simulating soil submergence in the hydro fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, four different kinds of water treatment were applied to investigate the change in malic acid, shikimic acid, and biomass in the roots of Taxodium ascendens seedlings (all data being calculated in dry mass). The main purpose respectively of this study was to explore the mechanism of the plants metabolic adaptation to water level changes. The four water treatments respectively were: normal growth water treatment (CK), light drought water stress (T1), soil water saturation (T2) and soil submersion (T3).
The results showed that there was no significant difference in content of malic acid and shikimic acid, and in biomass in the taproot between CK and T1,T2 or T3. The content of malic acid in the lateral root in both T2 and T3 was 1.7 and 2.2 times higher than that in CK. Furthermore, the average content of malic acid in the whole root system in both T2 and T3 was also 0.8 and 1.5 times higher than in that of CK. However, the mean content of malic acid in the lateral root or whole root in T1 was not significantly different from that in CK. Compared to CK, the mean content of shikimic acid in the lateral root in T2 and T3 increased by 0.4 and 1.1 times respectively, whereas that in T1 was 0.5 times less than that in CK. Although the mean content of shikimic acid in the whole root system in T2 and T3 respectively appeared higher than that in CK, no significant difference with CK was found. On the contrary, T1 significantly exhibited a 0.3 times lower in mean content of shikimic acid in the root system than CK. In comparison with CK, both T2 and T3 demonstrated no significant differences in biomass of the taproot, lateral root and the whole root system, respectively, but T1 showed a significant increase in biomass of the lateral root and the whole root systemA highly positive relationship was displayed between mean content of malic acid and mean content of shikimic acid in the whole root system (P<0.01). The mean content of shikimic acid in the whole root system was negatively correlated with the biomass of the whole roots (P<0.05).

In order to characterize the age structure and spatial variation of the Pinus thunbergiicoastal protection forest, 42 plots (10 m×10 m) were investigated in Yantai region. All the trees in the plots were identified, measured and tagged by a sampling method. By substituting for time sere with the spatial sere the structure of Pinus thunbergii measured to detect the age structure. According to different distances to the coastline, the spatial variation of P. thunbergii populations was analyzed. The P. thunbergii population had reverseJ shaped DBH class which suggested that the population was in stably developmental phase with sufficient recruitment. A significant correlation between the growth status of P. thunbergiiand its population density was found. There were negative exponential relations between the population density with DBH individual biomass, respectively. The tree height was significantly and negatively correlated to population density. The density effects of P. thunbergii populations were determined by the regeneration difference among different stands. From 50 to 500 m distance to coastline, the population density of P. thunbergii increased and its mean diameter, tree crown declined with the distance to the coastline. The spatial distribution of P. thunbergiipopulation would be mainly attributed to the environmental heterogeneity caused by sea\|land interactions.

A remote sensing model of Picea schrenkiana forest biomass was established in the West Tianshan Mountain region of Xinjiang as the monitoring area. P. schrenkiana, forest volume/biomass of each age class was analyzed based on multi\|period remote sensing and forest resource survey data.
By extracting the information from RS and forest resource survey data and comparing biomass monitoring data in 1986, 1996 and 2007, the authors evaluated the spatial distributing changes of the forest biomass. The results showed that the total forest biomass per unit area decreased by 19% during the past 20 years. In 1986, the P. schrenkiana biomass per unit area in the West Tianshan Mountain region reached to 143.165 t·hm^-2, decreased to 141.875 t·hm^-2 in 1996 and then increased to 143.15 t·hm^-2 in 2007 Between 1986 and 1996, the forest area reduced by 2.88% and the total biomass reduced by 3.77%. After ten years, along with the implement of the national natural forest protection project, the natural forest resources in the West Tianshan Mountain region had recovered, as a result, the forest area increased by 1% and the total biomass increased by 1.91%. As to dynamic changes of forest biomass in different regions, P. schrenkianaforest biomass per unit area in Kashi River Basin was the highest, followed by Gongnaisi River Basin, Tekesi River Basin and other river basins. In generval, the dynamic changes of P. schrenkiana forest biomass in the whole forest region during the period presented the following characteristics: decreasing in (1986—1996), increasing in (1996—2007) and slightly reducing in the entire period.

The diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in the Cinnamomum camphoraforest ecosystem of a subtropical area were measured at Huitong ecological station for Chinese Fir plantations (Changsha station) in Hunan, China. CO₂ effluxes rate was monitored using an infrared gas exchange analyzer (LI COR640009) from Aprip to October 2006, and the controlling factors, such as soil temperature and moisture were also recorded in the C. camphora forest. The results showed that the diurnal fluctuation of soil respiration accorded with that of the soil temperature at 5 cm depth, appearing single peak. The soil respiration exhibited an irregular fluctuated curve during the expenmental period with a mean rate of 4.0 μmol·m^-2s^-1. A significant exponertial corelation was found between soil respiration rate and soil temperature at 5 cm depth. However, significant relationships were not found between the soil respiration and the soil moisture at 5 cm depth. Soil temperature and moisture were able to be used to explain changes in soil respiration by 90.3% and 43.6% in the C. camphoraforest. The relationship between soil respiration rate (y) and the variable of soil temperature (t) and soil moisture (w) at 5 cm soil depth could be described by the following exponential equation:y=0.324 2e0.106 4x, R²＝0.903, P＝0.001, and by quadratic equation: y=－0.026 1w2+1.869w－28.406, R²=0.436, P＝0.05, respectively. Q¹⁰ value of the soil respiration was 29 during the growing season of C. camphora. The Q¹⁰ values were 3.08, 1.59 and 2.72, respectively in April to June, July to August. and September to October. Q¹⁰ value descended with soil temperature raised. When soil humidity less than 35.8%, the soil respiration rate was positively correlated to soil humidity, however, the highest soil respiration rate was under the condition of soil humidity more than 35.8%.

Regard natural mixed stand of coniferous and broadleaved trees as the research object，all the litter in different cutting operation sites after ten years（low intensity，middle intensity，high intensity，over high intensity） was collected，sampled and chemically．The results showed that biomass of forest litter and total nutrient contents generally reduced with the cutting intensity increasing．Biomass of forest litter and total nutrient contents in high and overhigh intensity selective cutting site after ten years were not recovered after ten years，but which in low and middle intensity selective cutting site were close to non cutting．It showed that low and middle intensity selective cutting were basically recovered after ten years．

It has been found that leaf anatomical characters would change with environmental factors. The function of leaf was associated with its structure, and its photosynthesis process would cause carbon isotope discrimination, especially. For analyzing the relationship between foliar δ₁₃C values in plants and their leaves anatomical characters, six species samples in karst rocky desertification areas were analyzed. The results showed that the leaves anatomical characters were different among those plant species in karst rocky desertification areas. Generally, the foliar δ₁₃C values increased with the thickness of assimilation tissue, the density of stomata, and the thickness of lower cuticle. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated that the leading factors of anatomical characters were different. Namely, the leading factor of Broussonetia papyriferawas the thickness of lower cuticle, while that for Pistacia weinmannifoliawas the ratio of palisade to sponge, and the leading factor of Mallotus repandus and Mallotus japonicusvar. floccosuswas the thickness of palisade layer. However, there was no leading factor for some species like Alangium chinense and Alchornea trewioides which would means more comprehensive influences acted on them. In generally, the drought resistance and photosynthesis ration of leaves increased with their structure characters in case of rocky desertification; and leaves δ₁₃C values increased with a stronger desertification degree which indicated the increasing of water use efficiency (WUE) in plants.

The objectives of our article were to discuss the effects on water status and growth after Ginkgo had been transplanted and cultivated in the container and in the plantinghole for two years by measuring the growth of new root, shoot and leaf, microstructure of tracheid and pit, sapflow velocity, embolism vulnerability curve, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water potential. The results indicated the container planting Ginkgo had more rootlet than that the holeplantingGinkgo did while, by contrast, the holeplantingGinkgo had more thick root. The root length density of fine root and rootlet with container planting was about 6.12 times more than the hole planting. The length of shoot, the diameter of shoot and the area of leaf of containerplantingGinkgo were respectively 51.2%, 34.6%, and 33.0% more than the holeplantingGinkgo, and the difference of them was significant. The results also indicated the tracheid of containerplantingGinkgo was wider and shorter than that of holeplantingGinkgo. The pit of containerplantingGinkgo was an approximate round while that of holeplantingGinkgo was ellipse. As compared with holeplantingGinkgo, during the daytime the containerplantingGinkgo had significantly higher the sapflow velocity, the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate and the water potential, and lower embolism vulnerability. Moreover, the root system would keep intact if being transplanted again. So, the container planting was a better planting mode of big standards mature tree cultivation.

Pyrus pyrifolia is a commercially important fruit tree which exhibits gametophytic selfincompatibility (GSI). It is necessary to identify S genotypes of cultivars for determination of crosscompatible combination prior to performing pear plantation and breeding programs. In this study, seven cultivars of P. pyrifolia were used for S genotype analysis by PCRbased molecular method with primers designed from conserved sequences of known pear S RNases. Amplified products were analyzed by 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. In each of the four cultivars `Chubixiang', `Huangpishui', `Zhenghedaxueli' and `Hongtaiyang', two expected bands were generated. The amplified products in the other three cultivars did not show length polymorphism, and therefore were further separated by 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A total of 14 purified fragments from the seven cultivars were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that 10 alleles with typical structural features of pear S RNase were identified, of which one from `Zhenghedaxueli', with 494 bp, was determined as a new SRNase allele that was tentatively denominated as S 43 RNase (GenBank accession No.EF566873). RTPCR revealed that the S43RNase was expressed specifically in the styles, which is consistent with the expression pattern of S RNases. Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed there was an intron of 294 bp in the S43RNase gene. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 65% to 92% similarity with other Maloideae S RNases. This study will be helpful in pear production and breeding programs.

2C methyl D erythritol 2,4 cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF) is the fifth enzyme involved the MEP pathway.The gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba by using RACE technology, and was designated as GbIspF (GenBank accession No.: EF062579). The fulllength cDNA of GbIspFis 897 bp containing a 720 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 239aminoacid polypeptide with a 59aminoacid plastidial transit peptide at its Ntermius. The multiple alignment analysis showed GbIspF was homologous with IspFs derived from other plant species. Semiquantitative RTPCR was carried out to investigate the tissue expression profile of GbIspF in different tissues including roots, stems, leaves and seeds. The results showed that GbIspF expression could be detected in all the tissues but at different levels. The highest expression level was found in leaves while the lowest expression level was found in roots. Functional complementation assay indicated that GbIspFcould promote the βcarotene accumulation in engineered XL1Blue haboring pTrcGbIspF and pACBETA, and as a result the engineered bacteria showed the brightly orange color given by βcarotene. This suggested that GbIspF had the typical function of known IspF genes.

Based on a constructed EST library of Camellia oleifera,a fulllength cDNA encoding a dehydrin was cloned from its seed by the electronic PCR technique. The cDNA, tentatively designated as CoDHN1, was 1 406 bp long containing an open reading frame of 600 bp. The deduced CoDHN1 protein had 200 amino acid residues, which formed a 21 ku polypeptide with a predicted isoelectric point (pI) of 7 The CoDHN1 protein had two Y segments, an Ssegment and two Ksegments. Homology analysis indicated that the Ysegment, Ssegment and Ksegment of CoDHN1 shared identity with those of other reported dehydrins, indicating that CoDHN belonged to dehydrin superfamily. There was a wide range of variation for Thrregion existed among dehydrins from various species, and the CoDHN1 Thr region was Camellia oleifera specific, protecting some macromolecules by forming hydrated layer outside of them. A very conserved motif of EDDGQGGRRKK was found in CoDHN1, and it might contribute to dehydrin's phosphorylation and subcellular localization. By comparison with dehydrins from citrus and Arabidopsis respectively, it was proposed that CoDHN1 might serve as a buffer for transiently increased Ca 2+ when the matured seeds was under the condition of desiccation stress to some extent, and that CoDHN1 might bind heavy metal ions such as Cu 2,Ni 2＋,Zn 2＋,Co2＋,Fe3＋and hence scavenge reactive oxygen species to alleviate toxin caused by them.

Water consumption by transpiration of seven species of common garden plants was observed for one growth season in Beijing by using thermal dissipation sap flow probe TDP with pot seedlings. The results indicated that the yearly water consumption of the single arbor (about diameter at breast height 15 cm) was 851.9 kg of Pinus tabulaeform, 982.7 kg of Platycladus orientalis and 1 518.3 kg of Acer truncatum. The water consumption of Acer truncatumwas remarkably more than that of Pinus tabulaeform and Platycladus orientalis. The shrub water consumption per unit leaf surface was respectively 128.42 kg·m^-2 for Euonymus japonicus, 117.28 kg·m^-2 for Ligustrum vicaryi, and 82.38 kg·m^-2for Sabina procumbens. The water consumption of Sabina procumbenswas significantly less than that of Ligustrum vicaryi and Euonymus japonicus. Regarding the green unit area's water consumption of seven species configuration, Pinus tabulaeformiswas the least, 295 kg·m^-2, and Ligustrum×vicaryi was the most, 1 083.2 kg·m^-2 . The water consumption of pure lawn Poa pratensiswas more than that of understory lawn, and the front was 643.3 kg·m^-2，while the latter was 4503 kg·m^-2. The water consumption of pure lawn was more than that of arbor lawn green, and was little different from shrub lawn. This study has provided a scientific basis for Beijing landscape watersaving plant material selection and allocation of green space.

Pinus massonianaseedling was used to investigate effects of Dendrolimus punctatuschewing, MeJA and terpenes treatments on the contents of γaminobutyric acid and 17 free amino acids with the technology of Ophthaldialdehyde 9 fluorenylmethyl chloroformate（OPAFMOC) precolumn derivation, along with high performance liquid chromatography gradient elution method. The damaged shoots, the sister shoots (the opposite), the systematic upper shoots (above the damaged shoots) and the systematic lower shoots (under the damaged shoots) were sampled after being injured by the insects, being treated by the MeJA and the terpenes for 4 hours. Results showed that different modes of damage considerably and systematically caused the changes of GABA and 17 free amino acids in P. massionianaseedlings. Contents of GABA increased distinctly in the shoots damaged by the insect, treated with MeJA (10 μmol\5L^-1) and terpenes (10 μmol\5L^-1), and in their sister shoots and the systematic shoots. The total contents of amino acids decreased in the leaves of the shoots chewed by the insect and treated with MeJA (10　μmol·L^－1), and of the sister shoots and the systematic shoots. The total contents of amino acids decreased in the shoots treated with terpenes (10　μmol·L^－1) and the systematic lower shoots, however, increased in the sister shoots and the systematic upper shoots. It was concluded that MeJA and terpenes induced the similar defensive systems as the insect did, and could replace the insect to signal and initial the defensive system to defend against the outer attack.

The variation of the content of soluble sugar, protein and total phenolics in leaves of 18 clones of Populus deltoides at seedling stage was measured, and the relationship with the clones' resistance to Tetra lobuliferawas analyzed. The results showed that there was significant difference in the contents of soluble sugar, protein and total phenolics in the leaves among the clones. Correlation analysis indicated that the contents of soluble sugar and total phenolics in leaves of P. deltoides were significantly correlated with the resistance to T. lobulifera, while the content of protein in the leaves was not correlated with the resistance. The clones with higher content of total phenolics in the leaves were mite resistant, conversely were mite susceptible.

Diversity of the predatory insects in Yuanmou aridhot valley of Yunnan was investigated during 2004\_2005. A total of 89 species (including 10 to be identified) was reported in Yuanmou, and among them Plistospilota nova was newly recorded in China and 11 species were newly recorded in Yunnan Province. There were the most species in Carabidae, with 19.1% of the total predatory insects. The order of diversity of the predatory insect communities in 9 habitats in Yuanmou aridhot valley was: Eucalyptus+ Azadirachta indica plantation > mixed plantation > A． indica plantation > Dodonaea angustifoliaHeteropogonetea contortus scrub and grass clump > Pinus yunnanensis plantation > Eucalyptus+Leucaena leucocephala plantation >Eucalyptus plantation > Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpaVitex negundo forest > Phyllanthus emblicaDodonaea angustifolia shrublands. A great similarity in the predatory insect community was found between in some artificial vegetation and in the natural vegetation, showing that the arbor species did not affect the development of the phytocommunity. Hillclosure to facilit ate afforestation had a positive effect on the diversity protection in Eucalyptus+ Azadirachta indica plantation. Thin grass or ground coverage and bare ground were the major elements that restricted the diversity of the predatory insect community. This study suggests that it should be given priority to protect and recondition the natural vegetation with narrow distribution and the artificial vegetation of thin ground coverage.

The invasiveness or actual dispersal extent and ecological impacts were emphasized in the system to assess the invasion risk of alien woody plant. The assessing process was designed as follows: First of all, the invasiveness or actual spreading amplitude of alien woody plant and ecological impacts were investigated by answering a questionnaire. Then the invasion risk was evaluated according to a synthetic judgment table. Finally management strategy could be developed according to the invasion risk classes and its difficulty in controlling the invasion. Invasiveness assessment was implemented by evaluating its reproduction, dissemination and adaptation ability. Natural reproduction, the invaded plant community types and dissemination speed were taken into consideration in the evaluation of actual dispersal extent. The influence of alien woody species on environmental factors, structure and function of plant community and on local genetic integrality and nutrition chain in the ecosystem were included in ecological impact indicators. The difficulty in controlling the invasion was related with influencing control factors, control method and the adverse impact on environment.

A new disease named legume dieback of Cassia torawas first found in Taian of Shandong Province during 2006—2007The disease was mainly harmful for legumes. Initially, the tips of diseased legume were gray\|green and legume die back with the disease development. The diseased part of legume could not seed. Eleven strains were isolated from diseased legumes and the pathogenicity was tested in the legumes. Based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity test and the sequence of ribosomal DNA\|ITS, the pathogen was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea Ces et de Not. This is the first report of legume dieback of Cassia tora.

Effects of bacteriostasis of the pyroligneous acid fractions collected from different temperatures during the pryrolisis of the poplar wood were investigated. Chemical components of the fraction that exhibited better bacteriostasis were analyzed by GCMS. The results showed that the fraction of pyroligneous acid collected in the temperature range of 150～300 ℃ exhibited higher bacteriostasis activity than the control (gentamicin) to all the bacteria tested except for Escherichia coli. The fraction in the temperature range of 300～510 ℃ exhibited stronger bacteriostasis activity than the control to all the bacteria tested without exception, indicating that the fraction collected in the higher temperature range exhibited stronger bacteriostasis activity. Chemical components of pyroligneous acid mainly were organic acids, phenols, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. In all the classes of the components examined, the content of acetic acid was the highest, accounting for 17.10%, then phenols, accounting for 11.36%. After the preliminary analysis, it was considered that organic acids and phenols were the active components of bacteriostasis activity.