商品林种植结构的“趋经济林化”——基于劳动力成本效应及相对收益效应的成因分析

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210720

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: With the rising labor cost in rural China, the structure of commercial forests displays a phenomenon of "tending to become economic forests". This is contrary to the feature of "tending to become grains" in agricultural sector. This study aims to explain the unexpected phenomenon from the perspectives of labor cost and relative revenue, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of farmers' decision-making on forest structure adjustment, and to predict the trend of structure adjustment of commercial forests. Method: From the perspectives of labor cost and relative revenue, this study establishes a logical framework for the adjustment of structure of farmer's commercial forests. Based on this, several hypotheses are proposed, and the empirical analysis is performed based on a household survey dataset from National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which covers 9 provinces in China. Considering the censoring of data and the endogeneity of variables, this study adopts the Ⅳ-Tobit to estimate parameters. Result: The ratio of economic forests has increased from 11% in 2003 to 19% in 2013, and shows a significant rise before and after the collective forestland tenure reform. It displays an evident trend of "tending to become economic forests". The statistical descriptions show that the revenue per hm² of economic forests is around 2.15 times of that of timber forests. The estimation with Ⅳ-Tobit model shows that there is a positive and negative effect of labor cost and relative revenue on the structure of commercial forests. The effect of labor cost is significant at the 5% level, and the effect of relative revenue is significant at the 1% level. This reflects that the structure of commercial forests is affected by both labor cost and relative revenue, and the adjustment direction depends on the intensities of the two effects. In addition, the interaction coefficient between collective forestland tenure reform and relative revenue is positive and significant at the 1% level. It shows that the positive effect of relative revenue on economic forests is strengthened after the collective forestland tenure reform, i.e., the positive effect is moderated by the tenure reform. A further calculation shows that, the contribution rate of labor cost is about-26%, while the rates of relative revenue and the interaction are about 41% and 28% respectively. It implies that the positive effect of relative revenue is dominant, which leads to the increase of the proportion of economic forest area. Furthermore, the regression with previous four years verify the hypotheses from an opposite perspective. The robust tests show that the above results are basically robust. Conclusion: Rising labor cost lead to a decline of the proportion of economic forest area; but the moderating effect of collective forestland tenure reform has strengthened the positive effect of relative revenue on the proportion of economic forest area. This leads to the "tending to become economic forest" of the structure of commercial forests. The inter-sector difference on property rights reform is an important reason for the opposite adjustment trend of the agricultural and forest structure. These findings are helpful for the prediction of the future trend of commercial forest structure and have insightful policy implications on the optimizing of commercial forest structure.

Key words: commercial forest structure, labor cost, relative-revenue, collective forestland tenure reform, moderating effects

CLC Number:

F307.2

Yu Cheng,Can Liu,Hongqiang Yang,Han Zhang. The Structure of Commercial Forests "Tending to Become Economic Forests": An Analysis of Causes Based on Labor Cost Effects and Relative-Revenue Effects[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(7): 184-193.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Variable descriptive statistics"

变量 Variables	变量说明 Variable description	总体均值 Population mean	t统计量 t statistic
被解释变量 Explained variables
经济林占比 Ratio of economic forests(%)	经济林面积占商品林面积比重 The proportion of economic forest area in commercial forest area	14.996(32.372)	9.356^***
核心解释变量 Key explanatory variables
工资水平 Wages/(yuan·d^-1)	当地务工平均工资 Average salary of local migrant workers	48.966(19.423)	54.062^***
相对收益 Relative revenue(multiple)	经济林与用材林每公顷收益之比 Ratio of average income per hectare area between economic forest and timber forest	2.150(3.608)	1.355
控制变量 Control variables
集体林改 Collective forestland tenure reform	改革是否已完成(是=1，否=0) Whether the reform has been completed(Yes=1, No=0)	0.690(0.462)
木材价格 Timber price/(yuan·m^-3)	当地市场平均木材价格 Average timber price in the local market	427.064(97.239)	70.117^***
林地面积 Forestland area/hm²	家庭经营林地总面积 Total area of family-run forestland	36.597(73.663)	15.320^***
细碎化程度 Fragmentation degree/(hm² · piece^-1)	林地块均面积 Average area of forest plots	9.951(20.645)	13.252^***
家庭人口数 Household size/person		3.982(1.469)	-10.886^***
人均收入 Per capita income/(10³yuan·a^-1)	家庭人均年收入 Per capital household income	6.277(8.928)	20.753^***
非农就业 Off-farm employment(%)	非农就业收入占家庭总收入比重 The proportion of non-agricultural employment income in total household income	49.800(34.132)	17.985^***
干部 Cadre	家庭成员是否干部(是=1，否=0) Whether the family member is a cadre(Yes=1, No=0)	0.252(0.434)	0.009
年龄 Age/a	户主年龄 Age of head of household	51.076(10.911)	20.310^***
文化程度 Education/a	户主受教育年限 Education of household head	7.352(2.761)	0.359
山区 Mountain	是否处在山区(是=1，否=0) Whether it is in a mountainous area(Yes=1, No=0)	0.557(0.497)	-0.128
道路 Road	路面是否硬化(是=1，否=0) Whether the road is hardened(Yes=1, No=0)	0.718(0.450)	12.933^***
到县城距离 Distance to county/km	至最近县城距离 Distance to the nearest county	35.142(30.829)	-5.237^***
样本量 Sample size		11 976

Table 1

Table 2

Estimated results of Ⅳ-Tobit model"

变量 Variables	第1阶段：集体林改 First stage: Collective forestland tenure reform	第2阶段：经济林占比 Second stage: Ratio of economic forests
变量 Variables	Logit	Ⅳ-Tobit	2SLS
核心解释变量 Key explanatory variables
工具变量 Instrumental variables	13.404^***(1.055)	—	—
工资水平Wages	—	-0.215^**(0.088)	-0.041^*(0.023)
相对收益Relative revenue	0.090(0.077)	0.421^***(0.093)	0.284^***(0.047)
集体林改×相对收益 Collective forestland tenure reform×Relative revenue	—	0.282^***(0.105)	0.125^**(0.051)
控制变量 Control variables
集体林改 Collective forestland tenure reform	—	2.519^**(0.996)	0.952^**(0.465)
木材价格Timber price	5.086^***(0.821)	-0.323(0.838)	0.053(0.202)
林地面积Forestland area	0.244^**(0.106)	1.007^***(0.122)	0.170^***(0.034)
细碎化程度Fragmentation degree	-0.211^*(0.116)	0.055(0.128)	-0.013(0.037)
家庭人口数Household size	-0.017(0.083)	-0.250^***(0.069)	0.054^***(0.017)
人均收入Per capita income	0.042(0.141)	0.304^**(0.126)	0.056^*(0.033)
非农就业Off-farm employment	0.048(0.037)	-0.013(0.037)	-0.005(0.009)
干部Cadre	-0.209(0.300)	0.494^**(0.248)	0.118^*(0.069)
年龄Age	10.806(15.811)	-0.955(12.928)	0.214(3.542)
年龄的平方Age squared	-1.361(2.051)	-0.112(1.671)	-0.074(0.460)
文化程度Education	-0.047(0.078)	-0.109^*(0.057)	-0.030^*(0.017)
山区Mountain	-0.274(0.296)	16.316(14.151)	0.266(1.395)
道路Road	-1.093^***(0.318)	0.972^**(0.405)	0.063(0.110)
到县城距离Distance to county	-0.012^**(0.005)	-0.642^*(0.370)	-0.040(0.033)
常数项Constant	-55.603^*(30.690)	26.558(29.139)	-2.845(6.930)
村级虚拟变量联合检验 Town dummy variables	—	控制 Control	控制 Control
年份虚拟变量联合检验 Year dummy variables	—	控制 Control	控制 Control
F统计量F statistic	—	—	60.14^***
Wald内生性检验Wald endogeneity test	3.460^*	—	—
伪拟合优度\|拟合优度 Pseudo R² \| R²	—	0.168	0.347
截尾\|样本个数 Censoring \| Sample number	11 976	9 011\|11 976	0\|11 976

Table 2

Fig.3

Table 3

Table 4

References 0

	蔡昉. 优化人力资本, 冲刺高收入阶段. 经济研究, 2020, 55 (1): 6- 9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-291X.2020.01.004
	Cai F . Optimize human capital and sprint to the stage of high income. Economic Research Journal, 2020, 55 (1): 6- 9.
	黄玛兰, 李晓云. 农业劳动力价格上涨对农作物种植结构变化的省际差异性影响. 经济地理, 2019, 39 (6): 172- 182.
	Huang M L , Li X Y . The impacts of rural labor price rising on crop structure among provinces. Economic Geography, 2019, 39 (6): 172- 182.
	柯炳生. 我国农民工工资变化及其深远影响. 农业经济问题, 2019, (9): 4- 7.
	Ke B S . The migrant workers' income change and its effect in China. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2019, (9): 4- 7.
	李宁, 汪险生, 王舒娟, 等. 自购还是外包: 农地确权如何影响农户的农业机械化选择?. 中国农村经济, 2019, (6): 54- 75.
	Li N , Wang X S , Wang S J , et al. Self-purchasing or outsourcing: How does farmland right confirmation affect farmers' choice of agricultural mechanization?. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019, (6): 54- 75.
	李昭琰, 乔方彬. 工资增长对机械化和农业生产的影响. 农业技术经济, 2019, (2): 23- 32.
	Li Z Y , Qiao F B . Impact of rising wage on mechanization and agricultural production. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019, (2): 23- 32.
	林坚, 李德洗. 非农就业与粮食生产: 替代抑或互补——基于粮食主产区农户视角的分析. 中国农村经济, 2013, (9): 54- 62.
	Lin J , Li D X . Off-farm employment and grain production: substitution or complementarity: based on the perspective of farmers in major grain producing areas. Chinese Rural Economy, 2013, (9): 54- 62.
	刘璨. 改革开放以来集体林权制度改革的分权演化博弈分析. 中国农村经济, 2020, (5): 21- 38.
	Liu C . The decentralization of collective forestland tenure reform in China since the reform and opening-up from the perspective of evolutionary game theory. Chinese Rural Economy, 2020, (5): 21- 38.
	刘莹, 黄季焜. 农户多目标种植决策模型与目标权重的估计. 经济研究, 2010, 45 (1): 148- 157. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-913X.2010.01.065
	Liu Y , Huang J K . A multi-objective decision model of farmer's crop production. Economic Research Journal, 2010, 45 (1): 148- 157.
	罗必良, 张露, 仇童伟. 小农的种粮逻辑——40年来中国农业种植结构的转变与未来策略. 南方经济, 2018, (8): 1- 28.
	Luo B L , Zhang L , Qiu T W . The logic of small-scale farmers' grain production: the transformation of China's agricultural planting structure in the past 40 years and its future strategy. Southern Economic Journal, 2018, (8): 1- 28.
	罗丹, 李文明, 陈洁. 种粮效益: 差异化特征与政策意蕴——基于3 400个种粮户的调查. 管理世界, 2013, (7): 59- 70.
	Luo D , Li W M , Chen J . Grain production efficiency: differentiation characteristics and policy implications — Based on the survey of 3 400 grain farmers. Management World, 2013, (7): 59- 70.
	钱龙, 袁航, 刘景景, 等. 农地流转影响粮食种植结构分析. 农业技术经济, 2018, (8): 63- 74.
	Qian L , Yuan H , Liu J J , et al. Does transfer of farmland affect grain planting structure?. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018, (8): 63- 74.
	仇童伟, 罗必良. 种植结构"趋粮化"的动因何在?——基于农地产权与要素配置的作用机理及实证研究. 中国农村经济, 2018, (2): 65- 80.
	Qiu T W , Luo B L . What leads to a "tendency to plant grains" in agricultural planting structure? An empirical analysis based on the impact factors of land property rights and factors allocation. Chinese Rural Economy, 2018, (2): 65- 80.
	史清华, 卓建伟. 农户粮作经营及家庭粮食安全行为研究——以江浙沪3省市26村固定跟踪观察农户为例. 农业技术经济, 2004, (5): 23- 32. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6370.2004.05.005
	Shi Q H , Zhuo J W . Research on farmers' grain management and household food security behavior: take 26 villages in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai as an example. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2004, (5): 23- 32.
	王小龙. 退耕还林: 私人承包与政府规制. 经济研究, 2004, (4): 107- 116.
	Wang X L . The cropland conversion: contracting out and public regulation. Economic Research Journal, 2004, (4): 107- 116.
	徐志刚, 谭鑫, 郑旭媛, 等. 农地流转市场发育对粮食生产的影响与约束条件. 中国农村经济, 2017, (9): 26- 43.
	Xu Z G , Tan X , Zheng X Y , et al. The influence and constraints of the development of farmland transfer market on grain production. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017, (9): 26- 43.
	严如贺, 柯水发. 经济林种植对人工林木材供给能力的影响: 抑制还是促进?——基于南方12省份森林资源清查面板数据. 中国农村经济, 2019, (5): 38- 53.
	Yan R H , Ke S F . The impact of cultivation of tree crops on timber supply capacity of planted forests: inhibition or promotion? an analysis based on forest inventory panel data in 12 provinces of south China. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019, (5): 38- 53.
	杨进, 钟甫宁, 陈志钢, 等. 农村劳动力价格、人口结构变化对粮食种植结构的影响. 管理世界, 2016, (1): 78- 87.
	Yang J , Zhong F N , Chen Z G , et al. The influence of rural labor price and population structure change on grain planting structure. Management World, 2016, (1): 78- 87.
	易小燕, 陈印军. 农户转入耕地及其"非粮化"种植行为与规模的影响因素分析——基于浙江、河北两省的农户调查数据. 中国农村观察, 2010, (6): 2- 10.
	Yi X Y , Chen Y J . Analysis on the influencing factors of farmers' transfer to cultivated land and their "non grain" planting behavior and scale: Based on the survey data of farmers in Zhejiang and Hebei Provinces. China Rural Survey, 2010, (6): 2- 10.
	张寒, 程娟娟, 刘璨. 基于内生性视角的非农就业对林地流转的效应评价——来自9省1 497户农户的连续监测数据. 农业技术经济, 2018, (1): 122- 131.
	Zhang H , Cheng J J , Liu C . The effect of off-farm employment on forestland transfer: an analysis based on endogenous perspective with 1 497 households dataset from 9 provinces. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018, (1): 122- 131.
	张红, 周黎安, 徐晋涛, 等. 林权改革、基层民主与投资激励. 经济学(季刊), 2016, (3): 845- 868.
	Zhang H , Zhou L A , Xu J T , et al. Property rights reform, grassroots democracy and investment incentives. China Economic Quarterly, 2016, (3): 845- 868.
	张宗毅, 杜志雄. 土地流转一定会导致"非粮化"吗?——基于全国1 740个种植业家庭农场监测数据的实证分析. 经济学动态, 2015, (9): 63- 69.
	Zhang Z Y , Du Z X . Will land transfer necessarily lead to ″non-grain growing″? —An empirical analysis based on the monitoring data of 1 740 farming family farms across the country. Economic Perspectives, 2015, (9): 63- 69.
	郑旭媛, 徐志刚. 资源禀赋约束、要素替代与诱致性技术变迁——以中国粮食生产的机械化为例. 经济学(季刊), 2016, 16 (1): 45- 66.
	Zheng X Y , Xu Z G . Endowment restriction, factor substitution and induced technological innovation: a case research on the grain producing mechanization in China. China Economic Quarterly, 2016, (1): 45- 66.
	钟甫宁, 陆五一, 徐志刚. 农村劳动力外出务工不利于粮食生产吗?——对农户要素替代与种植结构调整行为及约束条件的解析. 中国农村经济, 2016, (7): 36- 47.
	Zhong F N , Lu W Y , Xu Z G . Labor migration is unfavorable for grain production? Analysis on behavior of farm household's factors substitution and planting structure adjustment and constraints. Chinese Rural Economy, 2016, (7): 36- 47.
	祝华军, 楼江, 田志宏. 农业种植结构调整: 政策响应、相对收益与农机服务——来自湖北省541户农民玉米种植面积调整的实证. 农业技术经济, 2018, (1): 111- 121.
	Zhu H J , Lou J , Tian Z H . Adjustment of agricultural planting structure: policy response, relative income and agricultural machinery service: empirical study on corn planting area adjustment of 541 farmers in Hubei Province. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018, (1): 111- 121.
	Ji Y Q , Hu X Z , Zhu J , et al. Demographic change and its impact on farmers' field production decisions. China Economic Review, 2017, 43, 64- 71. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.006
	Lin J Y . Rural reforms and agricultural growth in China. American Economic Review, 1992, 82 (1): 34- 51.
	Qiu T W , Boris Choy S T , Li S P , et al. Does land renting-in reduce grain production? Evidence from rural China. Land Use Policy, 2020, 90, 104311. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104311
	Tian X , Yi F J , Yu X H . Rising cost of labor and transformations in grain production in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2019, 12 (1): 158- 172. doi: 10.1108/CAER-04-2018-0067
	Xie L , Berck P , Xu J . The effect on forestation of the collective forest tenure reform in China. China Economic Review, 2016, 38, 116- 129. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2015.12.005
	Zhang X B , Yang J , Thomas R . Mechanization outsourcing clusters and division of labor in Chinese agriculture. China Economic Review, 2017, 43, 184- 195. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.012

解释变量 Explanatory variables	被解释变量Explained variables
解释变量 Explanatory variables	第1阶段：集体林改 First stage: Collective forestland tenure reform Logit	第2阶段：经济林占比 Second stage: Ratio of economic forests Ⅳ-Tobit
核心解释变量Key explanatory variables
工资水平Wages	—	-1.001^***(0.016)
相对收益Relative revenue	0.044(0.038)	0.933^***(0.013)
集体林改×相对收益Collective forestland tenure reform×Relative revenue	—	0.053^***(0.015)
控制变量Control variables
集体林改Collective forestland tenure reform	—	0.080^***(0.007)
工具变量Instrumental variables	7.753^***(0.200)	—
木材价格Timber price	3.688^***(0.546)	-0.534^***(0.021)
林地面积Forestland area	0.189^***(0.047)	0.871^***(0.019)
细碎化程度Fragmentation degree	-0.170^***(0.054)	0.150^***(0.018)
家庭人口数Household size	-0.003(0.054)	-0.475^***(0.026)
人均收入Per capita income	-0.008(0.093)	0.257^***(0.055)
非农就业Off-farm employment	0.001(0.030)	-0.020^*(0.012)
干部Cadre	0.102(0.204)	0.972^***(0.087)
年龄Age	14.728(9.711)	3.457^***(0.032)
年龄的平方Age squared	-1.916(1.291)	-0.710^***(0.008)
文化程度Education	-0.040(0.054)	-0.154^***(0.028)
山区Mountain	0.114(0.195)	1.037^***(0.117)
道路Road	-0.992^***(0.211)	40.458^***(0.117)
到县城距离Distance to county	-0.012^***(0.002)	-0.042^***(0.002)
常数项Constant	-52.813^***(18.519)	-37.838^***(0.123)
村级虚拟变量Town dummy variables	—	控制Control
年份虚拟变量Year dummy variables	—	控制Control
伪拟合优度\|拟合优度Pseudo R² \|R²	0.858	0.221
截尾\|样本个数Censoring\|Sample number	5 988	4 734\|5 988

变量Variables	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model 2	模型3 Model 3	模型4 Model 4
工资水平Wages	-0.198^**(0.087)	-0.237^**(0.108)	0.606^***(0.139)	-0.173^**(0.084)
相对收益Relative revenue	0.180^***(0.046)	0.036(0.059)	-0.123^***(0.010)	0.405^***(0.070)
交互项Interaction	0.741^***(0.044)	0.555^***(0.045)	-0.184^***(0.030)	0.152^***(0.054)
控制变量Control variables	控制Control	控制Control	控制Control	控制Control

[1]	Chaohong Li,Wei Wei,Shuxin Liu. Performance Evaluation of Natural Forest Protection Project in State-Owned Forest Region——A Case Study of Key State-Owned Forest Region in Heilongjiang Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(4): 153-162.
[2]	Yaping Wen,Liangming Feng,Weiping Liu. The Influence of Non-Farm Employment on the Division of the Forestry Production of Farmers——Based on the Survey Data on Farmers in Fujian Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(3): 135-144.
[3]	Mengyang Hou,Yuanjie Deng,Shunbo Yao,Guangquan Liu. EKC Test of the Relationship between Forest Quality and Economic Growth Considering Spatial Spillover Effects [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(12): 145-156.
[4]	Yuyou Zou,Jinqiu Li,Yingnan Qi,Jun Guan,Guoshuang Tian. Demand Willingness and Influencing Factors of Emission Control Enterprises for Forest Carbon Sink in the Context of Carbon Trade: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(8): 162-172.
[5]	Dan Pan,Yu Lu,Fanbin Kong. Effects of Grain for Green Project on the Income of Households at Different Poverty Levels [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(8): 148-161.
[6]	Yaxin Zhang,Xia Liu,Bo Zhang,Yi Xie. Will the Establishment of Nature Reserves Inevitably Lead to Low Household Income——An Empirical Study on Household Income within and nearby the Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(6): 165-178.
[7]	Bowei Li,Zhen Zhu,Yueqin Shen. Impact of Industrial Organization Model on Ecological Management of Economic Forest Growers [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(6): 152-164.
[8]	Bin Zhang,Jiehua Lü. Spatial Effects Analysis for Factor Inputs Driving, Industrial Structure Upgrading and Forestry Economic Growth: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Key State-Owned Forest Region [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(6): 142-151.
[9]	Ziqiang Zhang,Yi Li,Lan Gao. Threshold Effect of the Size of Household Forestland Transfer——Empirical Test Based on Monitoring Data of Collective Forest Tenure Reform [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(3): 144-155.
[10]	Liangang Zhang,Ling Zhi,Guangyu Wang,Ya Li. Influencing Factors and Improving Path of Farmers' Satisfaction with the Grain for Green Project: A Case Study of Heqing County in Yunnan Province and Zhijin County in Guizhou Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(12): 123-132.
[11]	Mengyang Hou,Shunbo Yao. Testing of the EKC Relationship between Amount of Forest Resources and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Based on Provincial Panel Data [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(12): 113-122.
[12]	Yan Li,Can Liu,Hongqiang Yang,Youliang Ning,Wenjian He,Han Zhang. Causes for Labor Intensives on Forestland Inputs from the Perspective of Capital Heterogeneities: A Simultaneous-Equation MV Tobit Estimation Based on Households Data from 9 Provinces [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(10): 99-110.
[13]	Fanbin Kong,Hua Ruan,Wenmei Liao. Income Effects and Influence Factors of Different Poor Rural Households' Loan Behavior with Forest Property Rights Mortgage——Based on 702 Households' Survey Data from 5 Provinces in China [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(10): 111-123.
[14]	Xia Yonghong, Shen Wenxing, Li Cunfang. The Spatial Effects Decomposition of Industrial Agglomeration on Labor Productivity in the Wood Processing Industry: An Empirical Study Based on 1998-2016 Spatial Panel Data [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(9): 157-165.
[15]	Zhao Xiaodi, Li Lingchao, Yang Wentao, Cheng Baodong, Liu Jinlong. Analysis of Socio-Economic Influencing Factors of Forest Transition in Counties of Fujian Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(8): 147-156.

The Structure of Commercial Forests "Tending to Become Economic Forests": An Analysis of Causes Based on Labor Cost Effects and Relative-Revenue Effects

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 7

References 0

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments