油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗技术及解剖结构观察

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220886

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究油桐芽苗砧嫁接繁育新技术，建立油桐芽苗砧嫁接无性繁殖技术体系，为油桐良种无性化育苗提供新途径。方法: 以千年桐和三年桐种子培育的芽苗为砧木，以‘华桐1号’家系当年生半木质化带芽茎段为接穗，连续2年研究不同砧木物种、嫁接方法、嫁接膜类型、嫁接时期、苗床及移栽高度等因素对油桐芽苗砧嫁接成活的影响，并观察嫁接后伤口愈合的显微解剖结构。结果: 1）在其他外界因素较优的条件下，以三年桐和千年桐为砧木，油桐嫁接成活率均可达89.0%以上，前期生长无显著差异。以千年桐为砧木，采用劈接法用塑料膜绑扎的成活率比铝箔片高184.0%，差异显著（P < 0.05）；用塑料膜绑扎劈接的成活率比合接高58.7%，差异显著（P < 0.05）。2）适宜油桐芽苗砧嫁接的接穗腋芽上、下部和叶柄长度分别为1.0、3.0和0.5 cm，适宜的砧木劈接切口长1.5 cm、移栽苗床高度15 cm、遮荫网透光率为25%、移栽时嫁接口高于地面。3）不同嫁接时期对油桐芽苗砧嫁接的成活率影响显著，6月上旬的嫁接成活率比5月中旬高51.5%，差异显著（P < 0.05），且6月上旬嫁接的油桐苗后期长势较好。4）观察腋芽的生长过程及嫁接口的愈伤组织解剖结构发现，嫁接10天后伤口部分愈合，腋芽开始膨大，20天后腋芽萌发长出新叶，70天后接穗和砧木的伤口愈合度高，解开嫁接膜有利于后期嫁接苗生长。结论: 本研究建立的油桐芽苗砧嫁接无性繁殖技术体系，6月大田大量育苗的嫁接成活率整体达70.0%以上，可为今后油桐良种无性化育苗提供切实可行的途径。

关键词: 油桐, 嫁接, 砧木, 下胚轴

Abstract:

Objective: Tung tree is one of the four major woody oil tree species in China. The development of tung tree industry has certain strategic significance for improving China’s energy self-sufficiency. This paper aims to establish a new asexual reproduction technology system for tung tree seedlings with hypocotyle rootstocks grafting by studying the new technique of tung tree seedlings and hypocotyle grafting, so as to provide a new way for the future asexual reproduction of tung tree elite varieties. Method: The seedlings cultivated from Vernicia montana and Vernicia fordii seeds were used as rootstocks, and the current year-old semi-woody stem segments with buds of the offsprings of Vernicia fordii ‘Huatong No. 1’ were used as scions. The effects of different rootstock species, grafting methods, grafting film types, grafting periods, seedbeds and transplanting heights on the grafting success of the seedling rootstocks were investigated for two consecutive years, and the microscopic anatomical structure of wound healing after grafting was observed. Result: 1) Under favorable conditions of other external factors, the survival rate of tung tree grafting was more than 89.0% with V. montana and V. fordii seedlings as rootstocks, and there was no significant difference in the early growth between the two, but V. montana rootstocks was more beneficial to improve the resistance of tung trees. With the V. montana seedlings as rootstocks, the survival rate of split grafting with plastic film was 184.0% higher than that of aluminum foil, and the survival rate of split grafting with plastic film was 58.7% higher than that of jointing grafting. 2) The suitable length of the upper axillary buds, lower part axillary buds and petiole of scion was 1.0 cm, 3.0 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively, for grafting on tung tree seedling rootstock; the suitable incision length for rootstock splitting was 1.5 cm, the height of transplanting seedbed was 15 cm, the light transmission rate of the shade net was 25%, and the grafting union should be above the ground at the time of transplantation. 3) Different grafting periods had significant effects on the survival rate of tung trees by hypocotyle grafting. The survival rate of grafting in early June was 51.5% higher than that in mid-May, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The seedlings grafted in early June had better growth in the later period. 4) By observing the growth process of axillary buds and the anatomical structure of callus at the graft union, it was found that the wound was partially healed and the axillary buds began to expand after 10 days of grafting, and the axillary buds grew new leaves after 20 days. The wound healing degree of scion and rootstock was higher after 70 days, and it was necessary to remove the film to facilitate the growth of the grafted seedlings. Conclusion: The technology system of grafting of tung tree seedling rootstock is successfully established in this paper. In June, the overall survival rate of tung tree hypocotyle grafting with a large number of seedlings in the field can reach more than 70.0%, which provides a practical way for asexualized seedling breeding of tung trees in the future.

Key words: Vernicia fordii, graft, stock, hypocotyle

中图分类号:

S718.3

李泽,马芳芳,张慧,骆承睿,刘烨瑶,米小琴,李乐生,舒含玉,谭晓风. 油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗技术及解剖结构观察[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(1): 80-92.

Ze Li,Fangfang Ma,Hui Zhang,Chengrui Luo,Yeyao Liu,Xiaoqin Mi,Lesheng Li,Hanyu Shu,Xiaofeng Tan. Grafting Techniques of Tung Tree Seedlings with Hypocotyle Rootstocks and the Anatomical Structure[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(1): 80-92.

图/表 9

图1

表1

图2

图3

表2

不同处理下的砧木对嫁接成活率的影响①"

砧木劈接切口长度 Cutting length of rootstock splitting/cm	移栽高度 Transplanting height	成活率 Survival rate (%)	生长情况 Growth status
1.0	嫁接口高于地面 Grafting wound higher than ground	70.0 ± 8.7Ba	伤口愈合快，但切面较短，易偏移，砧木接穗接合处容易断裂或变形 The wound heals quickly, but the section is short and easy to shift, and the rootstock scion junction is easy to break or deform
	嫁接口与地面平行 Grafting wound parallel to the ground	60.0 ± 5.8BCab	苗床积水时砧木接穗接合处整体易腐烂，导致成活率低 When the seedbed is flooded, the rootstock scion junction is generally perishable, resulting in low survival rate
	嫁接口埋于地面 Grafting wound buried in the ground	50.0 ± 7.6Cb	雨天接穗容易腐烂，伤口易受虫蚁啃噬 The scion is easy to rot in rainy days, and the wound is easy to be eaten by insects
1.5	嫁接口高于地面 Grafting wound higher than ground	96.7 ±3.3Aa	伤口愈合快，切面长度适宜，接触面较多养分运输快，成活率高 The wound heals fast, the length of the section is suitable, the contact surface is more, nutrients transport faster, and the survival rate is high
	嫁接口与地面平行 Grafting wound parallel to the ground	73.3 ± 3.3Bb	苗床积水时砧木接穗接合处部分易腐烂，成活率较低 When the seedbed is flooded, part of the scion joint of the rootstock is easy to rot, and the survival rate is low
	嫁接口埋于地面 Grafting wound buried in the ground	70.0 ± 10.0Bb	雨天接穗容易腐烂，伤口易受虫蚁啃噬 The scion is easy to rot in rainy days, and the wound is easy to be eaten by insects
2.0	嫁接口高于地面 Grafting wound higher than ground	93.3 ± 1.7Aa	伤口愈合快，愈伤组织发达，成活率高 The wound heals fast, the callus develops well, and the survival rate is high
	嫁接口与地面平行 Grafting wound parallel to the ground	60.0 ± 2.9BCb	伤口过长，苗床积水时砧木接穗接合处部分易腐烂，导致成活率低 When the wound is too long and the seedbed is flooded, part of the joint of the rootstock scion is perishable, resulting in low survival rate
	嫁接口埋于地面 Grafting wound buried in the ground	50.0 ± 2.9Cc	雨天接穗容易腐烂，伤口易受虫蚁啃噬 The scion is easy to rot in rainy days, and the wound is easy to be eaten by insects

表2

表3

不同嫁接时期对油桐芽苗砧嫁接成活率以及苗高和地径的影响①"

嫁接时间 Grafting time	成活率 Survival rate (%)	生长天数Growth day/d	苗高 Seedling height/cm	地径 Ground diameter/mm	生长情况 Growth status
5月中旬 Mid May	58.3±4.4C	30	1.01±0.07Cc	8.04±0.03Ac	接穗木质化程度低、导致腋芽萌发率及成活率低 The low degree of lignification of scions leads to low germination rate and survival rate of axillary buds
		60	9.84±1.26Cb	8.79±0.01Cb	苗木长势差，伤口愈合缓慢 The seedlings grow poorly and the wound heals slowly
		90	34.25±1.58Ca	12.63±0.31Ba	苗高后期生长较快，但接口处愈伤组织生长慢 The seedling height grows faster at the later stage, but the callus at the interface grows slowly
5月下旬 Late May	80.0±3.9A	30	0.95±0.19Cc	8.65±0.45Ac	腋芽萌发率高，成活率高 Axillary bud germination rate is high, high survival rate
		60	19.12±3.58Bb	9.07±0.33Cb	苗木生长较慢，长势一般 Seedlings grow slowly, with moderate growth
		90	45.84±4.90Ba	11.15±0.46Ba	苗木后期生长较快，愈伤组织生长较慢 The seedlings grow faster at the later stage, and the callus grows slower
6月上旬 Early June	88.3±4.4A	30	6.19±0.74Ac	9.50±0.67Ac	腋芽前期萌发率高，生长快，成活率高 The axillary buds have high germination rate, fast growth and high survival rate in the early stage
		60	32.57±0.56Ab	13.10±0.14Ab	苗木生长迅速，长势旺盛 The seedlings grow rapidly and vigorously
		90	57.03±1.89Aa	15.88±0.79Aa	接口处被愈伤组织完全包裹，后期生长最快 The wound is completely wrapped by callus and grows fastest at the later stage
7月中旬 Mid July	75.0±5.8AB	30	4.82±0.08Bc	7.90±0.31Ac	腋芽萌发率较高，伤口愈合较快 Axillary bud germination rate is higher, wound heals faster
		60	23.45±0.51Bb	10.86±0.67Bb	苗木生长迅速，长势较好，生长较快 The seedlings grow rapidly, growth is well and fast
		90	35.47±2.36Ca	13.17±0.57Ba	苗木后期生长较慢 The seedlings grow slowly at the later stage
8月中旬 Mid August	71.7±7.3AB	30	0.95±0.07Cb	9.08±0.61Ab	腋芽萌发率较低，伤口愈合缓慢 The germination rate of axillary buds is low and the wound heals slowly
		60	8.94±1.18Ca	11.76±0.58ABa	苗木生长缓慢，长势差 Seedlings grow slowly and poorly
		90	8.94±1.18Da	11.76±0.58Ba	苗木进入休眠期停止生长 The seedlings stop growth during the dormancy period

表3

表4

不同高度的苗床对嫁接成活率及苗高和地径的影响①"

苗床高度 Seedbed height/cm	成活率 Survival rate (%)	生长天数Growth day/d	苗高 Seedling height/cm	地径 Ground diameter/mm	生长情况 Growth status
5	62.2±7.8B	30	0.83±0.06Bc	8.20±0.52Ab	苗床低易积水，伤口处易腐烂，成活率低 The low seedbed is easy to be flooded, the wound is easy to rot, and the survival rate is low
		60	12.97±1.87Bb	8.88±0.17Ab	伤口愈合缓慢，苗木长势差 Wound heals slowly, seedling grows poorly
		90	39.79±3.36Ba	12.35±0.60Ba	苗木进入速生期，生长较快，长势较好 The seedlings enter the fast-growing period, grow faster and better
10	64.5±4.0AB	30	1.14±0.02ABc	8.13±0.15Ab	苗床较低易积水，苗木根部易腐烂死亡，成活率低 The low seedling bed is easy to be flooded, the seedling root is easy to rot and die, and the survival rate is low
		60	7.64±0.56Cb	9.38±0.36Aab	伤口愈合较快，苗木长势较弱 The wound heals faster but the seedlings grow weaker
		90	31.98±0.39BCa	10.82±0.54Ba	苗木进入速生期，生长较快，长势较弱 The seedlings enter the fast-growing period, grow faster but weaker
15	80.0±3.9A	30	2.73±0.03Ac	8.49±0.41Ab	苗床高度适中，不易积水，腋芽萌发率高，伤口愈合快，成活率高 The moderate seedbed height is, not easy to be flooded, the germination rate of axillary buds is high, the wound heals fast, and the survival rate is high
		60	22.53±1.93Ab	9.56±0.17Ab	苗木生长较快，长势旺盛 The seedlings grow faster and vigorously
		90	57.45±3.02Aa	17.17±0.40Aa	苗木进入速生期，生长快且伤口已经完全愈合 The seedlings enter the fast-growing period, grow fast and the wounds are completely healed
20	79.8±2.2A	30	0.77±0.09Cc	8.72±0.39Ab	苗床过高，不蓄水，接穗成活后生长较慢 When seedling bed is too high, the water is not stored, and the scion grows slow after survival
		60	6.96±0.65Cb	9.2±0.29Ab	苗木生长缓慢，长势弱 The seedlings grow slowly and weakly
		90	30.94±2.40Ca	11.16±0.44Ba	苗床过高、降水少导致苗木后期干旱长势差 Too high seedbed and less precipitation lead to drought, and seedlings grow poorly at the later stage

表4

图4

图5

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砧木物种 Rootstock species	嫁接方式 Grafting method	绑扎方式 Bandaging method	成活率 Survival rate (%)	生长情况 Growth status
三年桐 Vernicia fordii	劈接 Split	铝箔片 Aluminum foil	38.5 ± 1.5c	伤口愈合慢，砧木伤口处容易长萌芽条 The wound heals slowly, and it is easy to sprout at the rootstock wound
	劈接 Split	塑料膜 Plastic film	88.3 ± 1.7a	伤口愈合较好，后期生长快 The wound heals well and the grafting seedlings grow fast at the later stage
	合接 Bonding	铝箔片 Aluminum foil	46.7 ± 7.3bc	接穗易失水，铝箔片易脱落，成活率低 The scion is easy to lose water, the aluminum foil is easy to fall off, and the survival rate is low
	合接 Bonding	塑料膜 Plastic film	86.7 ± 3.3a	伤口愈合较好，后期接口容易断裂 The wound heals well, but the interface is easy to break later
千年桐 Vernicia montana	劈接 Split	铝箔片 Aluminum foil	31.7 ± 0.9c	伤口愈合慢，砧木伤口处容易长萌芽条 The wound heals slowly, and it is easy to sprout at the rootstock wound
	劈接 Split	塑料膜 Plastic film	90.0 ± 7.7a	生长较快，伤口愈合好 Growing faster, the wound heals well
	合接 Bonding	铝箔片 Aluminum foil	36.7 ± 10.1c	接穗易失水，铝箔片易脱落，成活率低 The scion is easy to lose water, the aluminum foil is easy to fall off, and the survival rate is low
	合接 Bonding	塑料膜 Plastic film	56.7 ± 4.4b	伤口愈合较好，后期接口容易断裂 The wound heals well, but the interface is easy to break later

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