“三北”工程的林草科技探索与实践

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250302

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“三北”工程自1978年实施以来，已成为全球瞩目的生态建设典范，在提高森林覆盖率、防治风沙危害与水土流失、增强碳汇以及改善区域生态环境方面成效卓著。林草科技创新是“三北”工程取得成功的不竭动力之一，保障了工程规划、建设与管理的科学性，大幅提高了生态恢复与治理的效率，有力增强了其国际影响力。本文系统评述了林草科技及相关交叉学科成果在“三北”工程实施以来的关键支撑作用，具体涵盖战略布局、基础调查、机理研究、技术创新、监测评估等5个方面。重点介绍了生态退化机制与修复策略、防护林生态水文过程与效应、沙尘源区识别与运输机制等基础机理研究，以及困难立地植被恢复、防护林提质增效、生态治理与产业结合等关键技术模式。在此基础上，指出了未来林草科技创新的战略重点与主攻方向，强调应聚焦以水资源可持续利用为核心的气候变化响应与适应性策略、退化生态系统植被恢复与提质增效、智慧林草技术深度集成与智能化应用、生态产品价值实现机制与生态产业技术创新，以及跨区域协同治理与综合管理等关键领域。本文旨在通过深入剖析科技创新历程、总结实践经验并展望未来科技攻坚方向，为打赢“三北”工程攻坚战和推动林草科技创新提供科学支撑与参考，并为国际社会应对类似生态挑战贡献中国经验与智慧。

关键词: “三北”工程, 林业科学, 生态修复, 防护林

Abstract:

Since its implementation in 1978, the Three-North Shelterbelt Project (TNSP, also known as the Great Green Wall Project, GGWP) has become a globally acclaimed paradigm of ecological construction, achieving remarkable success in increasing forest coverage, combating aeolian hazards and soil and water erosion, enhancing carbon sinks, and improving the regional ecological environment. Innovation in forestry and grassland science and technology (S&T) has been one of the consisting driving forces behind the success of the GGWP, ensuring the scientific basis of its planning, construction, and management, significantly improving the efficiency of ecological restoration and governance, and substantially enhancing its international influence, with its technological models receiving widespread recognition. This paper systematically reviews the achievements of forestry and grassland S&T and related interdisciplinary fields and their crucial supporting roles in the implementation of the GGWP, specifically covering five aspects: strategic planning, fundamental surveys, mechanistic research, technological innovation, and monitoring and assessment. It highlights fundamental mechanistic studies on ecological degradation mechanisms and restoration strategies, eco-hydrological processes and effects of shelterbelts, and identification of dust source areas and transport mechanisms, as well as key technological models for vegetation restoration on difficult sites, quality and efficiency improvement of shelterbelts, and the integration of ecological governance with industrial development. Furthermore, the paper points out the strategic priorities and main directions for future innovation in forestry and grassland S&T, emphasizing that special attention should be paid to key areas such as precise climate change response and adaptation strategies centered on sustainable water resource utilization, vegetation restoration and quality-efficiency enhancement of degraded ecosystems, deep integration and intelligent application of smart forestry and grassland technologies, mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products and innovation in eco-industrial technologies, and cross-regional collaborative governance and integrated management. This paper aims to provide scientific support and reference for winning the critical battle of the GGWP and for promoting forestry and grassland S&T innovation by deeply analyzing S&T history, summarizing practical experiences, and prospecting future innovation directions, and to contribute Chinese experience and wisdom for the international community in addressing similar ecological challenges.

Key words: the Great Green Wall Project, forestry science, ecological restoration, shelterbelt

中图分类号:

S718.5

孔维远,崔桂鹏,高攀,崔梦淳,却晓娥,封焕英,卢琦. “三北”工程的林草科技探索与实践[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(7): 72-82.

Weiyuan Kong,Guipeng Cui,Pan Gao,Mengchun Cui,Xiaoe Que,Huanying Feng,Qi Lu. Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Application in the Great Green Wall Project of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7): 72-82.

图/表 2

表1

科学治沙理念的演进"

时间阶段 Time period	科学认知 Scientific cognition	理念目标 Guiding principles and goals	政策与实践 Policy and practice
治沙起步阶段 Initial exploration （1949—1977）	对荒漠化危害的初步认知与治理途径的探索； Preliminary understanding of desertification hazards and exploration of governance approaches；强调人类干预的能动性 Emphasizing the agency of human intervention	提出“向沙漠进军”“沙产业”等概念； Proposing concepts of “March towards the Desert” and “Sand Industry”；通过人工林建设改善区域生态与经济状况 Improving regional ecological and economic conditions through afforestation	初步开展沙漠、戈壁综合考察； Initial comprehensive scientific expeditions in deserts and Gobi areas；对“三北”工程启动进行论证 Conducting feasibility studies for the launch of the GGWP
“三北”工程中前期 GGWP: early-mid phase （1978—2000）	区域生态持续恶化，治理需求日益迫切； Continuous deterioration of regional ecology， increasingly urgent need for governance；对荒漠生态系统规律的初步认知 Preliminary understanding of desert ecosystems	以遏制风沙危害与水土流失为核心； Focusing on curbing wind-sand hazards and soil and water erosion； “防护”与“治理”并举，大规模植树造林 Simultaneous emphasis on “protection” and “governance，” large-scale afforestation	大规模营造防护林带； Large-scale establishment of shelterbelt systems；签署《联合国防治荒漠化公约》； Signing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification （UNCCD）；实施“科技兴林”战略 Implementing the “Revitalizing Forestry through Science and Technology” strategy
理念深化与调整期 Concept deepening & strategic adjustment phase （2001—2012）	对区域水资源承载力及其与植被关系研究深入； In-depth research on regional water resource carrying capacity and its relationship with vegetation；反思大规模造林引发的“小老树”等生态负效应 Reflecting on “small old trees” and other negative ecological effects caused by large-scale afforestation	确立“以水定绿”原则； Establishing the principle of “determining vegetation based on water availability”；因地制宜，科学调控植被结构与密度 Adapting measures to local conditions， scientifically regulating vegetation structure and density	颁布《防沙治沙法》； Promulgation of the Law on Desertification Prevention and Control；制定《全国防沙治沙规划》； Formulation of the National Plan for Desertification Prevention and Control；启动京津风沙源治理工程 Launching the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project
生态文明建设深化时期 Deepening ecological civilization phase （2012年至今）	关注生态系统整体性、稳定性、抗逆性、生物多样性及其服务功能价值； Focusing on ecosystem integrity， stability， resilience， biodiversity， and the value of their service functions；自然恢复与人工干预协同； Synergy between natural restoration and artificial intervention；强调保护的根本性作用 Emphasizing the fundamental role of protection	“山水林田湖草沙”系统治理理念； The concept of systemic governance of “mountains， rivers， forests， farmlands， lakes， grasslands， and deserts”；养护、预防、治理、利用； Conservation， prevention， governance， and utilization；落实“宜林则林、宜灌则灌、宜草则草、宜荒则荒”； Implementing “forest where suitable for forests， shrubs where suitable for shrubs， grass where suitable for grass， and leaving barren where suitable for barren land”；倡导 “荒漠有价” Advocating “Deserts have value”	优化乔灌草植被恢复模式与技术体系； Optimizing vegetation restoration models and technological systems for trees， shrubs， and grasses；构建与完善自然保护地体系； Building and improving the system of protected natural areas；开展荒漠生态系统服务功能评估与生态产品价值核算； Carrying out assessment of desert ecosystem service functions and accounting for the value of ecological products；推动区域生态经济协同发展 Promoting coordinated development of regional ecology and economy

表1

表2

我国沙漠、戈壁及相关区域基础调查与科学考察历程"

时间阶段 Time period	主要科考/调查项目 Major surveys/investigations	调查区域/对象 Survey area/object	主要调查内容 Key investigation content	主要成果与意义 Key achievements and significance
奠基与初步探索（20世纪50—70 年代） Founding and initial exploration (1950s—1970s)	全国沙漠综合科学考察； Nationwide comprehensive scientific expedition of deserts；水文地质调查与气象观测站建设 Hydrogeological survey and meteorological observatory construction	全国主要沙漠、沙地及戈壁 Major deserts， sandy lands， and Gobi areas nationwide；	沙漠类型、分布范围、面积、形态特征； Desert types， distribution， area， and morphological characteristics；沙区自然地理要素； Geographical parameters in deserts；风沙活动初步观测； Observation of aeolian sand activities；	为早期治沙方针获取基础数据； Obtain basic data for combating desertification policies；为后续研究积累科学资料； Accumulate scientific data to underpin later research 培养首批沙漠科学人才 Train the first - generation researchers of desert research
系统深化与重点调查（20世纪80年代—21世纪初） Systematic deepening and thematic research phase (1980s–early 21st century)	区域综合科考与专项调查； Regional comprehensive scientific expeditions and special surveys；重点沙漠深度考察； Depth exploration of key deserts；风沙物理、沙尘暴、古环境与古气候研究； Research on aeolian physics， sandstorms， paleoenvironment and paleoclimate；水资源专项调查与评价 Special survey and evaluation of water resources	荒漠重点区域； Key zones of major deserts；典型生态脆弱区； Typical ecologically fragile areas；沙尘暴源区 Sandstorm source areas；	沙漠形成演化机制； Desert formation and evolution；水资源时空分布与可持续利用潜力；Water resources: spatiotemporal distribution and potential for sustainable utilization；风沙运动机制、沙尘源区识别与输送路径； Aeolian transport physics， dust source identification， and transport pathways；沙区植被类型、区系、分布格局； Vegetation types， geography， and distribution patterns in desert areas；人类活动对荒漠化进程的影响评估 Assessment of human activities' impact on desertification	系统阐明沙区特征； Explain desert characteristics systematically；揭示关键机制，深化理解荒漠化、沙尘暴、水资源及生态退化； Reveal crucial mechanisms of desertification， dust storms， water resources， and ecosystem degradation；推动学科发展 Promote discipline development
综合监测与应用（21世纪初至今） Comprehensive monitoring phase (Since the early 21st century)	荒漠化和沙化土地监测与评估； Monitoring and evaluation of desertification and sandy land；生态系统服务功能评估与价值核算； Assessment and valuation of ecosystem services；自然保护地体系科考与生物多样性调查 Scientific surveys of protected area systems and biodiversity surveys	沙化土地； Degraded land； “三北”等重点生态工程区； Key ecological engineering areas；国家公园、自然保护区等各类自然保护地 National parks and various nature reserves	荒漠化/沙化土地时空动态变化监测； Monitoring of spatiotemporal changes in desertification/sandy land；生态工程的生态成效与可持续性评估； Ecological effectiveness and sustainability assessment of ecological projects；生态系统碳储量、碳汇功能及其他生态产品价值评估； Assessment of ecosystem carbon storage， carbon sink， and other ecological product values；极端气候事件对荒漠生态系统的影响 Impact of extreme climate events	建立动态监测评估体系，为治沙战略决策与成效检验提供科技支撑； Set up a dynamic monitoring and evaluation system， and provide technological support；为干旱区应对气候变化、减缓灾害风险提供科学依据； Offering a scientific basis for addressing climate change and reducing disaster risks in arid regions 支撑系统治理 Support integrated management.

表2

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时间阶段 Time period	科学认知 Scientific cognition	理念目标 Guiding principles and goals	政策与实践 Policy and practice
治沙起步阶段 Initial exploration （1949—1977）	对荒漠化危害的初步认知与治理途径的探索； Preliminary understanding of desertification hazards and exploration of governance approaches；强调人类干预的能动性 Emphasizing the agency of human intervention	提出“向沙漠进军”“沙产业”等概念； Proposing concepts of “March towards the Desert” and “Sand Industry”；通过人工林建设改善区域生态与经济状况 Improving regional ecological and economic conditions through afforestation	初步开展沙漠、戈壁综合考察； Initial comprehensive scientific expeditions in deserts and Gobi areas；对“三北”工程启动进行论证 Conducting feasibility studies for the launch of the GGWP
“三北”工程中前期 GGWP: early-mid phase （1978—2000）	区域生态持续恶化，治理需求日益迫切； Continuous deterioration of regional ecology， increasingly urgent need for governance；对荒漠生态系统规律的初步认知 Preliminary understanding of desert ecosystems	以遏制风沙危害与水土流失为核心； Focusing on curbing wind-sand hazards and soil and water erosion； “防护”与“治理”并举，大规模植树造林 Simultaneous emphasis on “protection” and “governance，” large-scale afforestation	大规模营造防护林带； Large-scale establishment of shelterbelt systems；签署《联合国防治荒漠化公约》； Signing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification （UNCCD）；实施“科技兴林”战略 Implementing the “Revitalizing Forestry through Science and Technology” strategy
理念深化与调整期 Concept deepening & strategic adjustment phase （2001—2012）	对区域水资源承载力及其与植被关系研究深入； In-depth research on regional water resource carrying capacity and its relationship with vegetation；反思大规模造林引发的“小老树”等生态负效应 Reflecting on “small old trees” and other negative ecological effects caused by large-scale afforestation	确立“以水定绿”原则； Establishing the principle of “determining vegetation based on water availability”；因地制宜，科学调控植被结构与密度 Adapting measures to local conditions， scientifically regulating vegetation structure and density	颁布《防沙治沙法》； Promulgation of the Law on Desertification Prevention and Control；制定《全国防沙治沙规划》； Formulation of the National Plan for Desertification Prevention and Control；启动京津风沙源治理工程 Launching the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project
生态文明建设深化时期 Deepening ecological civilization phase （2012年至今）	关注生态系统整体性、稳定性、抗逆性、生物多样性及其服务功能价值； Focusing on ecosystem integrity， stability， resilience， biodiversity， and the value of their service functions；自然恢复与人工干预协同； Synergy between natural restoration and artificial intervention；强调保护的根本性作用 Emphasizing the fundamental role of protection	“山水林田湖草沙”系统治理理念； The concept of systemic governance of “mountains， rivers， forests， farmlands， lakes， grasslands， and deserts”；养护、预防、治理、利用； Conservation， prevention， governance， and utilization；落实“宜林则林、宜灌则灌、宜草则草、宜荒则荒”； Implementing “forest where suitable for forests， shrubs where suitable for shrubs， grass where suitable for grass， and leaving barren where suitable for barren land”；倡导 “荒漠有价” Advocating “Deserts have value”	优化乔灌草植被恢复模式与技术体系； Optimizing vegetation restoration models and technological systems for trees， shrubs， and grasses；构建与完善自然保护地体系； Building and improving the system of protected natural areas；开展荒漠生态系统服务功能评估与生态产品价值核算； Carrying out assessment of desert ecosystem service functions and accounting for the value of ecological products；推动区域生态经济协同发展 Promoting coordinated development of regional ecology and economy

时间阶段 Time period	主要科考/调查项目 Major surveys/investigations	调查区域/对象 Survey area/object	主要调查内容 Key investigation content	主要成果与意义 Key achievements and significance
奠基与初步探索（20世纪50—70 年代） Founding and initial exploration (1950s—1970s)	全国沙漠综合科学考察； Nationwide comprehensive scientific expedition of deserts；水文地质调查与气象观测站建设 Hydrogeological survey and meteorological observatory construction	全国主要沙漠、沙地及戈壁 Major deserts， sandy lands， and Gobi areas nationwide；	沙漠类型、分布范围、面积、形态特征； Desert types， distribution， area， and morphological characteristics；沙区自然地理要素； Geographical parameters in deserts；风沙活动初步观测； Observation of aeolian sand activities；	为早期治沙方针获取基础数据； Obtain basic data for combating desertification policies；为后续研究积累科学资料； Accumulate scientific data to underpin later research 培养首批沙漠科学人才 Train the first - generation researchers of desert research
系统深化与重点调查（20世纪80年代—21世纪初） Systematic deepening and thematic research phase (1980s–early 21st century)	区域综合科考与专项调查； Regional comprehensive scientific expeditions and special surveys；重点沙漠深度考察； Depth exploration of key deserts；风沙物理、沙尘暴、古环境与古气候研究； Research on aeolian physics， sandstorms， paleoenvironment and paleoclimate；水资源专项调查与评价 Special survey and evaluation of water resources	荒漠重点区域； Key zones of major deserts；典型生态脆弱区； Typical ecologically fragile areas；沙尘暴源区 Sandstorm source areas；	沙漠形成演化机制； Desert formation and evolution；水资源时空分布与可持续利用潜力；Water resources: spatiotemporal distribution and potential for sustainable utilization；风沙运动机制、沙尘源区识别与输送路径； Aeolian transport physics， dust source identification， and transport pathways；沙区植被类型、区系、分布格局； Vegetation types， geography， and distribution patterns in desert areas；人类活动对荒漠化进程的影响评估 Assessment of human activities' impact on desertification	系统阐明沙区特征； Explain desert characteristics systematically；揭示关键机制，深化理解荒漠化、沙尘暴、水资源及生态退化； Reveal crucial mechanisms of desertification， dust storms， water resources， and ecosystem degradation；推动学科发展 Promote discipline development
综合监测与应用（21世纪初至今） Comprehensive monitoring phase (Since the early 21st century)	荒漠化和沙化土地监测与评估； Monitoring and evaluation of desertification and sandy land；生态系统服务功能评估与价值核算； Assessment and valuation of ecosystem services；自然保护地体系科考与生物多样性调查 Scientific surveys of protected area systems and biodiversity surveys	沙化土地； Degraded land； “三北”等重点生态工程区； Key ecological engineering areas；国家公园、自然保护区等各类自然保护地 National parks and various nature reserves	荒漠化/沙化土地时空动态变化监测； Monitoring of spatiotemporal changes in desertification/sandy land；生态工程的生态成效与可持续性评估； Ecological effectiveness and sustainability assessment of ecological projects；生态系统碳储量、碳汇功能及其他生态产品价值评估； Assessment of ecosystem carbon storage， carbon sink， and other ecological product values；极端气候事件对荒漠生态系统的影响 Impact of extreme climate events	建立动态监测评估体系，为治沙战略决策与成效检验提供科技支撑； Set up a dynamic monitoring and evaluation system， and provide technological support；为干旱区应对气候变化、减缓灾害风险提供科学依据； Offering a scientific basis for addressing climate change and reducing disaster risks in arid regions 支撑系统治理 Support integrated management.

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