笼养条件下不同性别朱鹮个体繁育成效的年龄差异

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240261

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探明笼养条件下朱鹮繁殖成效及其与个体性别及年龄的相关性，更准确了解其繁殖生物学特性，从而指导建立稳定的朱鹮人工种群和推动实施再引入保护工作。方法: 收集2018—2020年间陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区朱鹮繁育中心常规饲养笼舍和野化训练网笼2种笼养条件下朱鹮的自然繁育数据，深入探究笼养条件下朱鹮个体性别及年龄对繁殖成效的影响。结果: 不同笼养条件下朱鹮的繁殖参数整体上差异不明显，但均受到个体年龄不同程度的影响。窝卵数随个体年龄增长呈先增加后降低的趋势（LM：t =–2.651，P<0.01）；4~9岁雌性个体的窝卵数显著大于1~3岁和10岁以后的个体（ANOVA：F = 5.713，P<0.05）。孵化成功率随亲鸟年龄增长呈下降趋势（LM：t =–2.405，P<0.05）；对于雌性个体，1~3岁的孵化率显著高于4~9岁个体（t-test：t = 2.751，P<0.05），抚育出飞的幼鸟数量没有显著差异。雌雄亲鸟繁殖产出的年龄分布相似。结论: 亲鸟的年龄显著影响笼养朱鹮的自然繁育成效，性成熟初期的亲鸟由于繁殖经验不足，窝卵数较低，9岁以后表现出繁殖衰老，繁殖产出较低。朱鹮野化放飞应优先选择 2~3岁个体，避免放飞9岁以上个体。

关键词: 自然繁育, 繁殖参数, 繁殖成功率, 再引入, 朱鹮

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to investigate the reproductive efficiency of Nipponia nippon under captive conditions and its correlation with ages of male and female individuals, and to gain a more accurate understanding of the reproductive biological characteristics of the species, in order to guide the establishment of a stable captive population and promote the reintroduction programs for endangered species. Method: The data of natural breeding of N. nippon under two captive rearing conditions (conventional housing enclosures and rewilding training mesh cages) in Shaanxi Hanzhong Nipponia nippon National Nature Reserve was collected from 2018 to 2020, and used to explore the effects of ages of male and female individuals on reproduction performance of the N. nippon. Result: The overall differences in natural reproductive parameters of N. nippon under different captive conditions were not apparent, but they were influenced to varying degrees by individual age. The clutch size increased and then decreased with individual age (LM: t=-2.651, P<0.01). The females aged 4–9 years old produced significantly more eggs per clutch than younger (1–3 years old) or older (>10 years old) individuals (ANOVA: F = 5.713, P<0.05). The hatching success rate declined with age (LM: t =–2.405, P = 0.018), and the hatching rate of females aged 1–3 years old was significantly higher than those aged 4–9 years old (t-test: t = 2.751, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the number of fledglings. The results suggest that the influence of parental breeding experience under captive conditions may mainly manifest during the egg-laying process rather than during the hatching and rearing stages. In addition, the age distribution structure of breeding output from both male and female parent birds was similar. Conclusion: The age of parent birds significantly affects the natural breeding performance of captive N. nippon. Breeding pairs have less reproductive experience at the early stage of sexual maturity, resulting in a lower clutch size. However, after the age of nine, the breeding birds show reproductive senescence, and their reproductive output is also low. Based on the results of this study, it is recommend that when releasing N. nippon into the wild, individuals aged 2–3 years old should be primarily selected, while the release of individuals older than 9 years should be avoided.

Key words: natural breeding, repeoductive parameters, reproductive success rate, reintroduction, Nipponia nippon

中图分类号:

S718

段文斌,徐向龙,高洁,刘义,叶元兴,丁长青. 笼养条件下不同性别朱鹮个体繁育成效的年龄差异[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(6): 139-146.

Wenbin Duan,Xianglong Xu,Jie Gao,Yi Liu,Yuanxing Ye,Changqing Ding. Age Difference of Male and Female Individuals in Natural Breeding Effectiveness of the Captive Nipponia nippon[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(6): 139-146.

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年份 Year	繁殖参数 Breeding parameter	常规饲养笼舍 Feeding cage	n	野化训练网笼 Wild-training cage	n	t 检验 t-test
2018	窝卵数Clutch size	3.00 ± 0.00	4	2.67 ± 0.59	18	t =–3.416, P = 0.002
	孵化数Hatching number	2.25 ± 0.46	4	2.39 ± 0.49	18	t = 0.758, P = 0.465
	出飞数Fledglings	1.50 ± 0.54	4	1.83 ± 0.77	18	t = 1.456, P = 0.167
2019	窝卵数Clutch size	2.68 ± 0.47	10	2.50 ± 0.51	12	t =–1.351, P = 0.184
	孵化数Hatching number	2.37 ± 0.50	10	2.25 ± 0.44	12	t =–1.041, P = 0.305
	出飞数Fledglings	1.40 ± 0.50	10	1.42 ± 0.50	12	t = 0.109, P = 0.913
2020	窝卵数Clutch size	3.20 ± 0.62	10	2.52 ± 0.51	23	t =–4.334, P = 0.0001
	孵化数Hatching number	2.90 ± 0.55	10	2.30 ± 0.55	23	t =–4.025, P = 0.0003
	出飞数Fledglings	2.10 ± 0.85	10	1.83 ± 0.71	23	t =–1.260, P = 0.217

繁殖参数 Breeding parameter	模型结构 Model structure	df	logLik	AICc	ΔAIC_C	Weight
窝卵数Clutch size	Age +Age²	4	–107.15	222.61	0.00	0.41
孵化数Hatching number	Year	4	–109.68	227.65	0.00	0.17
	Null	2	–111.94	227.97	0.31	0.14
	Age +Age²	4	–110.47	229.25	1.60	0.08
出飞数Fledgling number	Year	4	–141.74	291.78	0.00	0.19
	Age + Age²+ Year	6	–139.63	291.91	0.13	0.18
	Age²+ Year	5	–140.81	292.07	0.29	0.17
	Age +Age2+ Year	5	–141.31	293.07	1.29	0.10
孵化成功率Hatching success	Age	3	64.77	–123.35	0.00	0.17
	Age +Age²	4	65.79	–123.29	0.06	0.16
	Null	2	63.42	–122.76	0.59	0.13
	Age²	3	64.16	–122.15	1.20	0.09
出飞成功率Fledgling success	Year	4	0.43	7.44	0.00	0.21
	Age²+ Year	5	1.42	7.61	0.17	0.20
	Age + Year	5	1.07	8.32	0.88	0.14
	Age + Age²+ Year	6	1.84	8.96	1.52	0.10
卵成功率Egg success	Age²+ Year	5	–0.57	11.60	0.00	0.21
	Age + Year	5	–0.63	11.72	0.12	0.19
	Year	4	–1.81	11.92	0.31	0.18

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