基于角尺度的随机体在森林稳定性维持中的作用

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210203

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨基于空间结构的森林稳定性维持机制，提出森林"随机体-稳定性"假说，为改善我国人工林稳定性提供科学参考。方法: 以我国不同气候带典型天然林为研究对象，利用林分空间结构参数——角尺度精细解译林木点格局，根据参照树及其最近4株相邻木构成的结构单元中相邻木的分布形式定义结构体，分析典型天然林结构体类型构成，揭示稳定性高的天然林普适性结构规律。结果: 天然林中的林木主要由随机木组成，其林木株数频率达55%，断面积占比高达50%以上；随机木构成天然林的主体，既与天然林地域分布和森林类型无关，也与天然林树种组成和格局类型无关。结论: 随机木是天然林稳定的基石，其在天然林中的主体构成是促使森林稳定性的关键。林分中随机体的架构形式使得随机木具有两面受光的邻体微环境，相较于均匀体，其中心木受相邻木的竞争压力更小，而相较于聚集体，随机木的相邻木之间挤压程度则更小，随机木及其邻体（随机体）相对来说承受的生存压力较小，在自然演替过程中能够获得更大的存活几率；随机体数量越多，森林群落越稳定。

关键词: 林分空间结构, 角尺度, 随机体, 森林稳定性, 维持机制

Abstract:

Objective: The mechanism of forest stability maintenance based on spatial structure was discussed and the forest "random structural framework-stability" hypothesis was also put forward, to provide scientific reference for improving the stability of plantation in China. Method: Taking the typical natural forests in different climatic zones in China as the research objects, the stand spatial structure parameters of uniform angle index were used to interpret the pattern of tree points. The structural unit was defined according to the distribution form of the nearest four adjacent trees around the reference tree. The composition of typical natural forest structural unit was analyzed and the universal structure law of natural forest with high stability was revealed. Result: The trees in the natural forest are mainly composed of random trees, whose tree number frequency is as high as 55%, and the basal area accounts for more than 50%; random trees constitute the main body of natural forests, which haven't corretation with the geographical distribution and forest types of natural forests, and don't correlate with the tree species composition and pattern types of natural forests either. Conclusion: Random tree is the cornerstone of natural forest stability, and its main composition in natural forest is the key to promote forest stability. The random structural unit in the stand makes the random trees have the neighborhood microenvironment with light on both sides, compared with the regular unit, the reference tree has less competitive pressure from its neighbors. Compared with the clumped unit, the degree of extrusion between the neighbors of random trees is smaller, so the survival pressure of random trees and their neighbors (random structural unit) is relatively small, and they can obtain a greater survival probability in the process of natural succession. The more the number of random structural unit is, the more stable the forest community might be.

Key words: stand spatial structure, uniform angle index, random structural unit, forest stability, maintenance mechanism

中图分类号:

S750

惠刚盈,赵中华,张弓乔,胡艳波. 基于角尺度的随机体在森林稳定性维持中的作用[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(2): 22-30.

Gangying Hui,Zhonghua Zhao,Gongqiao Zhang,Yanbo Hu. The Role of Random Structural Pattern Based on Uniform Angle Index in Maintaining Forest Stability[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(2): 22-30.

图/表 7

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 0

	安慧君. 阔叶红松林空间结构研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文, 2003,
	An H J . Study on the spatial structure of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University, 2003,
	曹小玉, 李际平, 委霞. 中亚热带典型林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响. 林业科学, 2020, 56 (1): 20- 27.
	Cao X Y , Li J P , Wei X . Effects of spatial structure on soil nutrient content in typical forests in the contral-subtropics of China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56 (1): 20- 27.
	陈科屹, 张会儒, 雷向东. 天然次生林蒙古栎种群空间格局. 生态学报, 2018, 38 (10): 3462- 3470.
	Chen K Y , Zhang H R , Lei X D . Spatial pattern of Quercus mongolica in natural secondary forest. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38 (10): 3462- 3470.
	党承林. 植物群落的冗余结构——对生态系统稳定性的一种解释. 生态学报, 1998, 18 (6): 578- 583.
	Dang C L . Redundancy structure in phytocoenosiums as an explanation of ecosystem stability. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1998, 18 (6): 578- 583.
	冯宜明, 李毅, 曹秀文, 等. 甘肃南部不同密度云杉人工幼林的林分结构特征及土壤理化性质. 林业科学, 2018, 54 (10): 23- 33.
	Feng Y M , Li Y , Cao X W , et al. Characteristics of stand structure and soil physicochemical properties of artificial young Picea asperata plantation with different densities in southern Gansu. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54 (10): 23- 33.
	胡艳波, 惠刚盈, 戚继忠, 等. 吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析. 林业科学研究, 2003, 16 (5): 523- 530. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2003.05.002
	Hu Y B , Hui G Y , Qi J Z , et al. Analysis of the spatial structure of natural Korean pine broad leaved forest. Forest Research, 2003, 16 (5): 523- 530. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2003.05.002
	惠刚盈, GadowK V, AlbertM. 角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数. 林业科学, 1999, 35 (1): 37- 42.
	Hui G Y , Gadow K V , Albert M . The neighbourhood pattern-a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1999, 35 (1): 37- 42.
	惠刚盈, 克劳斯·冯佳多. 森林空间结构量化分析方法. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2003: 20- 22.
	Hui G Y , Gadow K V . Quantitative analysis of forest spatial structure. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2003: 20- 22.
	惠刚盈. 森林经营模式评价方法. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
	Hui G Y . Evaluation method of forest management models. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.
	惠刚盈. 结构化森林经营理论与实践. 北京: 科学出版社, 2020.
	Hui G Y . Theory and practice of structure-based forest management. Beijing: Science Press, 2020.
	李纪亮. 宝天曼栎类天然次生林林分结构量化分析. 郑州: 河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 2008,
	Li J L . Study on the quantitative analysis of the oak natural secondary forest in Baotianman nature reserve. Zhengzhou: MS thesis of Henan Agricultural University, 2008,
	牛克昌, 刘怿宁, 沈泽昊, 等. 群落构建的中性理论和生态位理论. 生物多样性, 2009, 17 (6): 579- 593.
	Niu K C , Liu Y N , Shen Z H , et al. Community assembly: the relative importance of neutral theory and niche theory. Biodiversity Science, 2009, 17 (6): 579- 593.
	彭辉. 基于BCI 50公顷大样地的森林空间结构特征研究. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文, 2017,
	Peng H . Study on forest spatial structure characteristics of BCI 50 hm² large-scale forest dynamics plot. Beijing: PhD thesis of Chinese Academy of Forestry, 2017,
	唐守正, 刘世荣. 我国天然林保护与可持续经营. 中国农业科技导报, 2000, 2 (1): 42- 46.
	Tang S Z , Liu S R . Conservation and sustainability of natural forests in China. Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology, 2000, 2 (1): 42- 46.
	万盼. 经营方式对甘肃小陇山锐齿栎天然林林分质量的影响. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文, 2018,
	Wan P . Impacts of forest management methods on stand quality of natural Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest in Xiaolongshan, Gansu Province. Beijing: PhD thesis of Chinese Academy of Forestry, 2018,
	夏富才. 长白山阔叶红松林植物多样性及其群落空间结构研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文, 2007,
	Xia F C . Study on the Plant biodiversity and spatial patterns of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University, 2007,
	袁士云. 甘肃省小陇山现有林分经营模式评价研究. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文, 2010,
	Yuan S Y . Evaluation of existing forest management models in Xiaolongshan Gansu Province. Beijing: PhD thesis of Chinese Academy of Forestry, 2010,
	岳永杰. 北京山区防护林优势树种群落结构研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文, 2008,
	Yue Y J . Study on community structure of dominant species of protection forest in Beijing mountainous area. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University, 2008,
	赵洋毅, 王克勤, 陈奇伯, 等. 西南亚热带典型天然常绿阔叶林的空间结构特征. 西北植物学报, 2012, 32 (1): 187- 192. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4025.2012.01.030
	Zhao Y Y , Wang K Q , Chen Q B , et al. Spatial structural characteristics of typical natural evergreen broad-leaved forest features of southwest subtropical area, China. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2012, 32 (1): 187- 192. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4025.2012.01.030
	赵中华, 惠刚盈, 袁士云, 等. 小陇山锐齿栎天然林空间结构特征. 林业科学, 2009, 45 (3): 1- 6.
	Zhao Z H , Hui G Y , Yuan S Y , et al. Spatial structure characteristic of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest in Xiaolongshan. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2009, 45 (3): 1- 6.
	郑丽凤, 周新年. 择伐强度对中亚热带天然针阔混交林林分空间结构的影响. 武汉植物学研究, 2009, 27 (5): 515- 521.
	Zhen L F , Zhou X N . Influence of the Selective intensity on spatial structure of mid-subtropical natural mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research, 2009, 27 (5): 515- 521.
	Aguirre O , Hui G Y , Gadow K V , et al. An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighborhood-based variables. Forest and Ecology Management, 2003, 183, 137- 145.
	Bello J , Vallet P , Perot T , et al. How do mixing tree species and stand density affect seasonal radial growth during drought events?. Forest Ecology and Management, 2019, 432, 436- 445.
	Connell J H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forests//den Boer P J, Gradwell G R. Dynamics of populations. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 298-312.
	Ford E D . Competition and stand structure in some even-aged plant monocultures. Journal of Ecology, 1975, 63, 311- 333.
	Hui G Y , Gadow K V . Das winkelmass-theoretische überlegungen zum optimalen standardwinkel. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 2002, 173 (9): 173- 177.
	Hui G Y , Pommerening A . Analysing tree species and size diversity patterns in multi-species uneven-aged forests of northern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014, 316, 125- 138.
	Hurd L E , Mellinger M V , Wolf L L , et al. Stability and diversity at three trophic levels in terrestrial successional ecosystems. Science, 1971, 173 (4002): 1134- 1136.
	Janzen D H . Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist, 1970, 104 (940): 501- 528.
	Lawton J H , Brown V K . Redundancy in ecosystems. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994: 255- 270.
	MacArthur R . Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology, 1955, 36 (3): 533- 536.
	Naeem S . Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conservation Biology, 1998, 12 (1): 39- 45.
	Odum E P . Basic ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 1983, 1, 34.
	Pommerening A , Uria-Diez J . Do large forest trees tend towards high species mingling?. Ecological Informatics, 2017, 42, 139- 147.
	Pommerening A , Wang H X , Zhao Z H . Global woodland structure from local interactions: new nearest-neighbour functions for understanding the ontogenesis of global forest structure. Forest Ecosystems, 2020,
	Walker B H . Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology, 1992, 6 (1): 18- 23.
	Walker B . Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience. Conservation Biology, 1995, 9 (4): 747- 752.
	Wang H X , Peng H , Hui G , et al. Large trees are surrounded by more heterospecific neighboring trees in korean pine broad-leaved natural forests. Science Report, 2018, 8, 9149.
	Weiner J , Solbrig O T . The meaning and measurement of size hierarchies in plant populations. Oecologia, 1984, 61, 334- 336.
	Zhang G Q , Hui G Y , Zhao Z H , et al. Composition of basal area in natural forests based on the uniform angle index. Ecological Informatics, 2018, 45, 1- 8.

样地代号 Plot code	样地面积 Plot area	密度 Density/hm^-²	树种数 Tree species number	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	断面积 Base area/hm²	林分类型 Stand type	格局类型 Distribution pattern
A1	100 m×100 m	924	1	20.0	32.90	沙地樟子松林Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in sandland	均匀Uniform
A2	100 m×100 m	1 149	1	19.8	39.76	沙地樟子松林Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in sandland	均匀Uniform
B3	200 m×200 m	202	3	49.4	49.27	云杉针叶林Picea schrenkiana coniferous forest	随机Random
C4	100 m×100 m	936	19	16.4	28.74	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	随机Random
C5	100 m×100 m	748	22	17.7	27.95	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	聚集Cluster
C6	100 m×100 m	816	22	17.7	29.56	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	随机Random
C7	100 m×100 m	808	19	16.6	28.08	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	随机Random
C8	100 m×100 m	797	19	18.3	31.67	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	随机Random
C9	100 m×100 m	1 178	20	14.7	30.73	红松针阔混交林Coniferous-broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest	随机Random
D10	140 m×70 m	888	49	16.1	26.53	松栎混交林Pine-oak mixed forests	随机Random
E11	100 m×30 m	820	85	23.5	54.87	热带山地雨林Tropical mountain rainforest	聚集Cluster

[1]	李林,魏识广,马姜明,叶万辉,练琚愉. 生境异质性和扩散限制对南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性的相对作用[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(10): 1-10.
[2]	曹小玉, 李际平, 委霞. 中亚热带典型林分空间结构对土壤养分含量的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(1): 20-28.
[3]	黄咏槐, 梁军, 马琳, 张英军, 朱彦鹏, 胡瑞瑞, 苑晓雯, 张星耀. 森林空间结构对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫口密度的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2018, 54(7): 84-90.
[4]	梁军, 马琳, 黄咏槐, 张英军, 朱彦鹏, 张星耀. 森林空间结构对松赤枯病发生程度的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2016, 52(8): 60-67.
[5]	赵中华, 惠刚盈, 胡艳波, 张弓乔. 角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的新方法[J]. 林业科学, 2016, 52(2): 10-16.
[6]	曹小玉, 李际平, 封尧, 胡园杰, 张彩彩, 房晓娜, 邓超. 杉木生态公益林林分空间结构分析及评价[J]. 林业科学, 2015, 51(7): 37-48.
[7]	方景, 孙玉军, 郭孝玉, 梅光义. 基于Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网的杉木游憩林空间结构[J]. 林业科学, 2014, 50(12): 1-6.
[8]	李建军<sup></sup>李际平<sup></sup>刘素青<sup></sup>张宏伟<sup></sup>冯湘兰<sup></sup>. 红树林空间结构均质性指数[J]. 林业科学, 2010, 46(6): 6-14.
[9]	赵春燕;李际平;李建军. 基于Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网的林分空间结构量化分析[J]. 林业科学, 2010, 46(6): 78-84.
[10]	王蕾张春雨赵秀海. 长白山阔叶红松林的空间分布格局*[J]. 林业科学, 2009, 12(5): 54-59.
[11]	赵中华惠刚盈袁士云刘文桢王润喜. 小陇山锐齿栎天然林空间结构特征[J]. 林业科学, 2009, 12(3): 1-6.
[12]	郝云庆王金锡王启和孙鹏蒲春林. 柳杉纯林改造后林分空间结构变化预测[J]. 林业科学, 2006, 42(8): 8-13.
[13]	王霓虹周洪泽李林辉. 应用地理信息系统进行林木空间模拟分析[J]. 林业科学, 2004, 40(6): 97-101.
[14]	汤孟平唐守正雷相东李希菲. 林分择伐空间结构优化模型研究[J]. 林业科学, 2004, 40(5): 25-31.
[15]	郭志华臧润国蒋有绪. 生物多样性的形成、维持机制及其宏观研究方法[J]. 林业科学, 2002, 38(6): 116-124.