中亚热带典型林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响，揭示影响土壤养分含量的主导空间结构因子，为以改善森林土壤养分含量为目标的森林空间结构优化措施的制定提供理论依据。方法: 以中亚热带人工针叶纯林、人工阔叶纯林、人工阔叶混交林、人工针阔混交林、天然次生林和竹林6种典型林分为研究对象，在比较其空间结构与土壤养分含量差异的基础上，运用Pearson相关系数、多元线性回归分析和典型相关分析法分析林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响。结果: 天然次生林的林分空间结构在整体上最优，其土壤有机质和氮磷含量也最高，其他5种人工林分的空间结构和土壤有机质、氮磷钾含量的优劣排序随着指标的改变而改变，没有呈现出规律性；Pearson相关分析表明林分混交度、角尺度和林层指数均与土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量显著正相关（P < 0.05）；多元线性逐步回归结果显示混交度和林层指数是影响土壤有机质和有效磷含量的主导因子，而影响土壤全氮含量的林分空间结构主导因子只有混交度；典型相关分析表明第一组典型变量的相关系数为0.951，属于强相关（P < 0.01），说明林分空间结构与土壤养分整体上相关程度极显著；典型载荷分析进一步表明在对土壤养分的整体影响力上，混交度和林层指数起着决定作用。结论: 从数量有限的样地调查结果来看，研究地点的林分空间结构显著地影响着土壤养分含量，对土壤有机质、有效磷含量及土壤养分整体水平起决定作用的均是混交度和林层指数，而对土壤全氮含量水平起决定作用的只有混交度。因此，欲提高土壤有机质、有效磷含量水平或土壤养分含量整体水平，应采用调整林分树种结构和林层结构的综合经营措施；而要提高土壤全氮含量，只需选择调整树种结构的经营措施。

关键词: 中亚热带, 林分空间结构, 土壤养分, 典型相关分析

Abstract:

Objective: To reveal the key stand spatial structure factors affecting soil nutrients and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of optimal forest spatial structure in order to improve soil nutrients in forest. Method: The relationships between stand spatial structure factors and soil nutrient contents were developed,analyzed and compared by using Pearson correlation coefficient,multivariate linear regression and canonical correlation analysis in four typical artificial forests (a pure coniferous forest,a pure broad-leaved forest,a mixed broad-leaved forest,a mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest),a natural secondary forest and a bamboo forest in central subtropical China. Result: The spatial structure of the natural secondary forest was optimal and the contents of soil organic matter (SOM),nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were the highest among the examined forest types. No regularity was found for the relations between spatial structure and SOC,N,P,and potassium (K) contents in the other five forest types.The stand mingling degree,uniform angle and forest layer index were significantly positively correlated with SOM,total N,and available P,respectively (P < 0.05). The stand mingling degree and forest layer index were the dominant factors affecting SOM and available P,and the primary factor affecting soil total N was the stand mingling degree. The correlation coefficient of the first group of canonical variables was 0.951 (P < 0.01),indicating that the spatial structure of stand was highly correlated with soil nutrients. Particularly,the stand mingling degree and forest layer index played a critical role in the overall influence on soil nutrients. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the stand spatial structure significantly affected soil nutrient content in the study site. The stand mingling degree and forest layer index were the key stand factors determining SOM,available P and soil nutrient level,while the stand mingling degree was the main factor controlling total soil N content in the examined forests.The result: suggested the soil fertility could be improved by adjusting tree species composition of the stands and forest layer in the study region..

Key words: mid-subtropics, stand spatial structure, soil nutrient, canonical correlation analysis

中图分类号:

S714.2

曹小玉, 李际平, 委霞. 中亚热带典型林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(1): 20-28.

Xiaoyu Cao, Jiping Li, Xia Wei. Effects of Spatial Structure on Soil Nutrient Content in Typical Forests in the Contral-Subtropics of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(1): 20-28.

图/表 8

表1

样地基本概况"

森林类型 Forest types	样地号 Plot code	树种组成 Tree species composition	林龄 Stand age/a	密度 Density/ hm^-2	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean tree height/m	郁闭度 Crown density	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope/ (°)	海拔 Altitude/ m
人工针叶纯林 Artificial coniferous pure forest	1	10杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	19	1 723	12.5	13.7	0.81	北N	16	684
	2	10杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	19	1 812	13.3	14.1	0.85	西北NW	18	720
	3	10杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	19	1 793	12.7	13.9	0.79	北N	19	705
	4	10马尾松Pinus massoniana	24	1 632	18.3	15.1	0.77	西北NW	17	652
	5	10马尾松Pinus massoniana	24	1 653	17.9	14.7	0.82	东北NE	17	694
	6	10马尾松Pinus massoniana	24	1 682	17.5	14.9	0.83	东北NE	19	723
	7	10柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei	21	1 819	16.7	15.4	0.89	西北NW	18	802
	8	10柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei	21	1 796	16.9	16.3	0.83	西北NW	17	763
	9	10柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei	21	1 825	17.3	15.9	0.86	东北NE	20	758
人工阔叶纯林 Artificial broad- leaved pure forest	10	10木荷Schima superba	25	1 512	16.4	14.4	0.79	北N	19	651
	11	10木荷Schima superba	25	1 483	16.3	15.2	0.81	西北NW	19	643
	12	10木荷Schima superba	25	1 462	15.9	14.5	0.76	西北NW	18	674
人工阔叶混交林 Artificial broad- leaved mixed forest	13	7木荷Schima superba 3闽楠Phoebe bournei	16	1 783	12.3	9.6	0.83	东北NE	20	735
	14	7木荷Schima superba 3闽楠Phoebe bournei	16	1 653	11.9	9.1	0.79	东北NE	21	782
	15	7木荷Schima superba 3闽楠Phoebe bournei	16	1 685	12.1	9.8	0.84	东北NE	19	813
人工针阔混交林 Artificial coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest	16	7柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei 3马褂木Liriodendron tulipdfera	18	1 823	15.8	13.7	0.83	北N	18	694
	17	7柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei 3马褂木Liriodendron tulipdfera	18	1 819	15.3	15.9	0.81	西北NW	18	658
	18	7柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei 3马褂木Liriodendron tulipdfera	18	1 801	15.7	16.2	0.80	西北NW	20	627
	19	6马尾松Pinus massoniana 4木荷Schima superba	25	1 905	13.9	12.1	0.82	北N	19	735
	20	6马尾松Pinus massoniana 4木荷Schima superba	25	1 897	14.2	13.4	0.85	东北NE	21	798
	21	6马尾松Pinus massoniana 4木荷Schima superba	25	1 890	13.3	12.9	0.83	北N	19	762
	22	7杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata 3木荷Schima superba	13	2 175	12.3	12.6	0.71	北N	20	723
	23	7杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata 3木荷Schima superba	13	2 013	11.9	13.1	0.69	西北NW	18	769
	24	7杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata 3木荷Schima superba	13	2 132	12.6	13.3	0.73	西北NW	19	739
天然次生林 Natural secondary forest	25	7青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca 2苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla 1冬青Ilex chinensis	41	1 298	17.5	12.5	0.81	西北NW	20	847
	26	7青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca 2苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla 1冬青Ilex chinensis	41	1 305	15.8	11.9	0.79	北N	19	815
	27	7青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca 2苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla 1冬青Ilex chinensis	41	1 245	16.3	12.1	0.84	西北NW	19	809
竹林 Bamboo forest	28	10楠竹Phyllostachys pubescens	17	3 018	9.7	13.7	0.84	东北NE	21	735
	29	10楠竹Phyllostachys pubescens	17	3 122	10.2	13.1	0.79	东北NE	19	724
	30	10楠竹Phyllostachys pubescens	17	2 984	9.9	14.2	0.81	北N	20	716

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林分空间结构标 Indicators of stand spatial structure	人工针叶纯林 Artificial coniferouspure forest	人工阔叶纯林 Artificial broad-leaved pure forest	人工阔叶混交林 Artificial broad-leaved mixed forest	人工针阔混交林 Artificial coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	天然次生林 Natural secondary forest	竹林 Bamboo forest
混交度Mingling degree	0.05±0.01 d	0.02±0.01 d	0.47±0.04c	0.52±0.04b	0.73±0.04a	0.06±0.01 d
角尺度Uniform angle	0.35±0.025c	0.28±0.03 d	0.40±0.02b	0.39±0.02b	0.49±0.02a	0.47±0.03a
林层指数Forest layer index	0.34±0.04c	0.36±0.05bc	0.38±0.05bc	0.37±0.03b	0.62±0.04a	0.45±0.04 d

林分类型 Stand types	有机质 Organic matter/ (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N/ (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P/ (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N/ (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K/ (mg·kg^-1)
人工针叶纯林 Artificial coniferous pure forest	12.91±0.64 d	0.76±0.14b	0.17±0.08b	46.56±10.31ab	1.06±0.18cd	27.49±5.48b
人工阔叶纯林 Artificial broad-leaved pure forest	16.73±1.69c	0.90±0.17b	0.18±0.04ab	75.97±7.14a	1.87±0.21c	63.17±10.57a
人工阔叶混交林 Artificial broad-leaved mixed forest	20.1±0.35b	0.91±0.13b	0.19±0.01ab	53.97±13.29ab	2.06±0.34b	47.53±8.18a
人工针阔混交林Artificial coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	19.39±3.06bc	1.12±0.1a	0.26±0.08a	20.84±7.35b	2.47±0.44b	13.70±2.01b
天然次生林Natural secondary forest	29.07±3.21a	1.27±0.13a	0.29±0.03ab	82.87±13.54a	3.80±0.51a	53.5±4.86a
竹林Bamboo forest	11.13±0.53 d	0.75±0.19b	0.22±0.09ab	34.08±10.76b	1.21±0.09 d	13.62±2.82b

林分空间结构指标 Indicators of stand spatial structure	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total N	全磷 Total P	碱解氮 Available N	有效磷 Available P	速效钾 Available K
混交度Mingling degree	0.831^**	0.755^**	0.272	-0.063	0.766^**	-0.016
角尺度Uniform angle	0.380^*	0.371^*	0.240	-0.068	0.697^**	-0.215
林层指数Forest layer index	0.807^**	0.595^**	0.076	0.299	0.571^**	0.232

土壤养分指标 Indicators of soil nutrient	回归方程 Regression equation	土壤养分含量的影响因子重要性排序 Importance order of the influence factors on soil nutrient content
有机质Organic matter	Y₁=10.812X₁+25.190X₃+4.583 R²=0.791	混交度Mingling degree (0.523)> 林层指数Forest layer index (0.442)
全氮Total N	Y₂=0.640X₁+0.760 R²=0.570	混交度Mingling degree
全磷Total P	不显著No significant	——
碱解氮Available N	不显著No significant	——
有效磷Available P	Y₅=8.909X₁+27.036X₃-7.550 R²=0.683	混交度Mingling degree (0.552)> 林层指数Forest layer index (0.405)
速效钾Available K	不显著No significant	——

典型变量组号 Group No. of typical variables	典型相关系数 Canonical correlation coefficient	Wilk’s	Chi-SQ	DF	Sig
1	0.951	0.044	75.074	18.000	0.000
2	0.595	0.487	18.802	10.000	0.053
3	0.500	0.750	6.890	4.000	0.142