墨西哥落羽杉×落羽杉杂交的生殖与发育解剖学特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220174

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 了解墨西哥落羽杉×落羽杉杂交的生殖与发育解剖学特征，为新品种、良种选育及种子发育的分子调控机制研究提供参考。方法: 通过形态观测和石蜡切片法，对杂交母本墨西哥落羽杉大孢子叶球从花芽分化至种子成熟的过程进行了系统的形态学和解剖学观察。结果: 1—5月为大孢子发生和雌配子体发育期。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子，其中合点端1个发育为功能大孢子，其余3个退化。墨西哥落羽杉的复合颈卵器由13~19个颈卵器组成，顶生，无腹沟细胞，复合颈卵器外侧具1层双核套层细胞。6 月中旬为受精期，随着花粉管的生长，精原细胞体积不断增大，并在受精前分裂为2个同型精子，其中1个与卵细胞受精形成合子，精卵融合主要发生在颈卵器中上部。6 月下旬—7 月上旬为原胚发育期，7月中旬—8月上旬为早期胚发育期，8月中旬—9月中旬为后期胚发育期。墨西哥落羽杉原胚发育属于松杉类标准型，简单多胚和裂生多胚现象并存，胚发育不同步，成熟胚为直线型，具4~9枚子叶，胚轴中无髓。结论: 本研究首次从细胞学水平上观察了墨西哥落羽杉大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程，探究了墨西哥落羽杉×落羽杉生殖融合和胚胎发育类型，为墨西哥落羽杉×落羽杉的种间杂交育种提供了生殖生物学依据。

关键词: 墨西哥落羽杉, 落羽杉, 大孢子发生, 雌配子体发育, 胚胎发育

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to understand the reproductive and developmental anatomical characteristics of Taxodium mucronatum × T. distichum. Method: In this study, the changes in morphology and anatomy structure of ovulate strobilus of T. mucronatum were systematically observed throughout its whole developmental process from flower bud initiation to seed maturation. Result: The results showed that the period of megasporogenesis and development of female gametophytes was from January to May. The meiotic division of the megasporocyte produced four megaspores, among which the megaspore near the chalaza developed into a functional megaspore, while the other three megaspores near the micropyle degenerated. The archegonia complex was composed of 13 to 19 archegonia covered by a layer of jacket cells with two nucleuses, and positioned terminally without ventral canal nucleus. Fertilization took place in the middle of June. With the growth of the pollen tube, the spermatogenous cell enlarged continuously and before fertilization, it divided into two homotypic sperms, and one of the sperms fertilized the egg to form a zygote. The fusion of sperm and egg occurred mainly in the center and upper of the archegonium. The proembryony development was from late June to early July, early embryo development was from mid-July to early August, and mature embryo development was from mid-August to mid-September. The proembryony of T. mucronatum belongs to the standard type of coniferales. Simple polyembryony and cleaved polyembryony were found frequently, and the development of the embryo was not synchronous. The mature embryo is linear, with 4~9 cotyledons, and no pith in the embryonal axis. Conclusion: This study for the first time has observed the cytological process of megasporogenesis, female gametophyte development of T. mucronatum, reproductive fusion and embryo development of T. mucronatum × T. distichum, which would provide a reproductive biological basis for interspecific hybridization breeding of T. mucronatum × T. distichum.

Key words: Taxodium mucronatum, Taxodium distichum, megasporogenesis, gametophyte development, embryo development

中图分类号:

S722
S718.4

王紫阳,熊豫武,杨颖,殷云龙,於朝广. 墨西哥落羽杉×落羽杉杂交的生殖与发育解剖学特征[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(2): 96-106.

Ziyang Wang,Yuwu Xiong,Ying Yang,Yunlong Yin,Chaoguang Yu. Reproductive and Developmental Anatomical Characteristics during Cross Breeding between Taxodium mucronatum and Taxodium distichum[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(2): 96-106.

图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

墨西哥落羽杉大孢子叶球发育过程中的外部形态变化及内部发育特征"

时间Time	外部形态External morphology of ovulate cone	内部发育特征Internal features of ovulate cone
1月初Early January	苞鳞紧包，外部数层苞鳞红褐色Bracts tightly packed together and the outer bracts reddish brown	珠心原基分化期 Division of nucellar primordia
2月初Early February	苞鳞展开，胚珠分泌出传粉滴 Ovuliferous scales are all spread out and the ovules secrete pollination drops	珠心和珠被形成期 Formation of nucellus and integument
2月中旬Mid-February	传粉滴收缩，花粉进入胚珠内 Pollen grains enter the ovule along with the pollination drop withdrawal	孢原细胞形成期 Formation of archesporial cell
3月中旬Mid-March	苞鳞增厚、向后弯曲 Ovuliferous scale thickened and bent backward	大孢子母细胞形成期 Formation of megaspore mother cell
3月下旬—5月上旬 Late March—early May	大孢子叶球近球形，相邻苞鳞基部合生Ovulate strobilus becomes subglobose, and the adjacent ovuliferous scales connate basally	雌配子体游离核分裂期 Division of free nucleis of megagametophyte
5月中旬Mid-May	苞鳞间的缝隙被颗粒状组织完全填充 The gaps between ovuliferous scales are completely filled with granular tissue	雌配子体游离核细胞壁形成期 Cell wall formation of free nucleis of female gametophyte
6月中旬Mid-June	大孢子叶球卵圆形，并开始木质化，苞鳞扁平，基部楔形，先端尖 Cones are oval and begin to lignify. Ovuliferous scales flat with base cuneate and apex acute	卵细胞成熟期和受精期 Mature egg cell and fertilization
7月上旬Early July	大孢子叶球外观与颜色无明显变化 Cones have no change in shape and color	原胚发育期 Development of proembryony
7月中旬Mid-July	大孢子叶球颜色开始变为黄褐色，苞鳞先端枯萎或脱落 Cones color begin to turn yellowish brown, and the apex of ovuliferous scales begins to wither or fall off	柱状胚发育期 Development of columnar embryo
8月上旬Early August	大孢子叶球完全木质化并轻度开裂 Cones become completely lignified and slightly dehiscent	子叶胚初期 Initial cotyledon embryo
9月中旬Mid-September	外观无明显变化，种子成熟 Cones have no significant change in shape，mature seeds form inside	胚成熟期 Formation of mature embryo

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

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