial commercial forests is able to provide great ecological benefits of forest carbon sequestration and others from its long time of growth before be logged. Based on this, it was pointed out in this paper that the most of current researches on footprint take fossil energy land supply as zero without consider the situation of forest in growing period can provide a great deal of environment benefits is not proper. It was calculated in this paper based on the data of China's sixth forest resource inventory and the energy consumption statistics data in 2003 in the way of treated standing forest as source of environment benefit supply in that China's forest was able to provide 0.166 3 ghm² per capita as fossil energy land supply to take 20% of total energy footprint and the potential which was 33% forestation on all forest lands. The energy footprint and fossil energy land supply data in provincial level was counted and shown that the gap between developed provinces with little forest resource to that of developing provinces with rich forest resources were great.

Exogenous GABA was applied on Caragana intermedia seedlings under NaCl stress. The results showed that the plants treated with 200 mmol·L^-1
significantly increase in ethylene production in 72 h, while exogenous GABA could further enhance the production of ethylene. At early stage treatments of 250 mmol·L^-1NaCl and exogenous GABA, NaCltreated tissues showed obvious increase in ethylene production, whereas exogenous GABA inhibited the production of ethylene in the NaCltreated tissues. With the extension of treated time, exogenous GABA did promote the production of ethylene. At the transcriptional level, exogenous GABA induced more expression of aminocyclopropane1carboxylie acid (ACC) oxydase genes, [STBX] CaACO1 and CaACO ₂ [STBZ] in C. intermedia that was under NaCl stress, compared with NaCl stress only. 

Germination rate of Hybrid Hazelnut, at-22 ℃ was determined as a judging indicator of cold hardiness with the method of artifical simulation of low temperature. Correlation analysis was used to select,
five indicators for cold resistance assessment of different Hybrid Hazelnut, and the indicatiors were further converted to integrated index by principle component analysis, with their weights determined for establishing the assessment system. Integrated index value of cold resistance of each variety was obtained based on the weight and its function value. The cold resistance order was 84-349＞81-23＞85-127＞B-3＞84-69＞84-545＞81-9＞83-33＞84-1＞84-72＞84-254＞84-48＞84-402＞84-237＞82-11＞84-226＞B-21＞84-572These varieties of Hybrid Hazelnut could be divided into 4 groups by cluster analysis. 84-349、81-23 and 85-127 had the strong cold resistance, B-3、84-69、84-545、81-9、83-33 and 84-1 had medium cold resistance, 84-72、84-254、84-48、84-402、84-237、82-11、84-226 and B-21 had poor cold resistance, 84-572 was the poorest.

The structure, distribution and the patterns of resin ducts in processes of its initiation and development were studied with the methods of thin section and ultrathin section. This paper emphasized the ultrastructual changes during canal development in Pinus massoniana. Our observations revealed that the resin ducts were relatively large intercellular spaces surrounded by a ring of the alive epithelial cells, and the epithelial cells were usually surrounded with one or two layered sheath cells, which were normal parenchyma cells in some primary resin ducts and became dead cells with thick walls in other primary and secondary resin ducts. The resin ducts were found to occur in almost all organs, except in cotyledon. The resin ducts were formed by Schizolysigeny according to characteristics of cell morphologic changes at the different stages of canal development and three developmental stages could be divided, namely initial stage, formative stage and mature stage, respectively. At the initial stage, the initials had dense cytoplasm and the abundant plastids in large size and elliptical shape, which contain one or two starch grains, without internal structure visible apart from a few short membranous profiles. A small number of osmiophilic droplets were present in the plastids. At the formative stage, the plastids, mitochondria and Golgi bodies in the cytoplasm increased in number. The plastids were commonly surrounded by an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sheath. The larger osmiophilic droplets in cytoplasm and the smaller osmiophilic droplets on the plastids envelope, mitochondrion envelope and in Golgi vesicles obviously increased in number while canal developing. At the mature stage, the cytoplasm of epithelial cells became thin with a small nucleus. The number of mitochondria and Golgi body decreased, but numerous plastids still existed. Osmiophilic droplets were abundant in epithelial cells as previous status. The structures of plastids in epithelial cells gradually became welldeveloped so that the synthesis of resin remarkably enhanced during resin ducts formation and plastids would be main site for resin synthesis.

The morphological responses and adaptation of oneyear old seedlings of Castanea henryi、Fagus Longiptiolata and Cycloblanopsis glauca to different light environments were studied in 100%, 56% and 32% of full sun light. The results showed that seedlings of C. henryi 、F. longiptiolataand C. glauca had different morphological responses to different light environments, and the change extent of growth indexes with light environment showed C. henryi＞ F. longiptiolata ＞ C. glauca. Seedling height, basal diameter and root length of the three tree species seedlings all had a decreasing trend with the decrement of light intensity. The leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and mean leaf area of C. henryi seedlings gradually increased with light intensity. The leaf number of F. longiptiolata and C. glauca seedlings had a decreasing trend while leaf length, leaf width and mean leaf area of F. longiptiolata and C. glauca seedlings all showed an obviously increasing trend with dimming light. Leaf area of C. henryi seedlings was the largest in full sunlight but that of F. longiptiolata and C. glauca seedlings were the smallest in 56% full sunlight intensity. Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of the three tree species seedlings all had an increasing trend with reducing light intensity. The increment was significant in both C. henryi and F. longiptiolata, however not in C. glauca. There were obvious differences in biomass accumulation among the three species seedlings to different light conditions. Biomass of C. henryiand F. longiptiolata declined markedly with decreasing light intensity, and the change range of C. henryi was obviously higher than that of F. longiptiolata,while C. glauca had no obvious difference in biomass. The biomass allocation pattern over the organs of the three species seedlings had no obvious change in different light condition. Quality index can reflect the coordination and balance of each part of tree species seedling, and it can provide scientific basis for judging regeneration seedling transplantation survival rate. Quality index of the three species seedlings in the full sunlight were all the highest. C. henryiand F. longiptiolata in full sunlight had significantly higher quality index than that in shading treatment, while there was no significant difference of quality index in C. glauca seedlings over the different light intensities.

MhGLR gene was identified from Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensisby RACE on the basis of apple expressed sequence tag (EST) database． MhGLR cDNA was 3 600 bp in length and encoded a protein molecule with 946 amino acids, whose molecular mass was estimated of 107.09 ku． Sequence alignment of MhGLR with other members of the GLR (glutamate receptor) family showed that MhGLR was closely related to clade Ⅲ Arabidopsis GLRs and was closest to AtGLR36. Therefore, we named it MhGLR(GenBank accession No.(EF432572)． Hydropathy analysis indicated that MhGLR36 contained six signature domains of animal ionotropic GluRs． Quantitative realtime PCR analysis demonstrated that MhGLR as expressed in roots，stems and leaves．The expression level in leaves was higher than that in roots and stems． Lglutamate and IBA treatments were ableto induce the expression of MhGLR36 in roots． To study the function of [MhGLR we introduced the antisense MhGLRunder the control of 35S promoter of Cauliflower mosaic virus into Malus domestica cv. Royal Gala plants．

The development of secondary vascular system in woody plants is a complex process including cambial cell differentiation, cell expansion,secondary wall formation and final programmed cell death (PCD). In order to validate the role of a Ca²⁺ dependent DNase, found in the differentiating xylem, in the PCDprocess, it is necessary to express its gene of PtCDD and purify the product in a large quantity in order to raise antibody for further immunolocalization analysis. In this study, the 5′ fragment of 637 bp was amplified by PCR from the Populus tomentosa cambium cDNA gene with primers designed according to the PtCDD gene sequence published in GenBank, and the fragment was ligated into the vector PET 30b(+) to construct the prokaryotic expression vector for PtCDD gene. The expressed PtCDD (HIS) 6 fusion protein was purified and the function was analyzed. The results showed that the PtCDD fragment could be successfully expressed in the Escherichia coli cells and the fusion protein exhibited the DNase activity. This achievement provided a solution to the problem that the entire protein could not be expressed in E. coli probably due to its strong digestion activity on DNAs, so that a convenient method of the antibody preparation became available to further investigate the role of PtCDD in PCD.

The genetic relationship of 27 sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) cultivars and 4 mamey sapoae (Pouteria sapota) cultivars were analyzed by using fluorescentlabeled AFLP markers. A total of 1 131 AFLP markers between 75 to 500 base pairs (bps) were generated with 9 primer combinations, of which 1 096 (96.9%) were polymorphic. Among 31 cultivars, 28 ones had unique bands ranging from 350 to 500 base pairs (bps）.The percentage of polymorphic bands was from 22.19% to 45.89% in cultivar level. The genetic similarity coefficients (Nei and Li's) ranged from 0.40 to 0.87 With UPGMA clustering method, 31 cultivars were separated into three clusters. The 4 mamey sapoae cultivars were grouped in MAM. In sapodilla cluster (SAP1 and SAP2), 11 American cultivars and 10 Chinese types showed close genetic relationship and were grouped in 0.66 similarity coefficients (C and D clusters). Most culturing cultivars were grouped in D2 cluster and had a farther genetic distance from Chinese types or wild species, which indicated that culturingcultivars had close relationship. There was no significant correlation between UPGMA dendrograms of morphological and AFLP markers using the Mantel test.

Based on the comprehensive and longterm survey of Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii，the paper described its natural distribution，habitat and regeneration condition，and other morphological and ecological characteristics. After a series of longer term experiments，a complete cultivation technique system was established，which concluded seeds collection，seeds treatment，seeds storage，sowing，cutting，container cultivation，transplanting，seedling management and afforestation techniques. The key cultivation techniques were seed stratification under wet sand and shading young seedlings with the shading net. For cutting propagation，the cutting was better cut from the main branches with heel，and should be treated with 100 mg·L^-1 ABT1 rooting powder，with intermittently spraying mist of water and shading from the sunshine. The big seedlings for gardens can be cultivated with several transplantations. A average height of six year old seedlings reached to 280 cm with the highest 350 cm，and the average diameter at breast height was 3.04 cm，with the most of 3.91 cm. The survival rate was able to reach 95% when the 3year old contained seedlings were planted. Therefore，the container cultivation technique became a new method for planting the species in poor areas on islands.

In this paper, a measurement approach for standing tree volume based on laser scanner is presented, which uses geometry analysis to process threedimensional point cloud data and makes a program with VC++and Matlab. As shown by the test, the standing tree volume can be worked out fast and exactly and the error of which is less than 3%. If more trees are scanned simultaneously, the forest inventory will be measured automatically and substantive manpower and material resources will be saved.

Pinus tabulaeformis is one of the most important forest species in the warm temperature humid and semi humid climatic region in China. The information of the soil quality properties are essential for sustainable management of
Pinus tabulaeformis plantations. In 2005, the change of soil quality with the forest age was investigated with a chronosequence method in the Pinus tabulaeformis stands of 21, 29 and 36 year old in middle hilly area of Yingpan, Yanqing Country of Bejing. The results showed that the integrated fertility index (IFI) of the soil was respectively 0.579, -0.456 and-0.123 in the 21, 29and 36year old plantations. The soil physical properties were deteriorated in the 29year old stands, while the content of soil nutrient such as organic matter, total N and available P was degraded in the 36yearold stands. Also, the soil quality was mainly determined by forest age, and also influenced by forest density. The value of the coefficient of variance in the 21, 29and 36yearold stands was respectively 0192,-1361 and-2407, which suggested that the relative older stands were more sensitive to the forest density and its thinning intensity should be accordingly minor. Additionally, it was found that soil alkaline phosphatase, invertase, organic C, available K could be regarded as indicators to assess the change of soil quality related to forest secondary succession.

AFLP fingerprinting analysis of Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O'Donnell and relative species was carried out. Ten primer paris that could generated abundant polymorphism fragments were screened out. Total 298 nucleotide acid fragments were amplified with the primers from the template of the seventeen strains of Fusarium spp., DNA and among\|them 283 fragments among were polymorphic. Percentage of polymorphism fragments produced by each pair of AFLP primer pair was 94.97% in average, and varied from 89.29%～100%. All these data indicated that considerable genetic variation existed among F. circinatum and relative species at DNA level. Molecular genetic distances among Fusariumspp. were calculated, and the relationship among them was described quantitatively. Compared with biological species. The result of cluster analysis were basically similar to the phenotypic classification of species. Analysis of genetic diversity of E\|AT/M\|CAA AFLP fingerprinting of Fusarium spp. detormined, unique and different bands for each species and all Fusariumsection Liseolatested were identified based on the E AT/ M CAA AFLP fingerprinting.

Ericerus pela is an important resource insect with great economic value. The white wax excreted by this insect is an important chemical raw materials which is widely applied in some of chemical industries. The 6 generation agespecific life table showed that the fecundity of Ericerus pela was very high, with 8 000～12 000 egg·♀ -1. However, its death rate was high, female mortality was about 99% and male mortality was more than 96%. The high fecundity and the high death were unique characters of E. pela natural population. The mortality at egg average was 9.58%, and the mortality of the 1st instar nymph was 85.25%，about 70% of total mortality in a generation. About 80% of new hatched larvae died during the period when these nymph crawl and seek suitable leaf of host tree to live on. The mortality of the 2nd instar nymph was 45.50%, 10%～15% of a generation mortality, and death peak occured in the period when they moved from leave to branch to live on. The mortality at adult stage was average 94.64%, which was 2%～5% of total mortality. In one generation, average index of population increase trend were 32Weather and natural enemy are were major death factors which affected natural population size. Before E. pela live on branch, weather was the key factor of nymph death. Most of nymph were blew away by wind or washed out by rain, because the nymph had poor defense capability. After the insect lived on branch, wax excreted by 2ndinstar male larvae covered on themselves body, female body gradually became big and keratinized, so that their protective capability became stronger. After then natural enemy, such as parasite wasps and preyed beetles, became the main death factors.

The diversity of ground beetles were investigated in the plantations (5, 25 and 40 years old) and natural forests (5～8, 20～30, 35～45 and 60～80 years old) of Larix principis rupprechtii in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve（111°22′—111°33′E，37°45′—37°55′N）, Shanxi, China from May to September in 2006 and 2007 A total of 3 104 beetles were collected from the field with pitfall traps. These beetles were identified as belonging to 19 families, among which Carabidae accounted for 30.48%, Staphylinidae 26.97%, Nitidulidae 19.23% of the total, respectively. These three families were dominant groups in the study area because of each more than 10% of the total, respectively. Curculionidae accounted for 9.73%, Elateridae 5.9%, Chrysomelidae 2.41% and Scarabaeidae 1.03% of the total. These four families were common groups in the study area because of each accounted for 1%～10% of the total. Family richness and diversity were higher in natural forest of 5～8 years old and the plantation of 5 years old, while family richness and diversity were lower in natural forest of 20～30 years old, 35～45 years old and the plantation of 25 years old. Family evenness was similar in all seven plots. The numbers of individuals(N) was the highest the plantation of 5 years old and was the lowest in the natural forest of 5～8 years old. The habitat of L. principisrupprechtii natural forest was similar to the same age plantation except younger ones, of which the plantation of 5 years old and the natural forest of 5～8 years old had significantlly difference from ones in other habitat. Family richness, diversity and individuals were higher in July than other months and evenness were not significantly different in season changes.

Proteins extraction from the larva of Dendrolimus punctatus with a buffer solution method was studied. The results revealed that granularity of materials, extraction temperature, extraction time and precipitation pH showed significant effects on the extraction rate of the proteins(P<0.05), while relative amount of materials and extraction solvent, precipitation temperature, and precipitation time had no significant effects. The optimal conditions were as follows. The buffer solution was Na₂HPO₄ NaOH（pH　9.5）, materials need to be fine powder (40 mesh), the ratio of materials to extraction solvent was 1∶15 (m/v), extraction time was 5 h, extraction temperature was 40 ℃, precipitation pH was 5.0, precipitation temperature was 5 ℃, precipitation time was 1 h. The protein content of the product obtained at the optimal condition was (7112±0.16)%, and the extraction rate was (60.36±1.25)% total mitrogen. The total amino acids content was 69.58% in the extract, of which the essential amino acids content was 45.16%. LD 50 of the protein product is was more than 12 050 mg·kg^-1, suggesting the product was actually no poisonous.

The effect of high voltage pulse current on the vitality and reproduction of pine wood nematode was investigated. The results showed that highvoltage pulse current could kill pine wood nematode and inhibit the migration and diffusion capacity of pine wood nematode，the wider the pulse width and the more number pulse and the shorter electric treatment interval，the better the effect of high voltage pulse current on the vitality of pine wood nematode，the main impact factors were pulse width and electric treatment interval; high voltage pulse current could inhibit the reproduction capacity of pine wood nematode，the wider the pulse width and the longer treatment time，the better the effect of high voltage pulse current on the reproduction of pine wood nematode. The reaction of different instars of pine wood nematode to high voltage pulse current were different，the adult was more resistant to high voltage pulse current than the larvae，especially the female.

A decay hazard map for exterior aboveground wood structures is presented based on Scheffer's climate index, with the major purpose of promoting awareness for proper protection of wood structures in different locations in China. A very large area in the South, including southern Yunnan, most of Sichuan Province and Chongqing, and part of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, as well as all the more southern areas, has decay hazard ratings above 70, considered a severe decay hazard zone according to the accepted classifications. The moderate decay hazard zone, Index values between 35 and 70, consists mainly of the central areas of China, from the west to the east, including parts of Xizang, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu, as well as Shanghai. It also includes most areas in northeast China, together with a small pocket around Beijing. By comparison, large areas in the north, from the west to the east, including most areas in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, part of Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Hebei, and a small part of Henan, are in a low hazard zone with index ratings below 35 The research is important to proper protection of aboveground wood across China according to decay hazard zones.