[Objective]Lianas are important components of tropical seasonal rainforest. Theobjective of this study are to investigate the liana diversity, to elucidate the climbing situation of lianas on co-occurring trees, and to better understand how lianas influence the regeneration, dynamics, and carbon sequestration of tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province.[Method]Following the liana census protocol applied in Panamanian rainforest, we surveyed and identified all rooted lianas with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm in 500 quadrats (20 m×20 m) in a 20 hm² tropical rainforest dynamics big plot which was established in 2007. We analyzed the liana spatial distribution, diversity, abundance, size, climbing mechanisms and situations on co-occurring trees.[Result]In the 20 hm² plot, 21 781 rooted liana individuals were recorded, with density of 1 089.1 individuals·hm^-2. 20 611 individuals from 127 species in 45 families were identified. The two most abundant families were Fabaceae and Vitaceae, accounting for 51.1% of and 24.4% of liana species, respectively. The most abundant lianas were Parameria laevigata (Apocynaceae) with 2 382 individuals in the plot, constituting 10.9% of all liana individuals. Byttneria integrifolia (Sterculiaceae) and Fissistigma polyanthum (Annonaceae) accounted for 10.3% and 4.6%. The top three liana species with the highest important values were Byttneria integrifolia, Parameria laevigata and Combretum latifolium (Combretaceae). Forty-three rare species with density ≤ 1 individual·hm^-2 were recorded, accounting for 33.6% of the total number of liana species, but only 1.4% of the liana individuals in the plot. Lianas with 1-5 cm DBH were dominant, constituting 86.6% of all liana individual, whereas lianas with DBH ≥ 10 cm only accounted for 0.7%. 58.0% of liana species employed stem twining to climb the forest canopy, followed by leaf-tendril climbers, sprawlers, and hook climbers, with each accounting for 1.0% of liana species. About 10.7% of the all co-occurring tree individuals (DBH ≥ 1 cm) were climbed by lianas, with 68.2% of the tree species being climbed. With an increase in tree size, the numbers of lianas climbing trees decreased, but the percentage of trees climbed by lianas was increased.[Conclusion]Lianas are abundant in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest. The pioneer lianas, such as Pueraria montana (a legume liana), occur in the permanent plot, indicating that this plot was probably intensely disturbed in history. Disturbance, along with the distinct rainfall seasonality, could be the major factors shaping abundant lianas in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest.

[Objective] In this study, we investigated the degradation of soil quality under different degrees of tourist disturbance, in order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil, to inform management on restoring soil quality, to provide basic data and theoretical basis for the scenic spot of eco-tourism planning and management.[Method] We investigated the properties of soil close to the main trail at a scenic spot in the park. Specifically, we selected three trails around 3 m in width. Along each trail, we established 3 plots away from the edge of the trail. The first plot was 1 m away from the edge, which represents high disturbance region. The second plot was 3 m away from edge, which represent middle disturbance region. The third plot was the control located at 7 m away from the edge. In each plot, we collected soil samples from different soil layers to determine density, water content, water holding capacity, pH value, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and enzyme indices of the soil. Factor analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and the variation partition analysis were conducted to determine the contribution of each factor to the soil quality. Finally, the soil quality under different tourism disturbances was calculated by summing up the indices.[Result] The results showed that,with the increasing level of tourist disturbance, the water content, porosity and moisture content of the soil decreased whereas the bulk density and pH value increased, and the impacts of all these soil properties in the 0-5 cm layer was greater than those in the 5-15 or 15-25 cm layer. For soil nutrients, carbon-nitrogen ratio tended to increase while soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus all decreased with increasing intensity of tourist disturbance; Soil urease, acid phosphatase, invertase, catalase activity of the tourist disturbed area were lower than those of the control plots, soil quality decreased at the same time; With the increase of depth of the soil layers, soil quality appeared to increase first and followed by a decrease. As the control plots were not interfered, their soil qualities of topsoil were the best, and the soil quality in deeper layers was getting worse.[Conclusion] Among them, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, invertase activity had larger contributions to the soil quality under the tourism disturbance, which could be used as indicators of soil health in this scenic spot. Therefore, we can monitor dynamically soil organic matter by investigating enzyme and organic matter content. On the other hand, we should also control the ecological environmental capacity by controlling the number of tourists in both temporal and spatial dimensions to ensure the sustainable development of scenic area and ecological benefits.

[Objective] This study aims to reveal the changing patterns of the leaf functional traits of moso bamboo and Chinese fir, and explore the adaptability and survival strategy of moso bamboo and Chinese fir during the expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest.[Method] Three 10 m×50 m transects were set along the expansion direction from moso bamboo to Chinese fir plantation, and each transect was divided into 10 subplots (a size of 5 m×10 m). In each subplot, standard culms/stems of moso bamboo at different ages and Chinese fir were selected. Leaves were collected on these trees to measure the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon content (C), leaf nitrogen content (N), leaf phosphorus content (P) and calculate the ratios.[Result] 1) During the expansion process of moso bamboo to Chinese fir, SLA of moso bamboo and Chinese fir was significantly negatively related with the ratio of moso bamboo, except Ⅰ du bamboo, while LDMCs were significantly positively related with the ratio of moso bamboo. The mean SLAs of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ bamboo were 291, 215, 207 and 213 m²·kg^-1, respectively, and the LDMC of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ bamboo was 0.38, 0.40, 0.42 and 0.42 g·g^-1, respectively. The two parameters were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir (115 m²·kg^-1 for SLA and 0.34 g·g^-1 for LDMC, P < 0.005). 2) For Ⅰ and Ⅳ bamboo, leaf C, N and P contents of moso bamboo showed an increasing trend with the ratio of moso bamboo. Meanwhile, a decreasing trend with the ratio of moso bamboo was observed for Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Chinese fir leaves. Leaves of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ had 46.5%, 46.1%, 45.5% and 46.0% C contents, respectively, 27.6, 22.3, 21.7 and 20.8 g·kg^-1 N content, and 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, and 1.2 g·kg^-1 for P content. The N and P contents of moso bamboo were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir (13.6 and 1.0 g·kg^-1, respectively). 3) There were significant or extreme significant relationships between bamboo SLA, LDMC and leaf C, N, P contents, C:N and N:P.[Conclusion] Compared to Chinese fir, moso bamboo had larger SLA, and higher N and P contents, and during its expansion to Chinese fir, the main leaf functional traits of moso bamboo at different ages adapted differently with a complementary effect, which can make use of the resources more effectively.

[Objective] Through measuring and analyzing the shoot growth behavior and the content of N, P and K in needles of the young third generation of Masson pine(Pinus massoniana), this study revealed the mode of genetic control of shoot growth, explored the relationship between the contents of N, P, K and the growth, and provided a theoretical basis for understanding genetic laws of the height growth of Masson pine.[Method] We measured and analyzed the shoot growth behavior (initial shoot growth, subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot number and annual shoot length), tree height, and N, P and K contents in needles, to explore the genetic variation regularity and genetic control mode of shoot growth behavior and the needles nutrient content, and to reveal the genetic correlation between the shoot growth traits, and between the shoot growth traits and the needles N, P and K contents, with a half diallel cross among 6×6 Masson pine clones in Laoshan forest farm of Zhejiang Province.[Result] The value of initial shoot growth, subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot number, annual shoot length and average tree height were 0.89 m, 0.45 m, 1.90 times, 1.34 m and 5.16 m of trial plantations of the young third generation of Masson pine, respectively. The variance analysis showed that there were very significant differences between different hybrid combinations. The result of combining ability analysis showed that shoot growth behavior, such as, subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot number and annual shoot length, were given priority to additive gene effect control, with the percentage of additive gene effect from 52.10% to 73.28%, while the initial shoot growth was almost entirely controlled by dominant effect (98.32%). In the nutrient content of needles, K content was controlled mostly by additive gene effect (69.70%), while the contents of N and P were almost entirely controlled by dominant effect. Shoot growth traits, tree height, N, P and K contents were controlled by medium or above degree of genetic (h_f²=46.54%-84.17%). Through studying genetic correlation between the traits, it was found that there was very significant positive correlation between tree height and subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot length and shoot number. There was very significant positive correlation between subsequent shoot growth and annual shoot length and shoot number. There was very significant negative correlation between initial shoot growth and tree height, subsequent shoot growth and annual shoot number. There was no significant correlation between initial shoot growth and annual shoot length. There was very significant positive correlation between the N content in needles and tree height, subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot length and shoot number. There was very significant positive correlation between P content in needles and initial shoot growth and annual shoot length. There was very significant negative correlation between K content in needles and annual shoot length. There was significant positive correlation between N/P ratio and tree height, subsequent shoot growth and annual shoot number. There was very significant positive correlation between N/K ratio and tree height, subsequent shoot growth and annual shoot length; P/K ratio and annual shoot length.[Conclusion]The variation of shoot growth behavior and N, P and K contents in needles were rich in trial plantations of three generation of Masson pine. Subsequent shoot growth, annual shoot number and shoot length, tree height and K content were mostly controlled by additive gene effect. Initial shoot growth, N and P contents were almost entirely controlled by dominant effect. The height growth of trees was affected by shoot growth behavior, especially the subsequent growth was significantly affected by subsequent shoot growth features. The annual shoot length was increased, and therefore the tree height was increased in the year.

[Objective]Bamboo mosaic virus(BaMV), a typical member of the genus Potexvirus, is widespread in bamboo cultivation region and can severely affect regular growth of bamboos. Theobjective of this study is to determine the genomic structure of a new isolate of BaMV (BaMV-TMS1) and its associated satellite RNA(satBaMV-TMS1) from Fuzhou of China and their phylogenetic relationship with reported BaMV and satBaMV strains. Moreover, it is necessary to optimize an efficientmethod of constructing BaMV cDNA infectious clone for rapid establishment of reverse genetic system.[Method]The complete genomes of BaMV-TMS1 and satBaMV-TMS1 were amplified and sequenced from bamboo leaves with mosaic symptom by respectively using 2 and 1 primer pairs designed according to the conserved regions of known sequences. Genomic structure was analyzed and phylogenetic tree was reconstructed by maximum likelihood (ML)method. Meanwhile, seamless cloningmethod of multiple segments was applied to ligate two segments of BaMV-TMS1 and an amplified vector segment. An agrobacteria-mediatedmethod was used to verify the infectivity of BaMV cDNA infectious clone.[Result]The complete sequences of BaMV-TMS1 and satBaMV-TMS1 have 6365 and 836 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail and contain the typical characteristic of genomic structure of BaMV and satBaMV. The isolate BaMV-TMS1 shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity of 82%-83% and 92%-93%, respectively, with all the BaMV and satBaMV isolates available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BaMV-TMS1 was clustered into a new phylogenetic sub-lineage. Similarresult can be seen that satBaMV-TMS1 was grouped into a new sub-cluster. Theresult of RT-PCR detection and negative staining of plant crude extraction showed the successful and highly-efficient infection of BaMV after 10 days post-inoculation.[Conclusion]The isolates BaMV-TMS1 and satBaMV-TMS1 have a higher degree of variation and were clustered into a new phylogenetic sub-lineage considering all isolates analyzed in this study, suggesting a relatively higher genetic diversity of the virus and its associated satellite RNA. On the other hand, the study provides a rapid and efficientmethod of constructing BaMV cDNA infectious clone with biological activity.

[Objective]The filamentous fungi, Colletotrichum spp., are found in all five continents and are capable of causing severe diseases in the important plants such as Camellia oleifera (oil-tea trees). The pathogen causes defoliation, as well as necrotic spots on fruits. In recent years, the disease is rapidly spreading in the oil-tea trees producing areas of southern China. The objective of this study is to identify the pathogen causing stem and leaf anthracnose on oil-tea trees in Hunan, and to provide a basis for disease control and resistance breeding.[Method]Infected leaves were collected from Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuyang, Yongzhou, Huaihua, Changde and Changning City, in Hunan Province and the fungi were isolated and purified from the diseased border of leaves on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate. Identification of the pathogen was based on morphology of colony and conidial, pathogenicity tests. Isolates were characterized by colony morphology, conidial characteristics under 28℃ in dark. The rDNA-ITS,CAL and GAPDH region of isolates were amplified and sequenced. PAUP and MrBayes software were used to analyze the data of ITS-CAL-GAPDH sequences.[Result] The result showed that a total of 62 colletotrichum strains were isolated from oil tea plants in 9 oil-tea plantations of Hunan provinces. Pathogenicity test showed that all of the isolates could infect oil-tea leaves and fruit, with different time in the onset of disease symptom. The multilocus sequence analysis, together with a critical examination of the phenotypic characters, revealed five previously described species.[Conclusion]The typical anthracnose symptoms of oil-tea leaves in Hunan Province were described in this study. Based on the morphology and multiple gene sequences characters, the 62 isolates were identified as C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. gloeosporioides, C. horii and C. camelliae. Among them, C. fructicola had the highest isolated rate that was accounted for 64.5%.

[Objective]The purpose of this study is to develop an isothermalmethod known as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of 16SrⅠ group phytoplasmas. The method would make it possible to achieve simple and rapid detection of this pathogen.[Method]In present study, several sets of LAMP primers were designed using the tuf gene as the target, and then the most appropriate set was selected to develop LAMPmethod for detection of 16SrⅠ group phytoplasmas. The specificity of LAMP was tested by using 3 other groups of phytoplasma (16SrⅡ, 16Sr V, 16Sr XIX) which are closely related to 16SrⅠ group. The sensitivities between LAMP and PCR for detecting phytoplasma were compared by using two-fold serially diluted DNA extracted from phytoplasma-infected paulownia as templates. The LAMP method was used to detect the paulownia witches'-broom phytoplasmas from 6 provinces in China and 9 kinds of tissue culture seedlings.[Result]The 16SrⅠ-LAMP was efficiently amplified with the target tuf gene sequences in 40 min at constant temperature of 63℃, by which five 16SrⅠ group phytoplasmas causing paulownia witches'-broom, chinaberry witches'-broom, mulberry dwarf, lettuce yellows and periwinkle phyllody diseases were detected, but no phytoplasmas from 16SrⅡ (peanut witches'-broom, sweet potato witches'-broom, cleome witches'-broom), 16Sr V (jujube witches'-broom, cherry lethal yellows, Bischofia polycarpa witches'-broom, Robinia hispida witches'-broom), and 16SrXIX (chestnut yellows crinkle) as well as healthy plant control were detected. The result of LAMP were observed by the color changes of reaction solution added to calcein, the reaction solution was green for positive samples and orange for negative ones, which were in agreement with the result by detecting amplification curve through the fluorescent quantitation device. Compared with conventional PCR amplification, the detection sensitivity of 16SrⅠ-LAMP was 8-fold higher. The PaWB samples collected from different regions and different graft-inoculted tissue culture seedlings could be detected correctly with corresponding LAMP assay.[Conclusion]This is the first report of application of the LAMP assay technique for the simple,efficient,and specific detection of 16SrⅠ group phytoplasmas targeting on phytoplasma tuf gene. suitable for grass-roots and field testing and for the rapid diagnosis of phytoplasma associated diseases.

[Objective] This study aims to obtain pure manganese peroxidase produced by white-rot basidiomycete Lenzites gibbosa strain CB-1 and study its characterizations in enzymology.[Method] On the basis of optimizing the culture of L. gibbosa and obtaining massive crude manganese peroxidases (MnPs) solutions which were salted out by (NH₄)₂SO₄, concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, and dialyzed against the initial buffer. The DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange column chromatography, and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column chromatography were used to purify MnP, and the purity of the purified MnP sample was detected by SDS-PAGE.[Result]Among the three (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentrations of 75%, 80%, and 85%, 85% (NH₄)₂SO₄ was the optimum saturation for precipitation of MnPs. With 85% (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation, the MnP activity and protein concentration in the supernatant were only 3.63 U·L^-1 and 0.132 mg·mL^-1, respectively, indicating that most MnPs had been precipitated. The initial buffer of Na₂HPO₄-NaH₂PO₄ (pH=7) was fixed to be the optimal buffer system by small test tube method. Two higher and one lower protein absorption peaks were detected in the samples after ion exchange column chromatography, and the MnP activity was detected only in the second higher peak. After the second higher peak sample went through Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column and was eluted, one distinct protein absorption peak was detected in which there was a high MnP activity. A single and distinct MnP protein band around 40 kDa in concentrated lyophilized sample was detected by SDS-PAGE, indicating that the purity of purified MnP had come up to the electrophoresis pure.[Conclusion] The salting out method with 85% (NH₄)₂SO₄ was the optimal method for precipitating and purifying MnPs produced by L. gibbosa in initial stage. PEG concentration method was proved simple, easy and effective. The purified MnP samples could be come up to the electrophoresis pure by the means of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography after initial concentration.

[Objective]From April 2013 to January 2014, the habitat selection feature of silver pheasant in different seasons was investigated in Jiulongjiang National Forest Park, Hunan. The study analyzed seasonal variation, explored the habitat demand and the causes of silver pheasant at different life cycle stages, in order to provide a basis for future protection and to enrich the habitat selection theory.[Method]Through the field survey in four seasons, habitat characteristics of 105 utilized samples and 91 comparing samples were observed to determine the main ecological factors affecting habitat selection in this species. The collected data were analyzed by means of Vanderlooeg & Scavia selection index, resource selection functions and stepwise discriminant analysis.[Result]The analysis result showed that in the aspect of terrain, the slope ranges of 15°-30° and 31°-45°were preferred by silver pheasant. As for slope position, the lower slope was preferred in winter but random selection in the other seasons. As for altitude,the bird preferred higher altitudes in summer,but lower altitudes in winter. In spring, herb average height, fruits abundance and invertebrate abundance were the main ecological factors affecting silver pheasant habitat selection. The predicted accuracy was 88.5%. In summer, tree coverage, invertebrate abundance and plant food abundance were the main ecological factors. The predicted accuracy was 92.5%. In autumn, fruits abundance and invertebrate abundance were the main ecological factors and the predicted accuracy was 93.8%. In winter, the main factors were altitude, shrub coverage, fruits abundance, plant food abundance and proportion of bareness, and the predicted accuracy was 100%.[Conclusion]Spring habitat selection of silver pheasant is mainly affected by food sources, breeding habitat requirements and abundant rainfall. Summer habitat selection is mainly offected by brood stage habitat needs and food sources. Autumn habitat selection is mainly affected by food sources and shelter. Winter habitat selection is mainly affected by the upper vegetation and food availability. The different selection of different seasons is mainly weighed by the two factors:food and safety. In different seasons, the vegetation canopy density, herb cover and feeding conditions all change, which influences the silver pheasant to select the vegetation type, tree height and food, thereby forming the seasonal variation on habitat selection. Thus we should carry out targeted protective measures according to the habitat requirement of different season.

[Objective] To obtain the regional tree aboveground biomass and its uncertainty estimate on different site quality and choose the optimizational model for biomass estimation,this study presented a novel method to obtain more accurate estimates of forest biomass in the forest productivity estimation.[Method] The regional site quality classification in Pinus massoniana forests of Jiangxi Province was determined using the dominant tree height (H)-diameter at breast height (D) model. The aboveground biomass density and its root mean square error (RMSE) in each site class were estimated by the Monte Carolmethod based on the three allometric biomass models including (1) g_i=aD_i^b+ε,(2) g_i=a(D_i²H_i)^b+ε,and (3) g_i=aD_i^bH_i^c+ε,where g_i is the individual biomass of the ith sample tree, D_i and H_i are the diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height for the ith sample tree, respectively; a,b and c are model parameters; ε is the error term.[Result] 1) The coefficient of determination (R²) obtained from the three biomass equations are more than 0.95, which indicated that the three equations have good fitting abilities. Among the candidate models, Model (3) showed the best performance. 2) The dominant H-D model showed a good fitting ability with R²=0.907, mean error (ME)=0.001, mean absolute error (MAE)=0.559, and RMSE=0.027. Plots classified by site quality were distributed to all the regions of Jiangxi Province and the sample plots in the same site level were relatively concentrated. 3) The simulation studies using Monte Carlo method were achieved stability by 10 000 times repeats. Aboveground biomass estimates calculating by the same individual tree biomass equation increased with increasing level of site. The middle site class level (the third level) represents the mean level of the regional site conditions and has similar biomass estimate with the whole region. Under the same site class, the order of mean aboveground biomass estimate values of the three models was the following:equation (1) > equation (3) > equation (2) and the order of both RMSE and relative RMSE estimates values was the following:equation (2) < equation (3) < equation (1).[Conclusion] 1) The equation (2) is better than equation (3) and then the equation (1) by comparing the relative RMSEs of the mean biomass density estimate. 2) The more similar the site quality is to the mean site quality level, the smaller the relative RMSE of the aboveground biomass density will be. 3) This study put forward a method to estimate the regional tree biomass and uncertainty in different site quality by combining the H-D model and the Monte Carlo simulation, and provides a probability and reference to accurately estimate the site productivity and biomass under different site quality.

[Objective]In order to obtain the information about interactions among the main components of wood and to provide theoretical basis to analyze the behaviors of moisture sorption and wood deformation, the effects of chemical components on moisture sorption of wood under dynamic conditions were investigated.[Method] Populus euramericana flour (40-60 meshes) was subjected to extractives, hemicellulose extraction and matrix (hemicellulose and lignin) removal treatment, respectively. The effects of partial removal of chemical component treatments were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The control and treated samples were placed into dynamic conditions where RH changed sinusoidally between 45%-75% for cyclic periods of 1, 6, and 24 h at 25℃, during which moisture changes were measured. The changes of relative humidity and wood moisture content were fitted by the Fourier analysis, giving the following result.[Result] 1) XRD tests suggested that the positions of the diffraction peaks for crystal planes in cellulose of the samples did not change after partial removal of chemical component treatments. The crystallinity of extractives removed samples, hemicellulose removed samples and matrix removed samples was determined as 36.4%, 41.3% and 48.5%, respectively. 2) In dynamic conditions, the Fourier analysis proposed by a previous study showed a good agreement with experiment result in this work for both RH and moisture changes of the samples at each cyclic period. 3) Dynamic sorption isotherms of the samples were characterized by several overlapped oval curves, where sorption hysteresis could be obviously observed with hysteresis ratio ranging from 0.881 to 0.955. 4) The moisture sorption coefficient of the untreated samples, extractives removed samples, hemicellulose removed samples and matrix removed samples was 0.090 8, 0.094 8, 0.089 2 and 0.087 4, respectively, when the cyclic period was sufficiently long. These values were half of the static values.[Conclusion]1) Hemicellulose of the samples was removed without breaking the crystallize structure in cellulose. 2) Moisture of the samples were generally sinusoidal but lagged behind the imposed RH and steady-state was reached as dynamic sorption proceeded. 3) The amplitude and moisture sorption coefficient increased and the phase lag decreased with increasing cyclic period. 4) A comparison among the samples by different partial removal of chemical component treatments demonstrated that the extractives removed samples exhibited the highest amplitude and moisture sorption coefficient, followed by the untreated samples, hemicellulose removed samples and matrix removed samples for all cyclic periods.

[Objective]The principle and method of testing shear modulus of orthotropic materials(wood)and isotropic materials based on the torsional mode of cantilever plate are discussed.[Method]Firstly, based on the first-order torsional vibration shapes of the cantilever plate according to the ANSYS calculation, the first-order torsional vibration shape function of the displacement w and u, which are perpendicular and parallel to the middle of the plane respectively,are obtained by applying optimization principle. Then, the energy method is used to derive the relational expressions between the first-order torsional frequency and elastic/shear modulus of the cantilever plate, the two vibration shape coefficients are calculated through the integral related with kinetic energy, torsion/tension/compression strain energy, and the binary linear regression of the calculated value of the vibration shape coefficient depends on related expressions of the width-to-length ratio and thickness-to-width ratio.[Result]The relational expressions derived between the first-order torsion frequency and elastic/shear modulus of the cantilever plate, it can be used to calculate shear modulus by the first-order torsional frequency only after obtaining elastic modulus through measuring the first-order bending frequency of the cantilever plate.[Conclusion]The relationship between the first-order torsional frequency and the elastic/shear modulus of the cantilever plate is derived, and the vibration shape coefficient is dependent on the width-to-length ratio and the thickness-to-width ratio. The correctness of relational expressions are verified not only by the dynamic shear modulus determined from low carbon steel, rolling aluminum, Swietenia mahagoni, Fraxinus americana and Ochroma pyramidale, but also by the dynamic and static shear modulus tested from low carbon steel, Picea sitchensis(radial section and transverse section), Quercus mongolica(parallel to grain),Pinus tabulaeformis(tangential section and radial section)and so on. Based on the first-order torsional mode of the cantilever plate and the torsional vibration shape method of the free plate, shear modulus of wood or isotropic materials are in good agreement. The first-order torsional mode based on the cantilever plate provides a simple and rapid method to determine the dynamic shear modulus using cantilever plate. This method can be used not only to test wood shear modulus G_LT, G_LR and G_RT in the three main directions, but also be applied in testing shear modulus of isotropic materials.

[Objective]Encouraging farmers to expand the growing areas of woody grains and oil seeds plants, improving the production efficiency and thus easing the grain and oil security problem are the main policy objectives of subsidies for woody grain and oil plants. Determining the effects of subsidies for the woody grain and oil plants in the main producing provinces, and constructing a theoretical model to verify the effectiveness of the policy from the perspective of farmers' behavior response can help to explore the effects and the theoretical mechanism of the subsidy policy. These answers can provide a scientific evidence for the development of more targeted and more efficient woody grain and oil plants subsidy policy.[Method]Firstly, based on the investigations and researches, the main contents of the woody grain and oil plants subsidy policy were reviewed. Secondly, surveys by interviews and questionnaires were used to investigate the implementation of subsidy policy and industrial development of woody grain and oil plants in the main producing provinces, and summarize the practical effects of the subsidy policy. On this basis, assuming the woody grain and oil product market as a perfectly competitive market, we construct theoretical models to analyze the effects of the subsidy policy on the market equilibrium, on the production behaviors of different scale of farmers and on the production efficiency respectively. Besides, by distinguishing different scale growers of woody grain and oil plants, we analyze the effects of the implementation of woody grain and oil plants subsidy policy on the production behavior and efficiency for different scale of growers. The results were used to provide economic explanations for the actual effects of the implementation of subsidy policy.[Result]The results show that:1) After the implementation of the woody grain and oil plants subsidy policy, the planting areas have been greatly increased in the main producing provinces. 2) The prices of main woody grain and oil plants such as Chinese chestnut, jujube, walnut, oil-tea camellia have showed a downward trend. 3) The number of new management organizations of woody grain and oil plants have increased, and the planting scale of single household is expanding, which contribute to the obvious scale concentration effect. 4) The one-time funding subsidy form which is mainly linked to the planting areas is difficult to effectively improve the problem of "emphasizing more on planting but not management", which have limited effects in improving the productivity of woody grain and oil plants. 5) In the context of rising agricultural subsidy standards and planting costs, woody grain and oil plants subsidy standards are low and lack of timely adjustment, which will weaken the incentive effects.[Conclusion]1) The subsidies play an important role in expanding planting scales, which show that it is necessary to realize the continuity of subsidies, and the subsidies for improvement of low yield forest should be properly tilted to small-scale farmers. 2) The afforestation subsidies have led to the "emphasizing more on planting but not management" problem, which have limited effects on the improvement of the productivity of woody grain and oil plants. Forestry subsidy policies should be gradually adjusted from afforestation to management. 3) Too high minimum subsidy areas or too low subsidy standard will result in the reduction of planting areas and the loss of welfare of small-scale producers. So it would be useful to expand the source of subsidy funds and to increase the subsidy standard. 4) The production subsidies only linked to the planting areas make the production efficiency of large-scale growers be lower than the small-scale growers. It is necessary to guide moderate scale operation and improve marginal productivity by setting subsidy conditions.

[Objective]Taking forest absorption of smoke and dust as an example, this study empirically examined the effects of smoke and dust on the related diseases of residents' respiratory system, thus quantitatively analyzed of the relationship between air pollution and public health.[Method]A literature review and qualitative analysis were conducted to explore respiratory-related diseases caused by air pollution, forest affect human health by reducing air pollutants. In addition, using panel data from China, a quantitative analysis was carried out to estimate the effects on public health of dust by OLS, panel model, 3SLS. Especially, using 3SLS method to overcome endogenous problem caused by emissions of particulate matter, thus more accurately evaluate the negative impact of environmental pollution on public health, and effectively explain the regional heterogeneity. Finally, using different emissions as an instrument to estimate the robustness of the result, ensure the reliability of conclusions.[Result] 1) OLS estimates show that the impact on public health of dust is very significant:as the smoke and dust emissions increase 1%,the number of people dying from lung cancer and respiratory diseases corresponding increase 0.568% and 0.488%,respectively. 2) Random effect model (RE) show that lung cancer deaths caused by the smoke and dust decreased dramatically, and is significantly positive with deaths from respiratory diseases at 10% level. As the smoke and dust emissions increase 1%, the number of deaths from lung cancer and respiratory diseases correspondingly increase 0.207% and 0.467%, respectively.3) Using the area of pests and diseases as an instrument of forest area, endogeneity smoke and dust emissions are solved. Based on 3SLS, this study shows that forest area will significantly affect the level of smoke and dust emission,as forest area increase by 1%, the smoke and dust emissions reduce by 0.884% approximately. Whereas the smoke and dust emissions increase by 1%, the number of people dying from lung cancer and respiratory diseases will increase by 0.777% and 0.704%, respectively.These value are higher than those obtained by OLS, and random effect model, which shows that the last two method underestimate the impacts of air pollution on public health. 4) Other control variables influence on residents of the respiratory system, the per capita GDP and population density exhibit positively effect on public health, whereas,health expenditure per capita for residents show negatively effect on public health at 1% significance level.It is indicated that as per capita health expenditure increase 1%, the deaths from lung cancer and respiratory will decrease 0.362% and 0.543%, respectively.[Conclusion]Forest will improve the level of public health by absorbing smoke and dust emissions. In order to improve the level of public health, it is important that not only control pollution from the source through legal and enforcement measures, but also promote afforestation, increase forest coverage rate, expand absorption ability of the tree area, effectively improve the level of prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, etc.

[Objective]Rattan is one of the important forest plants, cirri and flagella are important organs for its climbing habit, which are also the important basis for rattan classification. In order to provide a basis for molecular breeding and SSR-assisted classification of rattan, study on the molecular characteristics of NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) transcription factor genes in Daemonorops jenkinsiana and the development of SSR markers was performed in this paper.[Method]With the aid of transcriptome data, the sequences of NAC homologue genes in D. jenkinsiana were isolated by PCR method. The analyses of gene structure, protein properties and structure as well as the prediction of SSR locus in NAC genes were conducted using bioinformatics method. The tissue specific expression of NAC genes in different tissues were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). To evaluate the universality and polymorphism of the developed SSR markers, PAGE electrophoresis and sequencing analyses were used on the basis of products amplified with different rattan samples.[Result]Two homologous genes, DjNAC3 (GenBank No. KU556738) and DjNAC4 (GenBank No. KX579750), were obtained from leaves of D. jenkinsiana, of which open reading frame (ORF) were 729 bp and 1 326 bp, respectively. The genomic sequence corresponding to the ORFs of DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 were 850 bp and 1 441 bp, which all contained two exons and one intron. The proteins encoded by DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 were 242 aa and 441 aa respectively. Protein structure analysis showed that DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 had the typical structural features of NAC transcription factors, which were belonged to the CUC subfamily of NAC family. However, the similarity coefficient between DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 was only 23.6%, indicating that they might have different functions in the growth process of D. jenkinsiana. The expression patterns of DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 in different tissues were obviously different. DjNAC3 was expressed in developed cirri with the highest level, and the lowest in leaves, while that of DjNAC4 was the highest abundance in developed barbs and the lowest in early developed barbs. The SSR loci were detected in the genomic sequences of DjNAC3 and DjNAC4, the SSR locus of (TA)₆ was located in the intron region of DjNAC3 and that of (GCA)₅ was in the first exon of DjNAC4. SSR primers were designed according to the flanking sequences of SSR loci in DjNAC3 and DjNAC4. Genomic DNAs of D. jenkinsiana and other 20 different rattan samples were selected as templates for amplification. PAGE electrophoresis analysis showed that the primers had universality and polymorphism in the samples. The sequencing result of amplification products from six different templates further confirmed the polymorphism such as variation of SSR type, the number change of repetitions, and SSR locus missing, which were found in the sequences generated by the primer pair designed based on DjNAC3. The main difference in the sequences generated by the primer pair designed according to DjNAC4 was the number change of repetitions.[Conclusion]There are significant differences between DjNAC3 and DjNAC4, such as gene structures, gene expression patterns, and SSR locus, which means that DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 might play different roles in the growth and development of D. jenkinsiana. The universality and polymorphism of SSR markers developed from DjNAC3 and DjNAC4 indicate that they can serve as molecular markers for rattan classification and molecular-assisted breeding.

[Objective]There exists reproductive incompatibility between the Castanea mollissima population from Shandong Province (TSBL) and the Cunninghamia lanceolata population from Zhejiang Province (ZJSM) of Oligonychus ununguis. However, Wolbachia or Cardinium, as the insect's endosymbiont, has the ability to alter the reproductive capabilities of its host. This study aims to analyze the distribution of Wolbachia and Cardinium in different O. ununguis populations, and to reveal the effects of endosymbionts on O. ununguis reproductive incompatibility.[Method]Primers were designed according to the sequences of the gene encoding a surface protein of Wolbachia (wsp) and the Cardinium's 16S rRNA gene, and PCR was performed using the genomic DNA extracted from a single adult female O. ununguis. Purified PCR fragments were sequenced and blasted against the databases. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on these sequences.[Result]Neither the C. mollissima population from Shandong Province (TSBL) nor the C. lanceolata population from Zhejiang Province (ZJSM) was infected with Wolbachia. In all the detected 12 populations of O. ununguis, the infection rates of Wolbachia and Cardinium were 0 and 8.3%, respectively. Cardinium was detected only in the Quercus acutissima population from Hebei Province, but the intrapopulation infection rate was high with 66.7%.The Cardinium infecting O. ununguis was closer to that from Teranychus urticae in phylogenetic relationship.[Conclusion]The infection rate of Wolbachia might be very low in O. ununguis in China. The reproductive incompatibility between the C. mollissima population from Shandong Province (TSBL) and the C. lanceolata population from Zhejiang Province (ZJSM) of O. ununguis was independent of Wolbachia and Cardinium.

[Objective]The sex ratio is one of the determining factors of the nematode reproduction rate that is key for the pathogenicity, and population expansion of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. This study aims to survey the reproductive tactics of PWN under different cultural conditions for providing a theoretical basis for futher study on the population expansion relatived to reproductive behavior and strategy for prevention and control of pine wood disease.[Method]We investigated the change pattern of PWN female to male ratio under different nutritional conditions and pinene stress by micro-examination.[Result]The sex ratios were biased to females at nutrition-rich conditions and the nematodes exercised a masculinizing effect on the developing larvae in poor nutrition environments. The α-pinene and β-pinene were ableto inhibit the nematode's reproductive rate with low sex ratio at low concentration but promote the rate at high concentration with high sex ratio. The β-pinene might inhibit the reproduction potential with low sex ratio at low and high concentration. The sex ratio was lowest and relatively stable under the mixture stress of low concentration α-pinene and β-pinene.[Conclusion]The PWN sex ratios were biased to females at favorable environmental conditions and the nematodes exercised a masculinizing effect on the developing larvae in uncomfortable environments. Thus we infer that the PWN would control the reproduction rate by modifying the sex ratio to adapt the environment change.

[Objective]The changes of viscoelastic behavior of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood during moisture desorption processes and the influence of unstable state of cell wall on relaxation behaviors of wood polymers were investigated in this paper.[Method]Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA Q800) was used at the given frequencies from 1 to 50 Hz to determine the changes of storage modulus E' and loss modulus E" of Chinese fir samples with a moisture content (MC) of 22.2%, which was corresponded to the environmental condition as 30℃ and 85% relative humidity (RH). The moisture desorption tests were performed by changing the RH levels into the DMA chamber. In this study, three RH conditions were selected as 0%RH, 30%RH and 60%RH. Under each RH condition, the moisture desorption process was divided into RH_ramp-down period and RH_isohume period. During the RH_ramp-down period, the RH decreased from 85%RH to 0%RH, 30%RH or 60%RH, respectively with a ramping rate of 2%RH·min^-1. During the RH_isohume period, RH kept constant at 0%RH, 30%RH or 60%RH for 120 min.[Result]Regardless of frequency, the storage modulus increased and loss modulus decreased with the increasing desorption time. Taken 1 Hz as an example, the time points that at the end of each RH_ramp-down period or RH_isohume period were selected to evaluate the differences of the changing rate of storage modulus (|ΔE'|) and loss modulus (|ΔE"|) and the changing rates per unit of MC (|ΔE'/ΔMC|and|ΔE"/ΔMC|) with the increasing desorption time. At the end of each RH_ramp-down period|ΔE'|was basically equal to or even higher than|ΔE"|, and|ΔE'/ΔMC|was basically equal to or even higher than|ΔE"/ΔMC|as well. Whereas, at the end of each RH_isohume period,|ΔE'| was less than |ΔE"|, and |ΔE'/ΔMC|was less than |ΔE"/ΔMC| as well. At both the end of RH_ramp-down period or RH_isohume period, the less the RH levels, the higher values of |ΔE'|,|ΔE"|,|ΔE'/ΔMC| and |ΔE"/ΔMC| were obtained. Furthermore, during the moisture desorption processes, higher value of storage modulus was tested at higher frequency. As frequency increased, the loss modulus decreased at first and then increased. The character frequency according to the minimum value of loss modulus occurred basically at 10-30 Hz, and shifted toward lower frequency with the increasing desorption time. The character frequency of wood during moisture desorption process was higher than that under an equilibrium state of moisture. During the moisture desorption processes, wood viscoelastic properties varied among frequencies. Taken the changes of loss modulus at 1 and 20 Hz (E"_1Hz/E"_20Hz) as an example, this value increased at first with the increasing desorption time, and then decreased. At each time points, 0% RH desorption condition had the most value of E" _1Hz/E"_20Hz, and 60% RH condition had the least one. Based on the changes of E"_1Hz/E"_20Hz, the residual ratio of unstable state of cell wall was 2.22%, 0.48% and 0.37%, corresponding to 0%, 30% and 60%RH_isohume conditions, respectively.[Conclusion]With the increasing desorption time, the wood stiffness increased and the damping decreased. The changes of stiffness was basically only related to the effect of reformed hydrogen bonds, and the changes of damping was related to the double-effects of reformed hydrogen bonds and free volume. With the increasing desorption time, the movements of water molecular and "water molecular-wood polymers" composed group became difficult, behaving as the transition of the α-relaxation process (attributed to the glass transition of hemicellulose) and the β-relaxation process (assigned to the reorientation of the methylol groups in amorphous wood cell walls and the reorientation of adsorbed water molecules) moved into lower frequency. Due to the existence of unstable state of wood cell wall, the movement difficulty of polymers weakened. With the increasing desorption time, the unstable state of wood cell wall diminished. The ratio of loss modulus at 1 and 20 Hz could predict the residual ratio of unstable state when wood approaching a new equilibrium moisture content.

[Objective]In order to provide a new theory and method for the processing of wood with nanosecond laster technology,the method of modern laser processing is applied to process wood, and the test bench with numerical control nanosecond water-jet guided laser beam is designed in this study.[Method]Bassed on the anatomy characteristics of softwood and the processing principle of envelope forming of the softwood with nanosecond water-jet guided laser beam,the structure of the test bench is investigated. The open loop motion control chain of test bench is established based on the determination of structure form. Then,the kinematic model of nanosecond water-jet guided laser beam processing is proposed based on the motion control chain. Furthermore,the softwood STL model is also established and the calculation theory of correct spot points is obtained. Those are ready for the development of programming system of nanosecond water-jet guided laser processing test bench. The control system of nanosecond water-jet guided laser processing test bench is established using the two level open control system with IPC and PMAC104.[Result]According to the configuration of the nanosecond water-jet guided laser processing test bench, the structure of the laser processing test bench for COZY is determined. Then its kinematic model is established as r₀=[y·cosγ,y·sinγ,1+z]. Through the STL model, a series of laser beam contact points are obtained, and the position vector of the spot is calculated. Based on the analysis of overcut and undercut of laser processing, the spot file with the processing precision is selected.[Conclusion]Based on the motion analysis of laser processing with a nanosecond water-jet guided laser beam, the structure configuration analysis of the nanosecond water-jet guided laser processing test bench, and the calculation theory of sport speckle in nanosecond laser processing, the test bench with COZY configuration of the softwood controlled nanosecond laser processing is completed. The kinematic model of the nanosecond water-jet guided laser beam machining is also established and further verified by the laser processing experiment. The control system of the test bench is developed, and the control function of the laser beam system is tested by the real test bench.