黑龙江省3种主要火源引发森林火灾的次数和面积时空分布特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210613

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 根据森林火灾历史资料，研究黑龙江省由雷击火、农事用火、野外吸烟火源引起森林火灾的时空格局，为该地区火源管理和森林火灾预防提供科学依据。方法: 以黑龙江省1997-2017年森林火灾资料为基础，分别分析3种火源的时间变化特征；通过双因素方差分析方法，分析3种火源在不同月份和日内时刻造成火场总面积的差异性；使用多距离空间聚类分析方法（Ripley's K函数）分析3种火源的空间分布格局。结果: 黑龙江省1997-2017年由雷击火引起的森林火灾最频繁，危害也最大，且近年来发生次数有所增加；雷击火主要聚集发生在大兴安岭地区，以6月和7月发生最频繁；每年9月16：00-16：59由雷击火引发的森林火灾每次造成的火场总面积均值最大。农事用火和野外吸烟引起的森林火灾次数和火场总面积在1997-2017年呈波动式下降，且主要发生在4月和5月；农事用火引起的森林火灾在6月12：00-12：59和9月16：00-16：59每次造成的火场总面积均值最大；而野外吸烟火源造成的火场总面积在月和日上均不存在差异，说明针对该种火源在发生频率高、危害程度大的时间都应重点防范。从空间上看，农事用火主要聚集分布在黑河市市辖区、嫩江县、逊克县、七台河市等地；野外吸烟则主要聚集分布在松岭林业局、加格达奇林业局、逊克县、嘉荫县、七台河市和鸡东县等地。结论: 随着黑龙江省火源管控、林火监测和扑救能力的逐渐加强致使雷击火、野外吸烟、农事用火在近年造成的火场总面积相比之前都有大幅下降；森林火灾多发生于春季和夏季；3种火源引发的森林火灾在空间上都呈聚集分布，主要聚集在西北部的大兴安岭地区，北部黑河、伊春地区及东南部七台河地区。

关键词: 黑龙江省, 森林火灾火源, 时间变化, 空间格局

Abstract:

Objective: In this study,the temporal and spatial patterns of forest fires caused by lightning,agricultural fire and smoking fire were analyzed based on the historical data of forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,which would provide scientific basis for management of forest fires in this area. Method: Based on the data of forest fires in Heilongjiang Province from 1997-2017, the temporal variations of three fire sources were analyzed respectively. The differences of the total fire areas caused by three fire sources in different months and days were analyzed by two factor analysis of variance. The spatial distribution patterns of three fire sources were analyzed by multi distance spatial clustering analysis (Ripley's K function). Result: From 1997 to 2017, the forest fires caused by lightning fire were the most frequent and harmful among the forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,and the number of the occurence increased in recent years. Lightning fire occurred mainly in Daxing'anling area,and most frequently in June and July. However,the average area of forest fires caused by lightning was the largest from 16:00-16:59 in September every year. The frequency and total area of the other two forest fires (caused by agricultural fire and field smoking) mainly occurred in April and May,showing a fluctuating decline from 1997-2017. The agricultural fire-caused maximum forest fires (average area) annually occurred from 12:00-12:59 in June and from 16:00-16:59 in September. However,there was no difference in the total area of fire sites caused by smoking fire over months and days in the field,indicating that fire prevention should be focused on the fire source in the time of high frequency and high degree of harm. From the perspective of space,agricultural fire mainly occurred in Heihe municipal district,Nenjiang County,sunke County and Qitaihe City; smoking fire mainly in Songling Forestry Bureau,Jiagedaqi Forestry Bureau,Xunke County,Jiayin County,Qitaihe City and Jidong County. Conclusion: With the gradual strengthening of fire source control,forest fire monitoring and fighting capacity in Heilongjiang Province,a total area of forest fires (including lightning,field smoking and agricultural fire) has decreased significantly in recent years compared with that before. Most of the forest fires occur in spring and summer. The forest fires caused by the three fire sources are mainly concentrated in Daxing'anling area in the northwest,Heihe and Yichun in the North and Qitaihe in the southeast.

Key words: Heilongjiang Province, forest fire source, temporal change, spatial pattern

中图分类号:

S762

尹赛男,王东昶,单延龙,韩喜越,高博,王明霞. 黑龙江省3种主要火源引发森林火灾的次数和面积时空分布特征[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(6): 115-124.

Sainan Yin,Dongchang Wang,Yanlong Shan,Xiyue Han,Bo Gao,Mingxia Wang. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Forest Fires (Frequency and Area) Caused by Three Main Fire Sources in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(6): 115-124.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

表1

表2

表3

图4

表4

表5

表6

参考文献 0

	白世红, 马风云, 董金伟. 山东省森林火火源的时空分布. 山东林业科技, 2017, 47 (5): 6- 10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2724.2017.05.002
	Bai S H , Ma F Y , Dong J W . Temporal and spatial distribution of forest fire cause in Shandong Province. Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, 2017, 47 (5): 6- 10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2724.2017.05.002
	车旺, 杜嘉林. 黑龙江省林火扑救费用及趋势分析. 林业勘查设计, 2018, (1): 80- 82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4505.2018.01.038
	Che W , Du J L . Forest fire extinguishing costs and trend analysis in Heilongjiang Province. Forest Investigation Design, 2018, (1): 80- 82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4505.2018.01.038
	杜春英, 李帅, 刘丹, 等. 大兴安岭地区森林雷击火发生的时空分布. 自然灾害学报, 2010, 19 (3): 72- 76.
	Du C Y , Li S , Liu D , et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of lightning-caused forest fires in Daxinganling area. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2010, 19 (3): 72- 76.
	郭福涛, 胡海清, 马志海. 应用空间点模式方法研究大兴安岭雷击火空间分布格局. 生态学报, 2009, 29 (12): 6741- 6747. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.12.051
	Guo F T , Hu H Q , Ma Z H . Spatial point process for spatial distribution pattern of lightning-caused forest fires in Daxing'an Mountains. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29 (12): 6741- 6747. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.12.051
	霍玉盛. 2018. 黑龙江省土地综合承载力评价研究. 沈阳: 东北农业大学硕士学位论文.
	Huo Y S. 2018. Study on the land comprehensive carrying capacity evaluation in Heilongjiang Province. Harbin: PhD Northeast Agricultural University. [in Chinese]
	金森, 胡海清. 黑龙江省林火规律研究Ⅰ. 林火时空动态与分布. 林业科学, 2002, 38 (1): 88- 94.
	Jin S , Hu H Q . Study on forest fire regime of Heilongjiang ProvinceⅠ. Forest fire spatial and temporal dynamics and statistical distribution. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2002, 38 (1): 88- 94.
	李小川, 李兴伟, 王振师, 等. 广东森林火灾的火源特点分析. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2008, 28 (1): 89- 92.
	Li X C , Li X W , Wang Z S , et al. Analysis of fire source characteristics of Guangdong forest fires. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2008, 28 (1): 89- 92.
	林花明. 福建省森林火灾发生和火源时空分布规律研究. 林业勘察设计, 2017, 37 (3): 10- 12.
	Lin H M . Study on the occurrence of forest fires and the temporal and spatial distribution of fire caused in Fujian Province. Forestry Prospect and Design, 2017, 37 (3): 10- 12.
	刘琳, 钟红银, 杨春华, 等. 不同刈割时期和强度对改良草地老芒麦产量、品质及再生植株生殖特征的影响. 草地学报, 2017, 25 (5): 1131- 1137.
	Liu L , Zhong H Y , Yang C H , et al. Effects of different cutting time and intensities on forage yield, quality and reproductive characteristics of regrowth individuals of E. sibiricus. Acta Agrestia Sinicae, 2017, 25 (5): 1131- 1137.
	龙腾腾, 高仲亮, 王秋华. 云南省森林火源特点分析. 安徽农业科学, 2017, 45 (32): 165- 166. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.32.052
	Long T T , Gao Z L , Wang Q H . Analysis on the characteristics of forest fire sources in Yunnan Province. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45 (32): 165- 166. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.32.052
	舒立福, 王明玉, 田晓瑞, 等. 我国大兴安岭呼中林区雷击火发生火环境研究. 林业科学, 2003, 39 (6): 94- 99. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2003.06.016
	Shu L F , Wang M Y , Tian X R , et al. The fire environment mechanism of lightning fire formed for Daxing'an mountains. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2003, 39 (6): 94- 99. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2003.06.016
	宋国忠, 王炜烨. 黑龙江省森林火灾发生规律及防火工作策略研究. 森林防火, 2018, (3): 17- 19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2511.2018.03.005
	Song G Z , Wang W Y . Study on the law of forest fire occurrence and fire prevention strategy in Heilongjiang Province. Forest Fire Prevenion, 2018, (3): 17- 19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2511.2018.03.005
	孙玉荣, 张贵. 湖南省森林火灾人为火源时空分布特征. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27 (28): 103- 108.
	Sun Y R , Zhang G . Characteristics of the spatial-temporal distribution for artificial fire caused on forest fires in Hunan. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27 (28): 103- 108.
	王波, 王莹, 李永生. 黑龙江省降雪气候变化特征. 中国农学通报, 2019, 35 (10): 114- 120. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18110002
	Wang B , Wang Y , Li Y S . Snowfall in Heilongjiang: climatic change characteristics. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019, 35 (10): 114- 120. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18110002
	尹赛男, 宋光辉, 单延龙, 等. 吉林省主要森林火灾火源的空间分布. 东北林业大学学报, 2019, 47 (3): 79- 84.
	Yin S N , Song G H , Shan Y L , et al. Spatial distribution analysis of main forest fire sources in Jilin Province. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2019, 47 (3): 79- 84.
	尹赛男, 舒立福, 张大明, 等. 吉林省森林火灾火源数据特征分析. 林业科学, 2018, 54 (7): 165- 172.
	Yin S N , Shu L F , Zhang D M , et al. Study on the data characteristics of forest fire sources in Jilin Province. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54 (7): 165- 172.
	张冬有, 邓欧, 李亦秋, 等. 黑龙江省1980-2005年森林火灾时空特征. 林业科学, 2012, 48 (2): 175- 179.
	Zhang D Y , Deng O , Li Y Q , et al. Temporal and spatial characteristics of forest fires in Heilongjiang Province between 1980 and 2005. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012, 48 (2): 175- 179.
	张巍, 颜廷强, 王志成. 黑龙江省雷击森林火灾时空分布特点. 林业建设, 2018, (3): 31- 34.
	Zhang W , Yan T Q , Wang Z C . Characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution on lightning forest fire in Heilongjiang Province. Forestry Construction, 2018, (3): 31- 34.
	张玉红. 黑龙江省森林火灾的时空分布. 哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报, 2002, 18 (5): 95- 100.
	Zhang Y H . The spatio-temporal distribution of forest fire in Heilongjiang. Natural Sciences Journal of Harbin Normal University, 2002, 18 (5): 95- 100.
	郑焕能. 林火管理. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学出版社, 1988: 27- 34.
	Zheng H N . Forest fire management. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press, 1988: 27- 34.
	郑宏, 王英博. 关于黑龙江省森林火灾预防与扑救的几点思考. 防护林科技, 2017, (6): 89- 90.
	Zheng H , Wang Y B . Thoughts on forest fire prevention and fighting in Heilongjiang Province. Protection Forest Science and Technology, 2017, (6): 89- 90.
	Besag J E . Comments on Ripley's paper. Journal of Royal Statistic Society, 1977, 39, 193- 195.
	Butry D T , Prestemon J P , Thomas D S . Investigation of the decline in reported smoking-caused wildfires in the USA from 2000 to 2011. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2014, 23 (7): 790- 798.
	Carlos D A , Peterson D L , Alvarado E , et al. Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2001, 31 (9): 1579- 1593.
	Flannigan M D , Stocks B J , Wotton B M . Climate change and forest fires. Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 262 (3): 221- 229. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00524-6
	Genton M G , Butry D T , Gumpertz M L , et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of wildfire ignitions in the St Johns River Water Management District, Florida. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2006, 15 (1): 87- 97. doi: 10.1071/WF04034
	Laona D W , Chapin F S . Human impacts on the fire regime of Interior Alaska: Interactions among fuels, ignition sources, and fire suppression. Ecosystems, 2006, 9 (8): 1342- 1353. doi: 10.1007/s10021-006-0095-0
	Narayanaraj G , Wimberly M C . Influences of forest roads on the spatial patterns of human- and lightning-caused wildfire ignitions. Applied Geography, 2012, 32 (2): 878- 888. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.09.004
	Nicolas F , Yu J , Goulden M L , et al. Controls on the spatial pattern of wildfire ignitions in Southern California. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2014, 23 (6): 799- 815. doi: 10.1071/WF13136
	Podur J , Martell D L , Csillag F . Spatial patterns of lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario, 1976-1998. Ecological Modelling, 2003, 164 (1): 1- 20. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00386-1
	Read N , Duff T J , Taylor P G . A lightning-caused wildfire ignition forecasting model for operational use. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018, 253, 233- 246.
	Ripley B D . Modelling spatial patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 1977, 39 (2): 172- 212. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01615.x
	Rorig M L , Ferguson S A . Characteristics of lightning and wildland fire ignition in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1999, 38 (11): 1565- 1575. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1565:COLAWF>2.0.CO;2
	Wang Y , Anderson K R . An evaluation of spatial and temporal patterns of lightning- and human-caused forest fires in Alberta, Canada, 1980-2007. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2010, 19 (8): 1059- 1072. doi: 10.1071/WF09085
	Wittenberg L , Malkinson D . Spatio-temporal perspectives of forest fires regimes in a maturing Mediterranean mixed pine landscape. European Journal of Forest Research, 2009, 128 (3): 297- 304. doi: 10.1007/s10342-009-0265-7
	Ye J , Wu M , Deng Z , et al. Modeling the spatial patterns of human wildfire ignition in Yunnan Province, China. Applied Geography, 2017, 89, 150- 162. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.09.012

参数 Parameter	雷击火Lightning			农事用火Agricultural			野外吸烟Smoking
参数 Parameter	F	df	P	F	df	P	F	df	P
月份 Month	3.99	6	0.00	13.66	7	0.00	0.73	6	0.63
时刻 Time	3.31	17	0.00	11.99	19	0.00	0.59	14	0.87
月份×时刻 Month×Time	2.52	53	0.00	8.63	53	0.00	0.87	36	0.69

参数Parameter	F	df	P
雷击火Lightning
时刻×月份(9月)Time×Month(September)	2.71	5	0.00
农事用火Agricultural 时刻×月份(6月)Time×Month(June)	11.41	11	0.00
时刻×月份(9月)Time×Month(September)	33.63	4	0.00

时刻 Time	农事用火(6月) Agricultural(June)	农事用火(9月) Agricultural(September)	雷击火(9月) Lightning(September)
7：00—7：59	27.40±6.91 b	—	—
8：00—8：59	81.00±72.12 b	—	—
9：00—9：59	79.25±103.23 b	—	—
10：00—10：59	286.92±527.44 b	—	—
11：00—11：59	90.75±126.22 b	—	—
12：00—12：59	1 666.67±992.89 a	271.00±315.83 b	19.53±15.40 b
13：00—13：59	53.53±59.63 b	34.90±54.67 b	18.87±27.71 b
14：00—14：59	43.06±48.13 b	30.20±33.11 b	4.08±4.50 b
15：00—15：59	47.22±41.25 b	449.98±687.92 b	8.20±11.31 b
16：00—16：59	146.44±228.48 b	2 833.75±2014.17 a	882.00±696.96 a
17：00—17：59	58.75±30.65 b	—	5.55±7.71 b
22：00—22：59	130.00±113.14 b	—	—

地区 Area	火灾次数 Fire times	火场总面积 Total fire area/hm²
嫩江县 Nenjiang County	73	14 332.63
黑河市市辖区 Heihe municipal district	55	17 248.50
孙吴县 Sunwu County	40	20 606.30
逊克县 Xunke County	31	11 802.67
五大连池市 Wudalianchi City	29	7 639.67
宝清县 Baoqing County	17	76.20
双鸭山市市辖区 Shuangyashan municipal district	16	10.36
伊春市市辖区 Yichun municipal district	14	218.00
七台河市市辖区 Qitaihe municipal district	13	111.09
北安市 Bei’an City	12	491.94
穆棱市 Muling City	11	213.65
饶河县 Raohe County	11	487.74
尚志市 Shangzhi City	11	42.03
嘉荫县 Jiayin County	10	488.05
韩家园林业局 Hanjiayuan Forestry Bureau	9	110.30
牡丹江市市辖区 Mudanjiang municipal district	9	35.39
桦南县 Huanan County	9	5 181.21
密山市 Mishan City	8	234.80
林口县 Linkou County	8	33.41
虎林市 Hulin City	8	88.29
集贤县 Jixian County	7	4.00
铁力市 Tieli City	6	57.80
东宁县 Dongning County	6	182.16
勃利县 Boli County	5	76.23
方正县 Fangzheng County	5	2.67
鸡东县 Jidong County	5	44.80
宁安市 Ning’an City	5	28.00
松岭林业局 Songling Forestry Bureau	5	238.30

地区 Area	火灾次数 Fire times	火场总面积 Total fire area/hm²
嘉荫县 Jiayin County	58	65 197.19
伊春市市辖区 Yichun municipal district	40	1 657.37
加格达奇林业局 Jiagedaqi Forestry Bureau	28	24 434.60
韩家园林业局 Hanjiayuan Forestry Bureau	25	1 763.61
七台河市市辖区 Qitaihe municipal district	18	36.39
逊克县 Xunke County	15	3 142.70
嫩江县 Nenjiang County	13	292.05
黑河市市辖区 Heihe municipal district	12	26 446.00
萝北县 Luobei County	10	145.80
孙吴县 Sunwu County	8	962.30
呼玛县林业局 Forestry Bureau of Huma County	7	1 241.10
桦南县 Huanan County	7	96.50
塔河林业局 Tahe Forestry Bureau	7	695.80
汤原县 Tangyuan County	7	121.88
松岭林业局 Songling Forestry Bureau	6	1 835.07
方正县 Fangzheng County	5	40.60
海林市 Hailin City	5	37.11
虎林市 Hulin City	5	33.50
五大连池市 Wudalianchi City	5	436.59
鸡东县 Jidong County	4	84.50
铁力市 Tieli City	4	13.00
依兰县 Yilan County	4	17.17