全国重点林区闪电时空变化特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240428

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 明确全国范围内重点林区的闪电时空变化特征，以提高雷击火预测的准确性。方法: 基于全国2023年甚低频/低频（very low frequency / low frequency，VLF/LF）三维闪电监测数据，分析全国7个重点林区（四川凉山林区、黑龙江大兴安岭林区、内蒙古大兴安岭林区、河北塞罕坝林区、新疆阿尔泰林区、北京市、福建武夷山国家公园）的闪电（云闪、云地闪、负闪、正闪）数量、电流、云闪高度以及时空分布规律。结果: 1）四川凉山林区闪电次数最多，其次为黑龙江大兴安岭林区和内蒙古大兴安岭林区，河北塞罕坝林区最少。各地区的负闪占比均远高于正闪。四川凉山林区的总闪密度和云地闪密度最多，分别达到9.12和5.03次?km^?2a^?1；新疆阿尔泰林区的总闪密度和与云地闪密度最少，分别只有0.16和0.11次?km^?2a^?1。2）北京市、黑龙江大兴安岭林区和内蒙古大兴安岭林区正闪的电流分布范围更集中，绝大多数集中在0~40 kA，累计占总闪次数的比例分别为93.91%、91.50%和87.83%，而其他4个地区则分布范围较广，尤其是新疆阿尔泰林区。3）黑龙江大兴安岭林区和内蒙古大兴安岭林区、北京市、四川凉山林区的云闪高度集中在16 000 m以下，新疆阿尔泰林区、河北塞罕坝林区和福建武夷山国家公园的云闪高度集中在22 000 m以下，在1 250 m高度处云闪的比例在各林区均最高。4）不同地区的闪电数量最大值出现在不同的月份，黑龙江大兴安岭林区、内蒙古大兴安岭林区、北京市和福建武夷山国家公园出现在7月，新疆阿尔泰林区和河北塞罕坝林区出现在8月，而四川凉山林区出现在9月。黑龙江大兴安岭林区和内蒙古大兴安岭林区一天内闪电高发时段更久，12:00—19:00时段的闪电数量均处于高位。四川凉山林区闪电数量日变化表现为在15:00—24:00时段闪电数量处于高位，闪电在夜间发生较多；除四川凉山林区外，其他林区闪电数量日变化分布均呈单峰型特点，且闪电发生在白天。5）黑龙江大兴安岭林区的闪电主要分布在西北部、中部和南部；内蒙古大兴安岭林区的闪电主要分布在北部的金河与汗马交界、甘河北附近；北京市的闪电集中分布在怀柔区、密云区、平谷区和门头沟区；河北塞罕坝林区的闪电集中于三道河口与千层板区域；四川凉山林区的闪电主要分布在岳西县、冕宁县和喜德县3个地区；新疆阿尔泰林区的闪电主要集中于哈巴河西与布尔津西北、阿勒泰；福建武夷山国家公园的闪电则集中于东南部与中南部的一般控制区以及西南部的核心保护区。结论: 我国闪电的发生具有明显的时空异质性，基于闪电对雷击火发生的影响，应多关注各地7—9月山区的闪电活动，在雷击火的监测和预警过程中尤其要关注四川地区夜间的雷击火事件。

关键词: 三维闪电定位系统, 闪电特征, 闪电活动, 雷击火, 时空异质性, 重点林区, 夜间火

Abstract:

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of lightning in key forest areas across the country, in order to enhance the accuracy of predicting lightning-caused fires. Method: Based on the three-dimensional very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) lightning monitoring data in 2023, this study analyzes the quantity, peak current intensity, cloud flash height and spatiotemporal distribution of lightning (intra-cloud lightning; cloud to ground lightning; positive lightning; negative lightning) in seven key forest areas in China, including the Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province, Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang, Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia, Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province, Altai forest area of Xinjiang, Beijing, and Fujian Wuyishan National Park. Result: 1) The Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province experienced the highest frequency of lightning strikes, followed by the Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang and Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia, with the Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province recording the lowest. The proportion of negative lightning was significantly higher than that of positive lightning in all regions. The total lightning density and cloud to ground lightning density in the liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province were the highest, reaching 9.12 and 5.03 times?km^?2a^?1, respectively, whereas the Altai forest area of Xinjiang had the lowest total lightning density and cloud to ground lightning density, with only 0.16 and 0.11 times?km^?2a^?1, respectively. 2) In Beijing, the Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang, and the Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia, the distribution of current intensity for positive lightning was more concentrated, with the vast majority ranging from 0 and 40 kA, accounting for 93.91%, 91.50%, and 87.83% of the total lightning occurrences, respectively. In contrast, the other four regions were more widely distributed, particularly in Altai forest area of Xinjiang. 3) The intra-cloud lightning heights in the Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang, the Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia, Beijing and the liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province were predominantly below 16 000 m. In contrast, the intra-cloud lightning heights in the Altai forest area of Xinjiang, the Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province and the Fujian Wuyishan National Park were predominantly below 22 000 m. The proportion of intra-cloud lightning at a height of 1 250 m was the highest across all forest regions. 4) The maximum number of lightning in different regions occured in various months. The Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang, the Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia, Beijing and the Fujian Wuyishan National Park mainly occurred in July, the Altai forest area of Xinjiang and the Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province in August, and the Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province peaked in September. The Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang and the Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia experienced a longer period of high lightning activity within a day, with high numbers of lightning events from 12:00 and 19:00. In contrast, the Liangshan Forest Area in Sichuan showed a high concentration of lightning events from 15:00 to 24:00, indicating a greater frequency of nocturnal occurrences. Except for the Liangshan Forest Area in Sichuan, the daily distribution of lightning events in other forest regions exhibited a unimodal pattern, predominantly occurring during the daytime. 5) The lightning in the Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang was mainly distributed in the northwest, central and southern parts. The lightning in the Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia was mainly concentrated in the north central areas between the Jinhe and the Khanma, as well as near the Ganhe. In Beijing, the lightning was concentrated in the Huairou District, Miyun District, Pinggu District, and Mentougou districts. In the Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province, lightning was concentrated in the area of Sandaohekou and Qaincengban. In the Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province, lightning was mainly distributed in Yuexi County, Mianning County, and Xide County. In the Altay forest area of Xinjiang, lightning was mainly concentrated in the west of Habahe, the northwest of Burqin, and the Altay. In the Fujian Wuyishan National Park, lightning was concentrated in the southeastern and central south general control areas, as well as the southwestern core protected areas. Conclusion: Lightning occurrence in China exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Based on the impact of lightning on the occurrence of lightning-caused fires, more attention should be paid to lightning activities in mountainous areas from July to September. Particularly in the monitoring and early warning process of lightning-caused fire, emphasis should be placed on nocturnal lightning-caused fire events in the Sichuan area.

Key words: 3D lightning location system, lightning characteristics, lightning activity, lightning fire, spatiotemporal heterogeneity, key forest areas, night fire

中图分类号:

S762

司莉青,李威,王明玉,舒立福,苑尚博,李伟克,张慧,史一凡,周暖阳. 全国重点林区闪电时空变化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(3): 50-62.

Liqing Si,Wei Li,Mingyu Wang,Lifu Shu,Shangbo Yuan,Weike Li,Hui Zhang,Yifan Shi,Nuanyang Zhou. Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Lightning in China’s Key Forest Areas[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(3): 50-62.

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地区 Regions	云地闪次数 Number of cloud to ground lightning	云闪次数 Number of intra-cloud lightning	正闪次数 Number of positive lightning	负闪次数 Number of negative lightning	总闪次数 Total lightning number	面积 Area/km²	总闪密度 Total lightning density/ （times?km^?2a^?1）	云地闪密度 Cloud to ground lightning density/ （times?km^?2a^?1）
黑龙江大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang	179 367	149 420	121 894(37.07%)	206 893(62.93%)	328 787	84 800	3.88	2.12
内蒙古大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia	164 070	160 151	120 342(37.12%)	203 879(62.88%)	324 221	106 700	3.04	1.54
北京市 Beijing	41 372	101 720	40 504(28.31%)	102 588(71.69%)	143 092	16 410	8.72	2.52
四川凉山林区 Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province	304 104	246 994	140 577(25.51%)	410 521(74.49%)	551 098	60 400	9.12	5.03
新疆阿尔泰林区 Altai forest area of Xinjiang	3 519	1 691	961(18.45%)	4 249(81.55%)	5 210	32 088	0.16	0.11
河北塞罕坝林区 Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province	1 043	1 183	911(40.93%)	1 315(59.07%)	2 226	933	2.39	1.12
福建武夷山国家公园 Fujian Wuyishan National Park	4 474	2 528	2 177(31.09%)	4 825(68.91%)	7 002	1 001	7.00	4.47

研究区 Regions	林业局/保护区 Forestry bureau/protected area	年平均闪电密度 Annual average lightning density/（times?km^?2a^?1）	年最大闪电密度 Annual maximum lightning density/（times?km^?2a^?1）
黑龙江大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang	南瓮河自然保护区 Nanwenghe Nature Reserve	26.15	6.32
	塔河 Tahe	19.83	5.61
	新林 Xinlin	15.85	4.98
	图强 Tuqiang	15.64	4.24
	阿木尔 Amuer	12.12	3.70
内蒙古大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia	金河 Jinhe	19.99	6.04
	汗马 Khanma	17.06	4.65
	甘河 Ganhe	15.38	6.13
	库都尔 Kudur	13.02	6.82
	诺敏森林经营所 Normin Forest Management	12.60	5.25
北京市 Beijing	怀柔区 Huairou District	27.73	16.38
	密云区 Miyun Distric	21.15	9.68
	平谷区 Pinggu District	21.68	8.21
	门头沟区 Mentougou District	29.17	7.05
	东城区 Dongcheng District	18.22	6.91
河北塞罕坝林区 Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province	三道河口 Sandaohekou	4.77	2.90
	千层板 Qiancengban	3.99	2.06
	大唤起 Dahuanqi	3.30	1.80
	北曼甸 Beimandian	2.41	1.47
	三乡 Sanxiang	2.54	1.45
四川凉山林区 Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province	岳西县 Yuexi County	65.49	19.38
	冕宁县 Mianning County	44.11	17.93
	喜德县 Xide County	41.96	9.68
	西昌市 Xichang City	40.42	16.54
	盐源县 Yanyuan County	22.89	10.61
新疆阿尔泰林区 Altai forest area of Xinjiang	哈巴河 Habahe	0.69	0.30
	布尔津 Burqin	0.66	0.29
	阿勒泰 Altay	0.65	0.21
	福海 Fuhai	0.55	0.29
	阿尔泰山两河源自然保护区 Altai Liangheyuan Nature Reserve	0.40	0.07
福建武夷山国家公园 Fujian Wuyishan National Park	一般控制区 General control areas	29.40	6.96
福建武夷山国家公园 Fujian Wuyishan National Park	核心保护区 Core protected area	21.82	5.40

地区 Regions	闪电次数 Number of lightning	雷暴日数 Thunderstorm days/d	雷暴开始日期 Thunderstorm start date	雷暴结束日期 Thunderstorm end date
黑龙江大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Heilongjiang	328 787	115	03?22	09?30
内蒙古大兴安岭林区 Daxing?anling forest area in Inner Mongolia	324 221	137	01?24	10?03
北京市 Beijing	143 092	110	03?11	10?13
四川凉山林区 Liangshan forest area of Sichuan Province	550 891	242	02?18	12?29
新疆阿尔泰林区 Altai forest area of Xinjiang	5 210	83	06?19	10?30
河北塞罕坝林区 Saihanba forest area of Hebei Province	2 226	47	05?16	09?17
福建武夷山国家公园 Fujian Wuyishan National Park	7 002	50	06?12	09?19

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