高台整地和苗木截干对水曲柳次生林下水曲柳栽植苗成活及生长的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150814

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

[目的] 研究高台整地和苗木截干对水曲柳次生林下水曲柳栽植苗成活及生长的影响,以期解释低洼地带水曲柳次生纯林林下水曲柳天然更新不良的原因,为同样立地的水曲柳人工造林提供参考依据。[方法] 在水曲柳典型分布区内选择生长在低洼且有季节性积水地段上的水曲柳次生纯林,采用两因素随机区组试验设计,在其林下进行高台整地(配合地被物去除处理,并设置未整地对照),人工栽植水曲柳1年生苗(栽植后立即截干至8 cm高和未截干保持原15.8 cm平均高2种处理),对苗木栽植后3个生长季内的成活和成长情况及栽植后第3年的地表水分与温度变化动态进行观察分析。[结果] 1) 配合死、活地被物去除处理的高台整地可以有效降低表层土壤含水量,且变化幅度明显降低; 高台整地可增加生长季初期(5月)地表温度升幅、降低生长季末期(9月)地表温度降幅和生长季地表温度变幅,使地表温度趋于匀质化; 2) 高台整地可提高栽植苗木的成活率和保存率(未截干情况下,3个生长季分别比未整地高出7.17%,13.37%和15.56%),降低栽植苗木的生长季死亡率(未截干情况下,3个生长季分别比未整地低100%,64.73%和20.89%),提高栽植苗木的地径和苗高生长量(未截干情况下,3个生长季内地径和苗高生长量分别比未整地高出19.37%,27.13%和35.80%及100.53%,50.00%和64.17%),增加苗木生物量和茎根生物量比值,增加苗木叶片的叶面积和数量; 3) 在高台整地情况下,截干处理对水曲柳苗成活没有显著影响,但截干处理成活率和高生长量小于未截干处理; 未整地情况下,截干处理水曲柳苗成活率和保存率显著低于未截干处理,但对苗高生长量和地径生长量无显著影响; 截干处理可增加水曲柳苗叶片的面积与数量,提高苗木根和叶生物量积累。[结论] 土壤水热状况不良和地被物竞争是中下坡低洼地带水曲柳次生纯林林下水曲柳更新幼苗存活和生长差的重要原因,通过高台整地改善土壤水热状况、削弱地被物竞争,可以促进水曲柳栽植苗的存活和成长。

关键词: 水曲柳, 成活成长, 生物量, 高台, 整地, 苗木截干

Abstract:

[Objective] Natural regeneration of Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) has been observed in conifer plantations, secondary forests containing Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla and mixed hardwood secondary forests. However, successful natural regeneration is unlikely in pure secondary forest of F. mandshurica. The objective of this study was to provide some evidences to explain factors that might improve the survival and growth of planted ash seedlings. [Method] One-year-old manchurian ash seedlings were planted under a secondary forest of manchurian ash located at a low-lying site with seasonal water logging. Site preparation was conducted using mounding combined with clearing of ground covers. A randomized blocks experimental design was used and plots with no site disturbance was used as control. Seedlings were either top-pruned to a height of 8 cm right away after planting, or planted without any stem cutting (average height of control seedlings was 15.8 cm). The survival and growth of the planted seedlings during the first 3 years after planting and the surface soil moisture and temperature of the planted areas at the third year after planting were investigated and analyzed. [Results] Mounding combined with clearing of ground vegetation cover reduced the moisture of surface soil ant the extent of its variation. Mounding and removal of vegetation cover increased the temperature of surface soil especially during the primary growth season (May), and decreased the extent of temperature reduction in late growth stage (September) and therefore, homogenized the surface soil temperature. Mounding significantly increased survival and decreased mortality of the non-pruned seedlings, the increases of survival rates in the first, secondary and third year were 7.17%, 13.37%, and 15.56% respectively and the decreasing rates were 100%, 64.73%, and 20.89% respectively. This treatment significantly enhanced the root-collar diameter and height increment. For non-pruned seedlings, root-collar diameter was increased by 19.37%, 27.13%, 35.80%and height was increased by 100.53%, 50.00%, 64.17% respectively in the first, secondary and third year after planting. Mounding also increased the total biomass, total leaf area and number, and also increased the ratio of stem/root biomass. When planted at mounded sites, the top-pruning had no significant effect on survival or growth of seedlings. However, the survival rate and height increment of the top-pruned seedlings was smaller than those of non-pruned seedlings. At non-mounded sites, top-pruning reduced the survival rate. However, there was no significant effect on either height or diameter increment. The top-pruning increased both leaf-area and leaf number, and increased root biomass and leaf biomass. [Conclusion] Poor situation of soil moisture and temperature and the competition with surface vegetation were the two key reasons for the low survival of planted seedlings at non-mounded sites. Improving soil moisture and temperature conditions and reducing the competition from surface vegetation by mounding could promote the survival and growth of the planted seedlings.

Key words: Fraxinus mandshurica, survival and growth, biomass, mounding, site preparation, top-pruning

中图分类号:

S718.55

杨博文, 胡立江, 沈海龙, 孙相臣, 张鹏. 高台整地和苗木截干对水曲柳次生林下水曲柳栽植苗成活及生长的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2015, 51(8): 104-113.

Yang Bowen, Hu Lijiang, Shen Hailong, Sun Xiangchen, Zhang Peng. Effect of Mounding and Top-Pruning on Survival and Growth of Manchurian Ash Seedlings Planted under the Secondary Forest of the Species[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(8): 104-113.

参考文献

柏广新,张彦东. 2013. 水曲柳天然更新及其影响因子. 东北林业大学学报, 41(1): 8-13. (Bai G X, Zhang Y D. 2013. Natural Regeneration and Its Influencing Factors of Manchurian Ash. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 41(1): 8-13.[in Chinese])
陈大珂,周晓峰,赵惠勋,等. 1982. 天然次生林四个类型的结构、功能和演替. 东北林学院学报, 10(2): 1-20. (Chen D K, Zhou X F, Zhao H X,et al. 1982. Study on the structure, function and succession of the four types in natural secondary forest. Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute, 10(2): 1-20.[in Chinese])
韩有志,王政权. 2002a. 天然次生林中水曲柳种子库的空间格局与过程. 植物生态学报, 26(2): 170-176. (Han Y Z, Wang Z Q.2002a. The spatial pattern and process of seed bank of Fraxinus mandshurica in secondary hardwood forests. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26(2): 170-176.[in Chinese])
韩有志,王政权,谷加存. 2004. 林分光照空间异质性对水曲柳更新的影响. 植物生态学报, 28(4): 468-475. (Han Y Z, Wang Z Q, Gu J C. 2004. The effects of spatial heterogenity of understorey light availablity on gegeneration of Manchurian ash. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 28(4): 468-475.[in Chinese])
韩有志,王政权. 2002b. 天然次生林中水曲柳种子库的扩散格局. 植物生态学报, 26(1): 51-57. (Han Y Z, Wang Z Q. 2002b. Saptial pattern of manchurian ash seed dispersal in secondary hardwood forests. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26(1): 51-57.[in Chinese])
胡立江,沈海龙,赵克尊,等. 2005. 红松人工林冠下水曲柳天然更新的最适生境研究. 东北林业大学学报, 40(3): 7-10. (Hu L J, Shen H L, Zhao K Z,et al. 2005. Optimum habitat for natural regeneration of Fraxinus mandshurica under canopy of Pinus koraiensis plantations. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,40(3):7-10[in Chinese])
荆涛,马万里,罗菊春,等. 2002. 水曲柳萌芽更新的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 24(4): 12-15. (Jing T, Ma W L, Luo J C,et al. 2002. Sprouting regeneration of Fraxinus mandshurica. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 24(4): 12-15.[in Chinese])
李景文,聂绍荃,安滨河. 2005. 东北东部林区次生林主要阔叶树种的萌芽更新规律. 林业科学, 41(6): 72-77. (Li J W, Nie S Q, An B H. 2005. Stump sprouting of the mainbroad-leaved tree species of secondary forest in eastern area of northeast china. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 41(6): 72-77.[in Chinese])
刘强,王录,沈海龙,等. 1991. 开拓效应带促进水曲柳天然更新效果的研究. 东北林业大学学报, 19(增刊): 176-181. (Liu Q, Wang L, Shen H L,et al. 1991. Studies on the effect on manchurian ash natural regeneration by openning up effect belt in Dahurian larch plantation. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 19(Supp): 176-181.[in Chinese])
马履一,翟明普. 1993. 西林吉地区造林整地方法的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 15(增刊I): 172-177. (Ma L Y, Zhai M P. 1993. Study on the site preparation methods in Xilinji region. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 15(Supp.I): 172-177.[in Chinese])
邵立新. 2014. 塞罕坝地区不同整地方式对落叶松造林成活率和生长量的影响. 安徽农学通报, 20(5): 108-110. (Shao L X. 2014. Effect of different site preparation methods on survival and increment of planted larch seedlings. Anhui Agriculture Science Bulletin, 20(5): 108-110.[in Chinese])
沈海龙,丁宝永,夏新畅,等. 1991. 人工针叶群落中水曲柳种群发生发展特点的研究. 东北林业大学学报, 19(增刊): 182-190. (Shen H L, Ding B Y, Xia X C,et al. 1991. Studies on the happening and developing characters of manchurian ash population in artificial coniferous communities. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 19(Supp): 182-190.[in Chinese])
宋新章,张智婷,肖文发,等. 2008. 长白山杨桦次生林采伐林隙幼苗更新动态. 林业科学, 44(3): 13-20. (Song X Z, Zhang Z T, Xiao W F,et al. 2008. Regeneration dynamics of logging gaps in Populus davidiana Betula platyphylla secondary forests in Changbai Mountain.Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 44(3): 13-20.[in Chinese])
王齐瑞. 2012. 平茬对暴马丁香生长的影响. 林业科技开发, 26(3): 120-122. (Wang Q R. 2012. Effect of stumping on the growth of Syringa reticulata. China Forestry Science and Technology, 26(3): 120-122.[in Chinese])
王义弘,柴一新,慕长龙. 1994. 水曲柳的生态学研究. 东北林业大学学报, 22(1): 1-6. (Wang Y H, Chai Y X, Mu C L. 1994. Study on Ecology of Fraxinus mandshurica. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 22(1): 1-6.[in Chinese])
王义弘,张国仓. 1990. 水曲柳的种子库及其转化条件的初步研究. 东北林业大学学报, 18(5): 1-6. (Wang Y H, Zhang G C. 1990. Research on ash seed bank and ash seedling recruiment from seed potential. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 18(5): 1-6.[in Chinese])
王义弘,周晓峰,柴一新. 2000. 水曲柳的更新造林和生长. 东北林业大学学报, 28(5): 19-22. (Wang Y H, Zhou X F, Chai Y X. 2000. The regeneration forestation and growth of Fraxinus mandshurica. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 28(5): 19-22.[in Chinese])
王震,张利文,虞毅,等. 2013. 平茬高度对四合木生长及生理特性的影响. 生态学报, 33(22): 7078-7087. (Wang Z, Zhang L W, Yu Y,et al. 2013. Effect of different stubble height treatments on the annual growth index and physiological characteristics of Tetraena mongolica in two growing seasons. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(22): 7078-7087.[in Chinese])
许彦明,张彦东,孙海龙,等. 2014. 水曲柳天然林种群的点格局分析. 东北林业大学学报, 42(8): 40-45. (Xu Y M, Zhang Y D, Sun H L,et al. 2014. Point pattern analysis of Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) natural population. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 42(8): 40-45.[in Chinese])
张延龄. 1960. 关于鱼鳞坑水平沟等整地造林对林木生长和拦阻径流的观测分析和意见. 林业科学, 6(2): 125-131. (Zhang Y L. 1960. Observation analysis and oppinion of site preparation infish-scale pit and level trench methods on tree growth and runoff onstruction. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 6(2): 125-131.[in Chinese])
Amichev B Y, Bailey B E, Van Rees K C J. 2014. White spruce (Picea glauca) structural root system development and symmetry influenced by disc trenching site preparation. Forest Ecology & Management, 326: 1-8.
Bai S H, Blumfield T J, Xu Z. 2014. Physiological traits ofAcacia concurrens and Eucalyptus crebra with respect to radical site preparation practices in a revegetation trial, south east Queensland, Australia. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 14(6): 1107-1115.
Lafleur B, Pare D, Fenton N J. 2011. Growth of planted black spruce seedlings following mechanical site preparation in boreal forested peatlands with variable organic layer thickness: 5-year results. Annals of Forest Science, 68(8): 1291-1302.
Tang Q Y, Zhang C X. 2013. Data processing system (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research. Insect Science, 20(2): 254-260
Zhu J J, Liu Z G, Wang H X. 2008. Effects of site preparation on emergence and early establishment of Larix olgensis in montane regions of northeastern China. New Forests, 36(3): 247-260.

[1]	薛春泉, 徐期瑚, 林丽平, 何潇, 曹磊, 李海奎. 基于异速生长和理论生长方程的广东省木荷生物量动态预测[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 86-94.
[2]	丁令智, 满秀玲, 肖瑞晗, 蔡体久. 寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量生长季内动态变化[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 178-186.
[3]	常建国. 油松树干横截面面积年增长量的垂直分布及与材积年增长量和叶量的关系[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 55-64.
[4]	李亚藏, 冯仲科. 气候敏感的马尾松生物量相容性方程系统研建[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 65-73.
[5]	王怡霖, 王卫锋, 张芸香, 常淑君, 郭晋平. 碧玉杨叶形态结构与生理特性对干旱的响应[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 42-50.
[6]	曾伟生, 贺东北, 蒲莹, 肖前辉. 含地域和起源因子的马尾松立木生物量与材积方程系统[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(2): 75-86.
[7]	薛春泉, 徐期瑚, 林丽平, 何潇, 罗勇, 赵菡, 曹磊, 雷渊才. 广东主要乡土阔叶树种含年龄和胸径的单木生物量模型[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(2): 97-108.
[8]	王思文, 卫星, 李虹谕, 韦庆钰. 水曲柳轻基质容器苗菌根化生长效应[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(2): 173-181.
[9]	王波, 李琴, 朱炜, 陈文海, 祝虹梁, 沈泉, 朱安明, 赵建诚. 毛竹林覆盖经营对土壤养分含量、酶活性及微生物生物量的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(1): 110-118.
[10]	种培芳, 詹瑾, 贾向阳, 李毅. 模拟CO₂浓度升高及降雨变化对荒漠灌木红砂光合及生长的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2018, 54(9): 27-37.
[11]	韩宗涛, 江洪, 王威, 李增元, 陈尔学, 闫敏, 田昕. 基于多源遥感的森林地上生物量KNN-FIFS估测[J]. 林业科学, 2018, 54(9): 70-79.
[12]	李伟成, 盛海燕, 蒋跃平, 温星. 基塘系统不同竹林土壤CO₂通量特征及其影响因子[J]. 林业科学, 2018, 54(8): 13-22.
[13]	赵嘉诚, 李海奎. 杉木单木和林分水平地下生物量模型的构建[J]. 林业科学, 2018, 54(2): 81-89.
[14]	赵菡, 雷渊才, 符利勇. 江西省不同立地等级的马尾松林生物量估计和不确定性度量[J]. 林业科学, 2017, 53(8): 81-93.
[15]	席本野, 王烨, 贾黎明. 滴灌施肥下施氮量和施氮频率对毛白杨生物量及氮吸收的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2017, 53(5): 63-73.