微地形对粗皮红松和细皮红松分布与生长的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221201

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究微地形对粗皮红松和细皮红松分布与生长的影响，为森林经营者进行适地适树的精准管理提供理论依据。方法: 依托黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区阔叶红松林动态监测样地，对样地内胸径≥10 cm的红松进行踏查，区分粗皮红松和细皮红松，调查分析样树所处的地形和土壤环境。采用卡方检验(Chi-square Test)分析粗皮及细皮红松在不同微地形上的分布差异；采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和LSD多重比较分析不同径级粗皮及细皮红松的分布和生长差异；采用t检验分析粗皮和细皮红松在同一微地形上的分布及生长差异；采用层次分割法分析微地形和土壤因子对红松分布和生长的解释量。结果: 1) 样地中粗皮红松以大、中径级为主，其径级结构呈近似正态分布，而细皮红松以中、小径级为主，其径级结构呈近似倒“J”形分布；2)粗皮红松的分布偏好坡度>6°、阳坡和半阳坡、高坡位以及地势较凸的微地形，而细皮红松的分布偏好于坡度>15°、阳坡和半阳坡、中坡位以及地势较凸的微地形；3)在同一微地形等级中，小径级(10 cm≤DBH < 30 cm)的细皮红松分布数量均显著高于粗皮红松(P < 0.05)，大径级(DBH≥50 cm)的粗皮红松分布数量均显著高于细皮红松(P < 0.05)，而中径级(30 cm≤DBH < 50 cm)的2种皮型间均无显著差异(P>0.05)；4)粗皮红松及细皮红松的胸高断面积5年生长量在不同坡度和坡向等级中均差异极显著(P < 0.01)，在坡度较小、半阴坡生长量最高，但在同一微地形等级中2种皮型之间差异不显著(P>0.05)；5)微地形和土壤因子对红松分布和生长的解释率相似，均为地形因子中凹凸度、坡向和坡度的解释率较高，土壤因子中土壤密度、质量含水率和土壤全磷含量解释率较高。结论: 在研究地区，粗皮和细皮红松分布的微地形条件要求相似，均偏好坡度较大、阳坡和半阳坡、地势较凸的微地形，此外粗皮红松偏好上坡位，细皮红松偏好中坡位；2种皮型红松的生长受坡度和坡向影响，在坡度较小、半阴坡的微地形上红松胸高断面积增长量大。

关键词: 地形, 红松, 分布, 树木生长, 阔叶红松林

Abstract:

Objective: To explore the effects of micro-topography on distribution and growth of 2 Korean pine forms (coarse bark and fine bark), in order to provide a theoretical basis for forest managers to conduct practise management by adapt trees to site conditions. Method: Based on the dynamic monitoring sample plot in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Fenglin National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, the Korean pine trees with DBH≥10 cm in the sample plot were checked and the 2 Korean pine forms, were distinguished, and the topography and the soil environment of the sample trees were investigated and analyzed. Chi-square test was used to analyze the distribution differences between the 2 Korean pine forms on different micro-topography; single factor analysis of variance and LSD multiple comparison were used to analyze the distribution and growth differences of different diameter grades; t-test was used to analyze the distribution and growth differences on the same micro-topography; hierarchical segmentation method was used to analyze the contribution of micro-topography and soil factors to the distribution and growth of Korean pine. Result: 1) In the sample plot, the course bark Korean pine was dominated by large and medium diameter classes with normal distribution curves, while the fine bark Korean pine was dominated by medium and small diameter classes with inverted "J"curves. 2)The coarse bark Korean pine was distributed in the micro-topography with slope degree>6°, sunny and semi-sunny slopes, upper slope position and convex topography, and the fine bark Korean pine was distributed in the micro-topography with slope degree>15°, sunny and semi-sunny slopes, middle slope position and convex topography. 3) In the same micro-topographic grade, the distribution of the fine bark Korean pine with a small diameter (10 cm < DBH < 30 cm) was significantly higher than that of the coarse bark Korean pine (P < 0.05), and that of the coarse bark Korean pine with large diameter (DBH≥50 cm) was significantly higher than that of the fine bark Korean pine (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two Korean pine forms in the middle diameter class (30 cm≤DBH < 50 cm) (P>0.05); 4) The 5-year increment of basal area at DBH was significantly different between the 2 Korean pine forms at different levels of slope degrees and slope orientation (P < 0.01), and the growth was the highest at semi-shady slope with a smaller slope degree, but there was no significant difference between the 2 Korean pine forms at the same micro-topographic grade (P>0.05). 5) Topography and soil factors had similar interpretation rates of the distribution and growth, with higher interpretation rates of concavity, slope orientation and slope degree among the topographic factors, and higher interpretation rates of bulk density, mass water content and soil total phosphorus content among the soil factors. Conclusion: In the studied area, the micro-topographic conditions of the 2 Korean pine forms were similar, both prefer high slope degree, sunny slope and semi-sunny slope, medium or upper slope positions and convex micro-topography, and the growth of the 2 Korean pine forms was affected by slope degree and slope orientation, the increment of basal area at DBH is large on the micro-topography with small slope degree and semi-shady slope.

Key words: topography, Korean pine, distribution, tree growth, mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest

中图分类号:

S718.5

丛日荻,秦树林,金光泽. 微地形对粗皮红松和细皮红松分布与生长的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(12): 1-11.

Ridi Cong,Shulin Qin,Guangze Jin. Effects of Micro-Topography on the Distribution and Growth of Two Forms of Korean Pine with Coarse Bark and Fine Bark[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(12): 1-11.

图/表 8

表1

图1

表2

不同微地形中粗皮红松和细皮红松的数量分布①"

地形因子 Topography factors		径级Ⅰ DBH class Ⅰ			径级Ⅱ DBH class Ⅱ			径级Ⅲ DBH class Ⅲ			合计Total
地形因子 Topography factors		粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean fine bark	P₂	粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂	粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂	粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂
坡度 Slope degree	< 6°	0.25±0.43C	1.30±0.95a	< 0.01	0.62±0.49B	0.46±0.49b	>0.05	1.33±0.79A	0.33±0.55b	< 0.01	1.13±0.57	1.00±0.39	>0.05
	6°~15°	0.43±0.72C	1.38±1.13a	< 0.01	1.04±1.25B	0.77±0.89b	>0.05	1.78±1.21A	0.38±0.62c	< 0.01	2.19±0.65	1.19±0.50	< 0.01
	16°~25°	0.26±0.55C	2.05±1.42a	< 0.01	1.41±1.13B	1.31±1.32b	>0.05	2.15±1.47A	0.52±0.77c	< 0.01	2.99±0.47	2.51±0.64	>0.05
	>25°	0.14±0.35B	2.76±2.04a	< 0.01	1.04±1.31A	1.64±1.35b	>0.05	1.81±1.18A	0.92±0.99c	< 0.01	2.53±0.61	4.10±0.74	< 0.01
	P₁	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.05	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01
坡向 Slope aspect	阳坡Sunny	0.28±0.59C	2.07±1.52a	< 0.01	1.32±1.31B	1.4±1.37b	>0.05	2.24±1.49A	0.62±0.83c	< 0.01	3.18±0.43	2.81±0.55	>0.05
	半阳坡Semi-sunny	0.29±0.60B	1.91±1.47a	< 0.01	1.15±1.19A	1.01±1.09b	>0.05	1.94±1.29A	0.53±0.79c	< 0.01	2.49±0.25	2.08±0.53	>0.05
	半阴坡Semi-shady	0.42±0.67B	1.50±1.24a	< 0.01	1.08±1.27A	0.81±1.01b	>0.05	1.79±1.29A	0.38±0.61b	< 0.01	2.18±0.35	1.30±0.36	< 0.01
	阴坡Shady	0.38±0.62C	1.12±0.88a	< 0.01	0.82±0.81B	0.7±0.76a	>0.05	1.57±1.02A	0.26±0.49b	< 0.01	1.75±0.2	0.82±0.13	< 0.01
	P₁	>0.05	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01
坡位 Slope position	上坡Upper slope	0.36±0.64C	1.79±1.42a	< 0.01	1.37±1.47B	0.83±0.96b	>0.05	2.06±1.33A	0.38±0.58c	< 0.01	2.64±0.36	1.55±0.35	< 0.01
	中坡Middle slope	0.27±0.57C	2.05±1.55a	< 0.01	1.19±1.23B	1.27±1.33b	>0.05	2.08±1.42A	0.63±0.87b	< 0.01	2.82±0.39	2.54±0.54	>0.05
	下坡Lower slope	0.34±0.63C	1.46±1.16a	< 0.01	0.96±1.01B	0.87±0.97a	>0.05	1.69±1.18A	0.35±0.59b	< 0.01	2.02±0.25	1.29±0.29	< 0.01
	P₁	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01
凹凸度 Convexity	凹Concave	0.29±0.54C	1.49±0.95a	< 0.01	0.87±0.8B	0.79±0.77b	>0.05	1.66±1.24A	0.33±0.58b	< 0.01	1.89±0.6	1.23±0.4	>0.05
	平Flat	0.26±0.46C	1.39±1.18a	< 0.01	0.91±0.99B	0.75±0.75b	>0.05	1.85±1.24A	0.44±0.73c	< 0.01	2.26±0.8	1.45±0.75	< 0.01
	凸Convex	0.41±0.76C	2.29±1.68a	< 0.01	1.57±1.4B	1.56±1.53b	>0.05	2.22±1.42A	0.63±0.79c	< 0.01	3.3±0.95	3.00±1.08	< 0.01
	P₁	< 0.05	< 0.05		< 0.01	>0.05		< 0.01	>0.05		< 0.01	< 0.01

表2

表3

不同微地形中粗皮红松及细皮红松的胸高断面积5年生长量①"

地形因子 Topography factors		径级Ⅰ DBH classⅠ			径级Ⅱ DBH classⅡ			径级Ⅲ DBH classⅢ
地形因子 Topography factors		粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂	粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂	粗皮红松 Korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松 Korean pine with fine bark	P₂
坡度 Slope degree	< 6°	0.77±0.33	0.35±0.17	>0.05	0.16±0.10	0.20±0.15	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.06±0.02	>0.05
	6°~15°	0.13±0.10	0.18±0.15	>0.05	0.11±0.07	0.12±0.08	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.07±0.04	>0.05
	16°~25°	0.14±0.11	0.15±0.18	>0.05	0.11±0.07	0.11±0.08	>0.05	0.07±0.05	0.08±0.05	>0.05
	>25°	0.09±0.05	0.10±0.10	>0.05	0.09±0.07	0.09±0.06	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.04	>0.05
	P₁	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01		>0.05	>0.05
坡向 Slope aspect	阳坡Sunny	0.12±0.10	0.16±0.22	>0.05	0.10±0.06	0.10±0.07	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.07±0.05	>0.05
	半阳坡Semi-sunny	0.11±0.08	0.17±0.14	>0.05	0.11±0.06	0.11±0.07	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.04	>0.05
	半阴坡Semi-shady	0.26±0.31	0.21±0.12	>0.05	0.14±0.09	0.11±0.06	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.08±0.04	>0.05
	阴坡Shady	0.15±0.09	0.18±0.15	>0.05	0.13±0.07	0.15±0.11	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.08±0.04	>0.05
	P₁	< 0.01	< 0.01		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05
坡位 Slope position	上坡Upper slope	0.15±0.09	0.16±0.12	>0.05	0.13±0.07	0.14±0.10	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.08±0.04	>0.05
	中坡Middle slope	0.12±0.09	0.16±0.19	>0.05	0.10±0.06	0.10±0.07	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.05	>0.05
	下坡Lower slope	0.20±0.25	0.18±0.15	>0.05	0.12±0.07	0.12±0.08	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.03	>0.05
	P₁	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05
凹凸度 Convexity	凹Concave	0.22±0.31	0.22±0.18	>0.05	0.10±0.06	0.11±0.07	>0.05	0.06±0.04	0.07±0.04	>0.05
	平Flat	0.18±0.11	0.17±0.15	>0.05	0.12±0.07	0.13±0.09	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.04	>0.05
	凸Convex	0.12±0.09	0.14±0.17	>0.05	0.11±0.07	0.10±0.07	>0.05	0.07±0.04	0.08±0.04	>0.05
	P₁	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

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地形因子 Topography factors		样方数 Quadrat numbers	粗皮红松株数 Number of korean pine with coarse bark	细皮红松株数 Number of korean pine with fine bark
坡度 Slope degree	< 6°	61	45	40
	6°~15°	424	687	374
	16°~25°	228	586	491
	>25°	37	76	123
坡位 Slope position	上Upper	408	259	152
	中Middle	223	572	516
	下Lower	119	563	360
坡向 Slope aspect	阳Sunny	194	445	394
	半阳Semi-sunny	237	419	350
	半阴Semi-shady	140	273	163
	阴Shady	149	257	121
凹凸度Convexity	凹Concave	291	367	239
	平Flat	305	538	345
	凸Convex	154	489	444
	合计Total	750	1 394	1 028

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