Spatial pattern of 12 tree species in a secondary forest was investigated， and the relationship between spatial distribution of trees and environment factors was analyzed. The results indicated: 1) Most of environment factors and tree species showed significant spatial autocorrelation， that is, there was a spatially clumped structure；2) Variation partition analysis of the space indicated that environment factors regulated mainly the spatial pattern of saplings and young trees， however there was little effect of the environment factors on the distribution of big trees；3) Soil moisture and soil pH value significantly influence on the distribution pattern of most tree species，and soil nutrition (including total N，total P，total K) showed slight effect on the distribution pattern; however, soil organic matter，leaf area index and PPFD had no significant effect on spatial variation of 12 tree species；4) Environment factors hardly interpreted spatial variation of tree species (including variation interpreted by environment alone and variation interpreted by environment and space in common). In contrast, pure spatial variables exhibited stronger interpretation power，which suggested that some unknown spatial process or processes independent of environment factors might play an important role in the formation of spatial structure of tree species.

Topsoil (0～15 cm) properties of seven typical land use types (secondary forest lands, economic forestlands, Chinese Fir plantations lands, nursery gardenlands, slope farm lands, deforestedlands and abandoned lands) were studied in the hilly area of central Hunan Province. Soil density, pH, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, total potassium content, hydrolyzed nitrogen content, available phosphorus content and available potassium content were selected as soil quality indicators. The soil quality levels and the degradation extent were evaluated by the integrated soil quality index and soil degradation index. The results showed that different land use types displayed significant difference in the soil density and chemical properties in the top soil. The soil quality integrated indexes were ranked as follows: secondary forest lands (95.35%)＞economic forestlands (73.83%)＞deforestedlands (64.41%)＞Chinese Fir plantation lands (62.61%)＞abandoned lands (56.30%)＞slope farm lands (27.35%)＞nursery (4.84%), and the indices of soil degradation were ranked as follows: the secondary forest lands (0)＞the economic forestlands (-9.90%)＞the deforestedlands(-14.35%)＞the Chinese Fir plantation lands(-14.96%)＞the abandoned lands(-22.22%)＞the slope farm lands(-32.16%)＞nursery (-40.44%). The consistency of evaluation results of the integrated soil quality index and soil degradation index showed that both methods were efficient in evaluating the soil quality levels under different land use types.

Based on a survey of 104 sample plots, totally 94 sample trees were harvested and measured. Regression models between tree biomass with DHB and height of 7 main species were established to estimate the allocation of biomass and net primary productivity of the main vegetations in Three Gorges Reservoir Region. The results showed that: 1) Allocation of biomass to trunks was the greatest in all measured species, and it made up 44.46%～63.07%，however allocation of biomass to barks，branches，leaves and roots were varied with different species; 2) There was a significant linear negative correlation between the percent allocation of biomass to trunks and branches，and between trunks or leaves，while a positive correlation was found branches and leaves. The percent allocation of biomass to trunks and barks of conifers increased with the total tree biomass increasing，whereas the percent allocation of biomass to branches，leaves and roots declined; 3) The biomass of different stands were estimated to be between 75.38～191.82 t·hm^-2 with tree layer(67.57～179.0 0 t·hm^-2)>litter layer(2.40～8.35 t·hm^-2)>shrub layer(3.95～11.61 t·hm^-2). Relative lower biomass of tree layer and litter layer benefited the growth of shrub layer; 4) NPP of different stands were 4.78～11.07 t·hm^-2a^－1. Evergreen broadleaved forests were the highest of NPP ，while Cupressus funebris forests were the lowest. Mix forests were higher than pure forests，and coniferousdeciduous mixed forests were higher than coniferous mixed forests.

With a LI-8100 system for monitoring soil canbondioxide flux and sensors for measuring soil temperature and moisture the soil partitioning respiration rate during growth seasons and the soil temperature and moisture at 10 cm depth were investigated after selective cutting in various cutting intensity sites at Dongfanghong Forest Farm of Dailing Forest Bureau. The respiration yearly changes of every plot were analyzed based on the investigation data. Because of influencing from the selective cutting，the results showed: 1) The annual respiration rate of litter layer soil during growth seasons was increased yearly and the mean of respiration rate of litter layer soil was correlated with the cutting intensity in quadratic pattern (R²=0.806); 2) The annual respiration rate of roots during growth seasons fluctuated during the four\|year investigation period，and the mean of respiration rate of roots was also correlated with the cutting intensity in quadratic pattern (R²=0.415); 3) the annual respiration rate of mineral soil during growth seasons was increased，but it was not correlated with the cutting density. The temperature and the moisture of soil were the two main factors to impact soil partitioning respiration. The litter layer soil and the mineral soil were two key compoments to reflect the soil respiration change after cutting. It is suggested that the selective cutting with moderate density (less than 52%) is the best option in order to reduce the CO₂ flux after harvest.

This paper studied the components of inorganic P(P-o) and organic P in yellow soil，red soil，purple soil and lateritic red earth in Fujian mountainous region. The results showed that O-P was the primary form of the inorganic phosphorus in the soils, followed by Fe-P and Al-P. The proportion of O-P to total P(TP) was in order lateritic red earth＞red soil ＞purple soil＞yellow soil. There were negative correlations between the O-P content and organic matter，pH，CEC. The P-o content and the ratio of P-o/TP were in order yellow soil＞purple soil＞red soil＞lateritic red earth. From south to north of the region，the proportions of Po/TP and the P-o contents decreased gradually. Along the latitude, from high to low, LP-o/P-o reduced，and the MLP-o and HLP-o rose gradually. The degree of correlations between fractions of P-o and various available P was in order LP-o＞MLP-o＞MSP-o＞HSP-o, while the degree of correlations between fractions of organic P and various available P was O-P＞Al-P＞Fe-P in the soils.

Jatropha curcas，with high oil content seeds，is a promising oil crop for making biodiesel. Oil body is an important constituent of the seeds. In this report，oil body was isolated from the seeds and used to extract proteins. After SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis，eight bands were detected，and two of which (20 ku and 24 ku) likely were isoforms of oleosin. Abundance of the 24 ku was two fold as that of the 20 ku. Two dimensional electrophoresis of the oil body protein extract detected 141 protein spots including 74 acidic proteins and 67 basic proteins. Most of the proteins distributed in the range of pI 5～10 and molecular mass 12～66 ku. Furthermore，the abundant proteins were mainly low molecular mass basic proteins. This was the first report on efficiently isolating oil body and analyzing oil body proteins in the seeds of J. curcas，which laid a foundation for further understanding the function of its oil body.

In order to determine contents of sucrose and starch and related metabolic enzyme activities, the leaves, stolons, new corms and cormels in ‘Rose Supreme' were studied. The results indicated that the sequence of sucrose content is leaves>new corms and cormels>stolons. The starch contents of leaves and stolons were lower than new corms and cormels. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity was higher in the leaves than stolons, except in new corms and cormels. At the early development stage of Gladiolus hybridus, the activity of sucrose synthase (SS) was lower in all parts, but ascended quickly in the new corms comparated descended in the leaves at the late stage. The sequence of acid invertase (AI) activity is leaves>stolons>cormels>new corms. The activity of neutral invertase (NI) in leaves was higher than other parts, and stolon was ascended, whereas new corm was ascended firstly then descended. The activities of Qenzyme increased except leaves. The activities of amylase ascended first then descended. The activities of Q enzyme and amylase in the new corms and cormels were higher than in the leaves and stolons. From the development process of \%G. hybridus, sucrosemetablizing are integrately controlled by AI, NI, SPS and SS. Qenzyme and amylase play important roles in metabolizing of starch.

This study was targeted to investigate，by means of ultracytochemical localization，the distribution of Ca 2+ during different developmental stages of seed embryoinduced somatic embryogenesis of Xanthocera sorbifolia，i.e.，of nonembryogenic calli (NEC)，embryogenic calli，globular and torpedo embryoids. The results showed that the NEC had the lowest deposit of Ca 2+，which was largely distributed in cell walls and intercellular spaces. A marked increase in the level of Ca 2+ was observed in embryogenic cells，which were mainly localized in plasma membranes，vacuole membranes and cytoplasm. The Ca 2+ grains，deposited in plasma membranes during the globular embryoid stage，were large but with little substance. During the torpedo embryoid period，deposits of Ca 2+ increased significantly and were concentrated largely in the radicle and embryo tips. A clear thickening of the outside cell walls，where more Ca 2+ was deposited，could be found in the outermost layer of radicle cells. We speculate that Ca 2+ might be closely related to different developmental stages of cells in the somatic embryogenesis of X. sorbifolia.

The physiological responses and their correlations of Populus hopeiensis leaves during PEG osmotic stress were investigated in this paper. The results showed that under the osmotic stress of PEG solution，the relative water content decreased，the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and cell membrane selective permeability was deteriorated during the process of stress. After 24 h of stress，the O₂ production rate increased while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) decreased. However，the activities of SOD and POD，the content of proline and soluble sugar increased at 18 h of treatment with the PEG solution，which might alleviate the damage of the stress. Correlation analyses showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the relative water content and MDA content or O₂ production rate respectively，whereas there was no significant correlation between the relative water content and the activities of SOD and POD. SOD activities were significantly and negatively correlated with O₂ production rate while no significant correlation was found between the relative water content and POD activities. The relationship between the above physiological indexes indicated that the responses of Populus hopeiensis leaves during PEG osmotic stress were the results of various physiological processes，and there existed some close correlations among the indexes in some way.

The symptom of Tetranychus viennensis treated with KFCE2 was investigated in this experiment. Several important enzyme systems, protein content, protease, glutathione-S-transferase(GSTs), acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and mnoamine oxidase, in T. viennensis treated with chloroform extract of Kochia scoparia were measured. The results that the protein content and the activity of protease in T. viennensis treated with the extracts of K. scoparia were hoisted and the activity of GSTs was induced indicated that some poisonous components in K. scoparia had aroused the detoxification of T. viennensis. But the activities of AchE and monoamine oxidase in T. viennensiswere inhibited. The inhibiting effects of AchE and monoamine oxidase meant the transfer of nerve impulse was interdicted and then caused the death of T. viennensis.

We studied the insectresistance selectivity of transgenic hybrid poplar 741 that carried the different Bt genes to different type pest by the molecule detection, insectresistant test and insectical protein expression. The seven transgenic subclones of transgenic hybrid poplar 741 carrying the BtCry3A gene and two transgenic subclones of transgenic hybrid poplar 741 carrying two insectresistant genes (BtCrylAc+API) were used. Result showed that two BT genes respectively and steadily existed in different transgenic hybrid poplar 741 The contents of toxic protein in two individual plants carrying insectresistant genes (BtCrylAc) were respectively 0.012 7% and 0.009 9%. The content of toxic protein in plant pb29 was higher than in plant pb17 and the former was also more resistant to the pests than the latter. The content of toxic protein in five individual plants carrying insectresistant genes (BtCry3A) was between 0.067 8% and 0.152 1%, and there was variation in the protein content among the individual plants. The insectical protein expression content of BtCry3 was very high and was 10 times higher than that of BtCry1 The laminae of transgenic hybrid poplar 741 carrying two insectresistant genes (BtCrylAc+API) were used to feed Lepidoptera pests of Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting), the larval mortality was up to between 28.4% and 42.8%, and it has not obviously differentia between transgenic subclones and in contrast. The laminaes of different transgenic subclones carrying the BtCry3A gene were feed to the larva of Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting), it put up a high insectresistantce, the larval mortality was up to 100% promptly within 1-2 days; The larval mortality was between 0 and 42.86% when the larva of Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius) were feed. It has not obvious insectresistantce and it has little differentia than in contrast.

Two poplar species with different resistance (Populus tomentosa, a resistant one; P. beijingensis, a susceptible one) to a canker disease were used to study the dynamic changes of cell membrane permeability, soluble sugar and MDA content in the callus inoculated with the pathogen of Botryosphaeria dothidea. After inoculation, cell membrane permeability of two species increased with a significant raise of relative electrical conductivity, and the increment in the susceptible species was higher than that in the resistant one. The pattern of changes in soluble sugar with time varied in the two species. Soluble sugar content in susceptible species occurred two peaks, respectively at 24 h and 120 h. The resistant species had higher soluble sugar content than that of the uninfected control at 48 h, however its increment was smaller than the latter. There was no significant difference in the soluble sugar content between the inoculated and its control of the resistant species. MDA content increased in the susceptible species, while no significant change was observed in the resistant one. The result showed that serious lipid peroxidation occurred in the susceptible species.

The stumps of the dead wood caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) were one of the most important infection source of pine wilt disease. Effective measure taken to treat stumps would be helpful to improve efficiency to control the disease. In this study, Laetiporus sulphureus strain 6600, Coriolus versicolor strain 6923, Fomitopsis pinicola strain W11, Poria cocos strain 6284 and Pleurotus ostreatus strain 6221 were chosen to treat stumps of the dead wood caused by PWN, the ability of decomposing stumps and the effects of PWN were studied in this paper. The results showed that the strain of 6600 had the highest ability to decompose stumps and certain nematicidal effects on PWN. The correlation analysis indicated that the number of PWN had significant and positive relation with the weight of stumps. The study sets important basis of using woodrotting fungi for treating stumps of the dead wood in the future.

Statistically distinct differences in 10 year old tree growth increments, percent of late wood, tracheid morphological features (tracheid length, tracheid width, tracheid diameter, tracheid double wall thickness, tracheid length width ratio, tracheid double wall thicknessdiameter ratio and tracheid diameter width ratio), microfibril angle(MFA) in secondary layers of tracheid walls and basic density were found among 31 provenances for exotic Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) grown in Forest Farm of Fuyang County in Zhejiang Province of China. There were no significant differences in cellulose and lignin contents among 10 provenances except pentosan and benzene alcohol extractives. The wood properties above except chemical composition were genetically controlled in medium or higher level and their broad sense heritability (h 2 f) were greater than 0.50 The h 2 f of wood chemical contents were 0.088 in cellulose, 0.003 in lignin, 0.340 in pentosan and 0.307 in extractives. The planting environment had also large significant effects on these wood properties above. The latitude of provenances in indigenous regions was negatively correlated with the trees growth increments, tracheid width, tracheid diameter and MFA, and positively with latewood percentage, basic density. The diameters at the breast height of the trees were notable negatively related to basic density, tracheid lengthwidth ratio, tracheid double wall thicknessdiameter ratio and positively to tracheid width, tracheid diameter and tracheid diameterwidth ratio.

Ricehullpolyethylene composite samples were natural weathered for one year and same material was accelerated weathered by ultra violet（UV） radiation in laboratory. The authors researched property change and analyzed weathering mechanism by FTIR. The result will help properly evaluate the properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and improve formula. In the first 5 months, there was almost no color change for natural weathering samples because of low temperature and short sun shining time. Experiencing hot summer, color changed significantly and the result was similar to that of 1 500 h accelerated UV weathering. In accelerated weathering, the first 500 h was enough to present chemical property change on weathered surface, however, in later 1 500 h changed a little. In natural weathering, 12 months presented obviously surface chemical change. Experiencing weathering, ricehullpolyethylene composite changed color and surface chemical property earlier. However, both accelerated weathering and natural weathering did not decrease mechanical properties significantly in the short test duration.

In this paper, bending and compression ingrade tests were conducted on 45 mm×90 mm×2 600 mm dimension lumber made of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation according to GB/T 50329，ASTM D4761 respectively. The results showed that average bending modulus of elasticity（MOE）,average bending modulus of rupture（MOR）,average compression strength parallel to the grain（UCS） of dimension lumber presented such similar trend as SS grade the highest, then No.2, No.1 the least. As far as SS,No.1,No.2 grade was concerned, characteristic value of MOE was 10.34，9.87，10.17 GPa respectively, characteristic value of MOR was 26.93,20.25，20.74 MPa respectively, characteristic value of UCS was 21.59，20.64，20.33 MPa respectively. In addition, the ratio of UCS to MOR ratio decreased when MOR increased. When full size test results were compared with that of small clear specimen, it was found that average MOE of SS,No.1, No.2 grade of the former was 1.13, 1.08，1.12 times the latter, average MOR of the former was 84.8%, 70.8%，78.7% of the latter, average UCS of the former was 81.1%, 74.3%，75.9% of the latter.

In this paper, ZJS1、ZJS2 and ZJS3 cross linking modified starch were prepared by different operational path. Their material was corn starch and they can meet target of operational requirement in API wood adhesive and their physical and chemical properties were analyzed by comparison. Results show that properties of modified starch prepared in different operational path are different. ZJS1 modified starch degree of cross linking is the highest and degree of ester substitute is smaller. It is apt to disperse in PVA water solution and film forming property is good and hot stability of paste starch is common. But its degree of transparency is poor and is retrogradation easily and its stability as main agent of API is poor. ZJS3 modified starch degree of cross linking is the lowest and its degree of ester substitute is the highest. It is hard to disperse in PVA solution and hot stability of its paste viscosity is poor.But its degree of transparency is good and is retrogradation difficulty as primary ingredient in main agent of API. Bonding strength of poplar plywood pressed by ZJS 3 is disqualification. ZJS 2 modified starch degree of ester substitute is the smallest. Dispersedness and filmforming and stability are excellent. It is not prone to retrogradation and hot stability is the best. Its technology is good and bonding strength is high when it is used as main agent of API adhesive. So it is perfect modified starch used in main agent of API.

Fujian is the first province in the country to reform collective forest property right. Purpose of the reformation is not only to let every operator to have own forestland to manage, but also to increase the quantity and quality of the forest resources, which would integrate equity and efficiency. However, the results of investigation demonstrated that the collective forestland tenure reform in Fujian achieved the target of equity but not efficiency. The contradiction between the two targets reflected the confliction between the individual household responsibility system and the request of operating forestland in scale, as well as the confliction between the individual household responsibility system and other forestry policies.

Based on survey data from 340 households of 8 counties in Liaoning Province, this report analyzed statistically the development of forest industry and the farmers (including village groups) desire after the reform of collective forest property right system. Through the analyses three main problems were found, that is, financing problem，cutting quota and lack of forestry cooperative organizations. Consequently, we proposed relevant countermeasures, such as increasing forestry investment, developing the guaranty operation of forest property, broadening forest cutting quota moderately, promoting the development of forestry cooperative organizations and strengthening the construction of technology service system and so on.

Bamboo shoots are a kind of primary forest resources in China. The effective and comprehensive utilization of bamboo shoots is to be developed further. This article briefly introduced the bamboo resource in China, and the nutritional and medicinal value of bamboo shoot. The emphasis was put on the developments of the deep processing technology of bamboo shoots, in order to make to the fuller extent use of the bamboo shoots, such as dietary fiber, nitric compounds and secondary metabolites, and so on. In a summary, the suggestion and orientation of the bamboo shoot processes were proposed.

With the global warming, the air temperature in the arid regions in China rose over the past 50 years. A special evidence was that the speed of air temperature rising became much higher since the medium and late term through 1980 to 1990 Meanwhile, precipitation increased substantially, and wind power and the days of gale decreased continually, and evaporation capacity decreased successively. Increase of precipitation and reduction of wind power counteracted the calefactive effect, and resulted in improvement of humid conditions, and increase in river discharge and water level in the arid regions. Area of oases had not decreased, although types, structures and functions of those oases had a continual chang over the past 50 years. Threat against oases was not due to climate change, but to human activities. Under the conditions of precipitation increase as well as artificial protection and control, vegetation condition was improved and expansion trend of desertification was initially contained in the arid regions. Although there were some instances that disaccorded to general trends in some local areas or in some years in the whole arid regions, in the view of general trends, basic conditions in the arid regions were described as above in the context of global change. Despite the substantial increase in precipitation, the base of original precipitation was so small that increased precipitation was still low. As a result, neither the fundamental status as scarcity of water resource and precipitation nor the landscape of droughtdesert in the arid regions will change, and vulnerability of ecoenvironment system will have no fundamental transform in the arid regions.

This paper discussed the nature, significance and diversified pattern of the equalization in the usufruct of forest land based on the survey data obtained by interviewing with the farmers at Zhouyuan, Shangping, Gaonan and Yangjiaxu village of Shaowu in Fujian Province in 2006 This equalization is a process to assign the usufruct of forestland to farmers equitably, and a result that the farmers pursue the equitable rights, and also a precondition to set up the individual Household Responsibility System in forestry. The study found that the farmers liked equalization in the usufruct of forestland. The equalization was a choice to that the farmers long looked forward. The survey data also showed that the forest resource quantity and the degree for the farmers to control the forest resources affected heavily the degree and pattern of implementing the equalization goal. Up to the date, there appeared some signs improving efficiency of the resource allocation in the villages that had already done the reform.

The researches on species diversity and its relationship with spatial scale have remained a key topic in plant ecology. The results of researches on species diversity are always influenced by sampling strategy. In this paper, the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) of species diversity in natural secondary Alniphyllum fortunei forest in Meihuashan Natural Reserve was studied. The results showed that there were scale effect and zoning effect for species diversity in Alniphyllum fortunei community. With the increase of the sample area, the scale effect and zoning effect might decrease. Jackknifing method was able to estimate a normal distribution range of species diversity as well as the zoning effect range.

The spatial distribution characteristics and growing dynamics of the root systems in a apricot and alfalfa sod_culture system were investigated．The results showed that the vertical distribution of the 4year old apricot root system could reached to the depth of 100 cm, and roots of some 46.5% distributed in the layer of 20～40 cm．The vertical distribution of the 2yearold alfalfa roots could reached to 50 cm depth， and the roots of 70% distributed in the layer of 0～20 cm. Those results suggested the root distribution of the two species did not. The horizontal distribution of the apricot root system could reached to 200 cm，and more than 90% roots distributed in the distance of 100～150 cm where management measures were always performed in both sod_culture or control ochard. In addition, two obvious growing peaks of new roots of ‘Jintaiyang' apricot tree were observed．One was from March to April and the other was from middle of June to early July. The growing peak of alfala roots appeared in middle of July. The period of the active growth for the two species did not meet together time. According to their growing characteristics ‘Jintaiyang' apricot trees should be fertilized in the early March and middle June．

Responses of morphology and growth of Ligustrum lucidums were investigated to drought stress using pottedplant in Yangling, China. Two water treatments were used by artificially controlling soil moisture. One was normal water supply (70% of the maximum soil moisture), and the other was severe water deficit (30% of the maximum soil moisture). The results showed that severe water deficit significantly affected the growth rate, leaf characteristic, branching pattern, biomass and their distribution of the tree species. On severe water deficit condition, the survival ratio of the seedlings did not decrease notably. The growth of leaves area was obviously hampered on drought stress. The biomass was reduced in the drought stressed seedlings, compared with the control. The leaf dry weight decreased, whereas the stem biomass dry weight increased. The growth of branch of the seedlings was changed in response to the drought stress. Both total branch number and total branch length were decreased, and their bifurcation ratio was also decreased. The outer branches number, which is very important for photosynthesis, significantly descended with the reduced length. However, the root shoot ratio remained unchanged.