[Objective] The construction of urban green belt is one of the most effective approaches to preventing chaotic urban sprawl and ensuring the urban ecological security. In this research, we used tree canopy of urban forest to explore the temporal and spatial ecological effectiveness of the first green belt in Beijing from a perspective of landscape ecology. To reduce the errors of low spatial resolution remote sensing data, we used high-resolution aerial and satellite images to extract the forest canopy data thanks to the recent advancement in high resolution remote technology.[Method] Based on 2002 aerial photo and 2013 Worldview2 images with a resolut sensing ion of 0.5 meter, the urban forest canopy of 2002 and 2013 within the first green belt were interpreted by using the object-oriented interpreting technology platform eCognition9.0 software. Urban forest canopy within in the first green belt area was analyzed in detail from several aspects including landscape dynamics, changes of landscape pattern and scale of landscape patches.[Result] Result indicated that urban forest canopy within the first green belt area increased from 4 832.98 hm² in 2002 to 10 095.01 hm² in 2013, equivalent to 20.57% over this years. Overall, the proportion of green land was increased by 23.94% and the proportion of ecological land increased by 24.11%. From a perspective of landscape pattern change, the MPFD and MSI index of urban forest canopy patches increased constantly. From a perspective of scale changes on patch size, small and giant patches were two most significant types, which decreased respectively by 42 286 and 130 in number, and 186.08 hm² and 5 457.75 hm² in area over 11 years. Such dramatic changes were driven by several factors including overall urban planning, and open space demand for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, promoting the urban park development by the authorities of city, and ultimately leading to the huge urban greening project entitled with "One Million Mu Plain Afforestation Project".[Conclusion] Compared with the initial stage of construction, the development of urban forest canopy patches within the first green belt tends to be more natural. In the meantime, there was a changing trend that the number and area of small patches, medium patches and large patches reduced while the number and area of extra-large patches and giant patches increased synchronously. All of these trends showed that the urban forest canopy and green space of this area have achieved a rapid expansion in the area, and the belt played a more and more important role in the protection of urban biodiversity as well.

[Objective] Understanding the distribution characteristics and accumulation of soil organic carbon and components from different successional series of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Xiaoxing'an mountains of China, would facilitate accurate evaluation of the forest ecosystem carbon reserves and function of soil carbon and carbon sequestration potential.[Method] The temporal-spatial substitution method was used to study the total soil organic carbon, readily-oxidized organic carbon (ROC), resistant carbon (RC), mineralization carbon (MC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents of the mixture of broadleaved trees and Korean pine with three different succession series (xerosere, mesosere, hydrosere) and the contribution rate of each composition for TOC. Then the key factors for controlling soil organic carbon and its components were analyzed with Pearson correlation analysis.[Result] The total carbon content of different successional series of broad-leaved trees and Korean pine forest in Xiaoxing'an mountains was characterized by hytroseres series > mesoseres series > xeroseres series. The total soil organic carbon tended to decrease with the depth of soil profile, that is 40-60 cm soil layer > 40-20 cm soil layer > 10-20 cm soil layer > 0-10 cm soil layer. The RC of the three succession series contributed to the TOC were 34.42%, 13.27%, 12.17%, the contribution of DOC to the TOC were 0.09%, 0.07% and 0.08%, the ROC contributed to the TOC were 33.59% 65.18%, 54.53%, and the MC contribution to the YOC were respectively 0.58%, 0.53%, 0.37%. The TOC was positively correlated with the MC, ROC and RC (P<0.01), RC was significantly related to MC, DOC, and negatively correlated with the content of ROC (P<0.01). The TOC content was affected by total soil nitrogen (P<0.01) and soil water content (P<0.01), and the RC showed significant positive correlation with total nitrogen (P<0.01)and significant negative correlation with the ratio of sand, and the content of MC was negatively correlated with soil pH (P<0.01) and positively correlated with soil water content and litterfall (P<0.01). The relationship between the content of ROC and the content of DOC was not significantly related to the soil factors.[Conclusion]There were significant difference of soil organic carbon and its components from different successional series of broadleaved trees with Korean pine forest. Community successional time and physical and chemical properties of soil led to difference of soil organic carbon and its components.

[Objective] This paper aims to investigate the effects of irradiances with different tree sizes of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata on the carbon-water balances.[Method] The upper part and lower part of the crown of adult trees, saplings in understory and saplings in gaps were used as the materials in this study, and the hydraulic parameters (including water potential, and soil-to-plant hydraulic conductance), gas exchanges, photosynthetic light response curve, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured by using PMS1000 pressure chamber, LI-6400XT photosynthesis system, PAM-2500 fluorometer, respectively. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC), composed of starch and soluble sugars, concentrations of different tissues were measured with the anthrone-sulfuric acid method. In additon, the functional traits of leaves and shoots (leaf size, specific leaf area, Huber value) were also measured.[Result] 1) The upper crown of adult trees had the lowest twig pre-dawn water potential and midday water potential, and the leaf stomatal density was highest, stomatal length was lowest among the four experimental materials. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and dark respiratory rate of the upper crown were significantly lower than those of saplings in gaps. 2) The NSC concentrations in leaves and phloem of the upper crown were significantly higher than that of saplings in gaps, and NSC concentration in xylem of the upper crown was significantly lower than saplings in gaps, suggesting that hydraulic limitation with increasing tree height would reduce the cell turgor and magnify xylem embolism. 3) The light availability of the upper crown of adult trees and saplings in gaps was much greater, and their net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, light compensation point, PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv'/Fm') and PSⅡ actual photochemical efficiency (Φ_PSⅡ) were significantly higher than the shaded lower part of the adult tree crown and saplings in understory. Especially the seriously-shaded environment in understory significantly reduced the photosynthetic capacity and carbon sequestration of saplings. The leaf and root NSC concentrations of saplings in understory were significantly lower than that of the lower crown leaf and adult tree root, respectively.[Conclusion] The hydraulic limitation in the upper part of adult tree crown was remarkable. Compared to saplings in gaps, the NSC in leaves and phloem of the adult tree upper crown accumulated due to a decrease in growth caused by hydraulic limitation, and frequent embolism refilling consumed much NSC in xylem of the adult tree upper crown. The irradiance was the main factor for modulating the photosynthesis of Q. aliena in terms of irradiation and tree size. Carbon starvation resulting from seriously-shaded environment in understory might be the major reason for Q. aliena regeneration difficultly.

[Objective] Our purpose is to study the effect of different vibration durationon blueberries during the process of transportation, and provide scientific guidance for storage and logistics of blueberries.[Method]In this paper, Gardenblue blueberries (Vaccinium spp.)was used as experimental material. The pre cooling-treated fruits wereselected,and packed with cool storage materialsina ratio of 1.6:1 (ice:fruit)and sealed in a foam box.The box was fixed on the transportation vibration test platform to simulate real transportationand treated with vibration for 12, 24 and 36 hours under the condition of 2.5 Hz frequency compared with vibration for 0 hours as the control. After treatment, some berries were selected and the fruit quality and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured, the other fruits were stored at (0±0.5)℃. The fruitswere sampledat 2-day intervals during storage.[Result] The results showed that vibration significantly accelerated the loss of blueberry fruit commodity during transportation. Compared with the control group,vibration accelerated the decrease in rate of good fruit,fruit firmnessand vitamin C content,and shortened the time for anthocyanins and the total phenol content to reach their peak values. Meanwhile, the level of relative conductivity and malonaldehyde content were enhanced in the treated blueberries.The vibration treatment also promoted the SOD activity, and shortenedthe time for the antioxidant enzymes such as CAT and APX to reach the peak values.There were significant differences (P<0.05) in fresh rate as well as fruit firmness and relative conductivity of blueberries between control group and treatments with vibration for 24 or 36 hours during storage. The levels of vitamin C and TSS in control and blueberries vibrated for 12 hours also showed significant differences (P<0.05) from those of the fruit vibration-treated for 36 hours. However there was no significant difference in fruit firmness, the levels of vitamin C and TSS, as well as the SOD activity between the control group and the vibration for 12 hours. In addition, slight difference was observed in levels of total anthocyanins and phenolics and activities of CAT and APX.[Conclusion] Our results suggested that vibration could accelerate the process of fruit senescence of blueberries. The longer the vibration lasts during transportation, the greater damage could be caused forblueberries. Therefore, it is necessary to control thetransport time within 12 hours for maintaining the quality of blueberries.

[Objective] Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play key roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. To investigate the function of mulberry (Morus notabilis) MnMAPK5 in response to stress conditions, the activities of the promoter of MnMAPK5 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana under stress conditions, subcellular localization of MnMAPK5 and its overexpression in A. thaliana were analyzed.[Method] The promoter of MnMAPK5 was inserted into the plant expression vector pBI121 and transformed into A. thaliana by the floral dip method. The activity of GUS was dectected in the transgenic plants treated respectively with high temperature, low temperature, NaCl and PEG. The overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into A. thaliana and the T3 transgenic plants were used for resistance analysis.[Result] MnMAPK5 gene was found encoding a cytoplasm-and nucleus-localized protein.The results of GUS staining showed that the activity of MnMAPK5 promoter was induced by high temperature, low temperature, salt and drought. The MnMAPK5-overexpressed transgenic A. thaliana showed lower germination rates, shorter length, and worse growth than wild A. thaliana plants under salt, drought, low temperature and H₂O₂. Under salt stress, MDA content and POD activity were higher in the MnMAPK5-overexpressed transgenic plants while CAT activity, soluble sugar content and H₂O₂ content were lower. Under drought, the MDA content and H₂O₂ content in the MnMAPK5-overexpressed transgenic plants were higher than in the wild plants while CAT activity and POD activity were lower. Under low temperature stress, CAT activity, POD activity, proline content and soluble sugar content in the transgenic plants were lower than in the wild plants. Under H₂O₂ stress, MDA content was higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild plants while proline content and soluble sugar content were lower. Besides, the expression levels of AtPOD, AtCAT, AtRD22 and other stress related genes were lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild plants under all the above stresses.[Conclusion] The activities of MnMAPK5 promoter in the transgenic A. thaliana showed responses to different abiotic stresses. The MnMAPK5-overexpressed transgenic A. thaliana showed declined resistance against abiotic stresses, and indicated that MnMAPK5 may be a negative factor in response to stress conditions.

[Objective] Based on the previous results of association analysis between growth traits and EST-SSR markers in Liriodendron, a gene corresponding to the marker locus associated with growth traits was cloned from Liriodendron chinense, the function of this gene was studied by analyzing its sequence characteristics, structural features, genetic relationship with other species homologous genes and expression characteristics. Finally, the gene function was validated through over-expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, the aim of this study was to understand the molecular mechanism of its growth and development and contribute to the further utilization of functional genes.[Method] Based on the transcriptome database of L. chinense leaf, RT-PCR and RACE were used to clone and separate the EST related gene corresponding to 642 locus that associated with growth traits of hybrid Liriodendron for analyzing bioinformatics of the sequences. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the analysis of gene expression in different tissues such as floral bud, flowering leaf buds, leafs, petals, stamens and pistil of L. chinense. Using the Gateway Recombination Cloning Technology, the over-expression vector of LcPAT8 was constructed, and transformed into A. thaliana with the floral dipping method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the T2 transgenic plants were obtained and then the phenotype was analyzed.[Result] The full-length cDNA of 1 968 bp was cloned(GenBank accession number:KU883608), containing 1 269 bp ORF and encoding 422 aa protein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the protein encoded by this gene had a typical DHHC-CRD domain, and it belonged to the DHHC-type zinc finger protein family. BLAST analysis indicated its high similarity to predicted protein S-acyltransferase(PAT) of other plants, and according to the alignmentresult with AtPAT genes in NCBI, we named it LcPAT8. Gene expression suggested that the LcPAT8 was expressed in various tissues, it had the highest expression in pistil but the least in stamen, and the expression in petal and leaf were higher than that in flower bud and leaf bud. The over-expression vector of the LcPAT8 was successfully constructed by the Gateway technology, the T2 transgenic A. thaliana were obtained. The rosette leaf number and bolting time of transgenic plants over-expressed LcPAT8 had no significant difference from the wild type, but when most pods of the wild type ripen, and leaves turned yellow and fell, the transgenic plants were still vigorous in growth, their leaves were fresh and green,and a large number of flower wads were present; when the wild types withered and died, the transgenic plants still had a large number of branches growing and flowering.[Conclusion] The experimental data confirmed that the LcPAT8, a DHHC-type zinc finger protein gene from L. chinense, was highly-expressing in the pistil and petal, it might have been involved in petal expansion and the development of carpel and embryo. Functional analysis showed that the over-expression of LcPAT8 in A. thaliana led to obvious extension of growth cycle in the transgenic plants. This result indicated that the LcPAT8 played a vital role on the regulation of plant growth and development.

[Objective] In order to provide scientific and reasonable parameters and estimation method for estimating the carbon storage of arbor forests at the regional scale, the effects of model and forest factors on biomass carbon storage transformation and expansion coefficient (BCCEF) were studied.[Method] Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata as an example, thinking the permanent sample plots in Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong provinces as four blocks, multi-ways analysis of variance were carried out to determine the most stable model. The factors included the selection of regional models or foreign models, the expansion ways from tree-level to regional scale with the independent model or the compatibility model with volume and the models with one or two variables. Then, six stand factors, which are two qualitative factor, stand origin and age group and four quantitative factors, mean DBH(diameter at breast height), mean height, breast height basal area and stand density, were selected to conduct backward stepwise regression and analysis of variance with interaction. At last, the stand factors, which had significant influences on the parameters to carbon accounting at regional scale were screened out.[Result] Expansion way and the selection of models had significant effects on two parameters to carbon accounting, the parameter estimated by independent model was greater than that estimated by the compatibility model with volume, and model selection could cause 8%-17% of parameters error. The number of model variables had a significant influence on biomass carbon conversion and expansion factors for root part(BCCEF_R), but had no significant effect on biomass carbon conversion and expansion factors for aboveground part(BCCEF_A). Stand origin had a significant effect on two parameters to carbon accounting, and the parameter for natural forest was greater than that for plantation. Age group had a significant influence on BCCEF_A and minor effect on BCCEF_R,the parameters for BCCEF_A basically showed a declining trend from young forest to over-mature forest. The mean height, stand density and breast height basal area had significant effects on two parameters to carbon accounting with more influences on BCCEF_R than BCCEF_A. Among these factors, the mean height, stand density and the two parameters showed negative correlations, and breast height basal area and the two parameters were positively correlated. The mean DBH had minor effect on the parameters. Except for total BCCEF_R, the differences of the two parameters grouped by stand origin and age group and total BCCEF_A between Hunan and Guangdong provinces, in which a same regional biomass model was used, were no significant. Similarly, the differences of two total parameters and the two parameters grouped by stand origin and age group between Fujian and Jiangxi provinces were significant.[Conclusion] The two total parameters to carbon accounting, estimated by the model compatible with volume and the model with two variables and regional model, are most stable. Stand origin, age group, the mean height, stand density and breast height basal area have significant effects on the parameters to carbon accounting. Even if using a same regional model, the differences of stand factors between provinces may lead to significant differences in the parameters to carbon accounting.

[Objective] This study investigated the intelligent selection method of subcompartments based on spatial analysis and genetic algorithm(SGA)in order to provide decision support for formulating forest management plan, conducting under the thinning target control.[Method] Huamugou forest farm, in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, was selected as research area to simulate intelligent selection. According to the basic condition of thinning target and operator, the initial small class collection was chosen from continuous distribution of tiny space by spatial query or point buffer analysis. Initial radius and step of point buffer analysis were calculated dynamically by annulus control algorithm(ACA). Urgency indicator, difficulty indicator and site indicator constituted the objective condition formula(OCF), whose value measured the coincidence level of task object. The mathematical model was built by maximum value of OCF and task area. The solution could be obtained by improved genetic algorithm(IGSEGA), which selected the best subcompartments from the initial small class collection, and obtained the most optimal small class collection.[Result] The parameters of OCF were set with task requirement. In research area, the task area was 300 hm², upper limit as 5% and other conditions. The parameters of GA were as following:gene crossover probability as 0.6, gene variation rate as 0.3, gene variable-length coefficient as 3, iterations as 100. The initial radius as 1 407 m was acquired by ACA, and the radius of expansion was only one time to construct the initial small class collection. Analytical efficiency of general point buffer was lower than ACA because of the uncertainty of initial radius and steps. The initial subcompartment collection could be generated through 14 to 15 iterations because the initial adaptive value was close to the optimal solution by IGSEGA, and the efficiency of solving was higher than the ordinary SGA. The center point of forestry station, 40 subcompartments were obtained and conformed to the objective value. This experiment results showed that the IGSEGA is intelligent and effective.[Conclusion] This paper proposed a concept of forest thinning subcompartment intelligent selection, and constructed the OCF with urgency indicator, difficulty indicator and site indicator. The mathematical model of subcompartment selection was constructed and solved by IGSEGA. Analytical efficiency of buffer analysis was greatly improved by ACA. The research designed a new genetic algorithm encoding with greedy strategy and its genetic operator. It provided an effective method and technology for the concept of forest thinning subcompartment intelligent selection, and decision support for the follow-up forest management activities.

[Objective] In order to get a clear picture of the sequence signature, characteristics, and decolorizing ability to four types of dyes of the purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by white-rot basidiomycete Lenzites gibbosa strain CB-1.[Method] A single MnP protein band detected in the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of the purified sample was cut and sequenced by Nano LC-ESI-MS/MS peptide sequencing technology. The characteristics of the purified MnP were studied, the apparent molecular weight of the purified MnP was calculated by the standard curve of protein molecular weight and mobility according to SDA-PAGE pattern, the optimal reaction temperature and thermal stability, the optimal reaction pH and pH stability were determined by enzymatic activity measuringmethod, Michaelis-constant K_m was solved by lineweaver-Burk double bottom figure. The decolorization ability of culture fluid and purified MnP of L. gibbosa to four types s of dyes, namely, alizarin red, neutral red, congo red, and crystal violet were studied, respectively.[Result] Two conserved amino acid sequences of MnP scanned by Tandem MS perfectly match with Lg-MnP1 (GenBank Accession No. ACO92620) sequence, indicating that Lg-MnP1 represented by two conserved peptides is the main protein in the only electrophoresis band. The apparent molecular weight of Lg-MnP1 is 45.39 kDa. Its optimal reaction temperature is about 35℃, it has some catalytic ability and stability during 40℃ but rapidly becomes inactivated beyond 50℃. Its optimal reaction pH value is 3.5, its catakytic activity rapidly decreases when pH value is above 4.5, and it is the most stable in pH 2-3 when it is kept for more than 10 hours. Its Michaelis-constant K_m is 6.124 mmol·L^-1 at 21℃ with 2,6-DMP as substrate. The decolorization percent of culture fluid is 100% to alizarin, 22.17% to neutral red, and 19.09% to congo red at 1 h, respectively, but low to crystal violet and only 0.018% at 36 h, whereas that of the purified Lg-MnP1 solution at 2 h is 100% to neutral red, 95.55% to congo red, 75.85% to alizarin, and 36.57% to crystal violet.[Conclusion] The MnP in the only band of SDS-PAGE is Lg-MnP1. Lg-MnP1 is a mesophile and partial acidic enzyme and with higher affinity to 2,6-DMP. The culture fluid with mycylia of L. gibbosa has a thoroughly decolorizing ability to anthraquinone dye, while the purified Lg-MnP1 has a higher decolorizing efficiency to neutral red, congo red, and crystal violet than the culture fluid with mycylia, laccases and MnPs.

[Objective]The host trees are damaged by Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum coordinately. But the endophytic of the host trees also have an impact on the growth of A. areolatum. In China, the invasion of S. noctilio in coniferous mixed forest only results in the injury of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. This study was to clarify the differences in species, quantity and distribution of the conifer-inhabiting fungi associated with four kinds of conifers in coniferous mixed forest, and determine the dominant fungus of P. sylvestris var. mongolica invaded by S. noctilio, to reveal the relation between the endophytic diversity and S. noctilio invasion.[Method]We used tissue isolation, morphology and molecular biology methods to study the endophytic fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica,Larix gmelinii,Pinus koraiensis,Picea asperata in mixed conifer forest invaded by S. noctilio.[Result]Totally, we had isolated 35 species of endophytic fungi belonging to 22 genera from our experimental material. The endophytic fungi isolated from P. sylvestris var. mongolica,L. gmelinii,P. koraiensis and P. asperata refer to 13 species in 9 genera, 13 species in 7 genera, 17 species in 8 genera and 20 species in 15 genera, respectively. Comparing the results referred to endophytic fungi from the 4 kinds of conifers exhibited a conclusion of total amount:L. gmelinii > P. asperata > P. koraiensis > P. sylvestris var. mongolica; and the diversity of endophytic fungi:P. asperata > L. gmelinii > P. koraiensis > P. sylvestris var. mongolica. As the isolation ratio of sample from different trunk height of healthy pines, the maximum was from the upper part of trunk, whereas the minimum was from the basal part of trunk. The maximum strain species was from the upper part of trunk, and the minimum was from the middle part of trunk. The diversity level of endophytic fungi varies among the four kinds of conifers. The diversity index (H'=3.342 5), evenness index (J=1.097 9) and richness index (R=3.374 4) of P. asperata were the highest among the four species. The similarity of endophytic fungi were low among the four species. Four species of endophytic fungi can be isolated from all the four kinds of conifers, accounting 11.43% of the total species; 20 kinds of fungi were isolated in one kind of conifer, accounting 57.14% of the total species; which illustrates the host-specificity of the conifer-inhabiting fungi.[Conclusion]A certain amount of fungi are present in four kinds of conifers and species vary among this four conifers. Dominant fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica invaded by the S. noctilio are different from which of the other kinds of conifers in coniferous mixed forest. Both of the amount and kinds of fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica are the least compared to the other species. This may be beneficial for the invasion of A. areolatum and could be the potential causes of S. noctilio injury only happens to P. sylvestris var. mongolica.

[Objective] This paper focused on the establishment of effective, accurate and scientific wild agarwood identification technology, and will help to offer a reference basis for the quality evaluation of agarwood standard.[Method] Using alcohol soluble extract content, color reaction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis methods, and the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 10 batches of wild agarwood are identified.[Result] The alcohol soluble extract content of 10 batches of wild agarwood is significantly higher than 10% regulated by Pharmacopoeia(2015). The color reaction of cultivated agarwood shows pale cherry red or cherry red, while the wild ones also show violet,light red and purple except cherry red. The color reaction can assist in the identification of wild agarwood samples.TLC is a simple and sample-saving method. The wild agarwood in TLC show clear fluorescent spots and good separation effect. The most of the wild samples can be identified by TLC. By comparing with similarity evaluation, peak area of 10 batches of wild agarwood, HPLC fingerprints and 9 common characteristic peaks are established. Moreover, the differences of wild and cultivated agarwood HPLC fingerprints, which can identify the wild agarwood effectively and accurately,are determined.[Conclusion] Based on the advantages of each method, this paper proposes HPLC common characteristic peaks with microscopic identification, color reaction, the alcohol soluble extract content and thin layer chromatography to identify the wild agarwood. The results will provide the reference for the establishment of quality evaluation system of agarwood.

With the energy problem increasingly serious, to seek renewable clean energy has become the key problem to be solved. Transformation of agricultural and forestry wastes into new materials, calorific value of energy, chemical materials are becoming an important new tendency. Bioethanol is attacking more and more attentions since it is a sustained development model of environmental protection type. Pretreatment is an initial step in ethanol preparation process and traditional chemical-pretreatment methods consume a lot of energy, require highly on equipment, seriously degrade hemicellulose and pollute environment seriously. Besides, the traditional pretreatment methods were not focused on hemicellulose and lignin for high value applications, facing the low-coefficient utilization of whole biomass and the financial upside of single product model. As one of the pretreatment methods, biological process is an eco-friendly and low-cost process, but it also has disadvantages of hydrothermal pretreatment tries to keep the structure of natural macromolecules, and break plant cells at a certain degree, in which water is the only reagent. It has such advantages as lower chemical dosage, environmental friendly, low operation costs and the major effects of hydrothermal pretreatment on biomass cell wall are breaking the bonds of lignin-carbohydrate connection (LCC), removing parts of hemicellulose, modifying lignin and reducing cellulose crystallinity. Inhibitors (furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, formic acid, acetic acid) are generated in the hydrothermal pretreatment process and restrain the biological degradation process. The quantity of inhibitors varies indifferent pretreatment conditions and can be controlled by changing the conditions. Enzyme hydrolysis is a bioprocess transforming cellulose into monosaccharide, more time and lower ethanol content could be obtained by direct fermentation of pretreated substrate. Hemicellulose and lignin hinder enzyme contacting with cellulose. When hemicellulose and lignin are broken by pretreatment, the contacting efficiency of enzyme and cellulose could be increased. The yield of ethanol increased with the increasing temperature, however, the yield decreased when the temperature was too high. The chemical and structural changes of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses are summarized, in this paper, as well as the generated inhibition in the hydrothermal process. The effects of various pretreatment conditions on enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation are also discussed in detail.

[Objective] Interspecific associations of dominant plant populations respectively in the layers of tree, shrub and herb in communities of secondary natural forest of Syzygium odoratum in tropical coast were studied to reveal the inherent linkages of interactions among different populations during the process of community development, and to clarify the natural rules of community development in relation to the succession and interspecific association, as well as to provide a theoretical basis for the recovery of coastal forests in China.[Method] Typical communities of secondary natural forest of S. odoratum in Hainan Island were selected for the study. 2×2 contingency tables of species presence/absence data were used as the basis for the analysis of overall interspecific associations among dominant plant populations in different layers of tree, shrub and herb by using the variance ratio method.χ2 test and Ochiai index were used to characterize interspecific associations.[Results] Interspecific association in the tree layer was not significantly positive. For the 171 tree species, although there were collocation at some degrees, but a stable and harmonious collocation was not found. S. odoratum was not associated with other tree species. It was strongly independent. The inter-specific association of Casuarina equisetifolia and Pittosporum tobira were in significant positive correlation. The shrub layer displayed significant positive correlation in the inter-specific association (P<0.05). Compared with the tree layer, inter-specific association in the herb layer was strongly negative.[Conclusion] In the tropical coastal forest community, dominant species of displayed significant interspecific association and there existed a certain degree of independence between species and overall trend of stable development. In order to speed up the process of succession of the tropical coast secondary forest, the species with strong coupling should be protected in practice.

[Objective] To screen suitable plant species to be used in zinc-polluted area.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation capability of 2-year-old Ulmus pumila ‘Jinye’ and Shepherdia argentea saplings to zinc contamination. By adding exogenous zinc into soil in which background value was 125 mg·kg^-1, different zinc concentration treatments were set, including CK (0 mg·kg^-1), T₁ (300 mg·kg^-1), T₂ (500 mg·kg^-1), T₃ (1 000 mg·kg^-1), for 90 days in plastic buckets. Plant height, biomass, photosynthesis and zinc content distribution in various parts of the plants were measured, and tolerance index (Ti) (%) based on dry biomass and growth parameters was used to evaluate saplings tolerance ability under zinc stress.[Result] Plant height, biomass and Ti decreased with the increasing zinc concentration. The Ti of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea reached 81%, 66% and 73%, 57% under the concentration of T₁ and T₂, respectively, with better zinc endurance abilities. The root-shoot ratio of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ displayed no significant differences as compared with CK under the concentration of T₁ and T₂, while the ratio of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ was significantly lower than that of CK when the zinc concentration reached up to T₃. With the increasing zinc concentration, the root-shoot ratios of S. argentea under different treatments were all declined significantly when compared with CK. The synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in the process of plant growth was inhibited by zinc stress. Meanwhile, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in two cultivated plants were all decreased with the increasing zinc concentration (P<0.05). The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of both plants declined dramatically with increased Zn concentration. The stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (Tr) of the U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea had similar variation patterns with the P_n, which were all significantly lower than those of the CK. With the increase of Zn concentration in the soil, the zinc content of root and above-ground part presented increasing trends and the accumulation content of the two parts both reached the maximum in T₃. The average concentration of zinc in root of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea were 25.31-345.31 mg·kg^-1 DW and 29.01-159.51 mg·kg^-1 DW, respectively. The average concentration of zinc in above-ground part of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea were 21.32-296.18 mg·kg^-1 DW and 17.98-139.75 mg·kg^-1 DW, respectively. The translocation coefficient of U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea were 1.20, 1.01 and 1.11, 1.39 under T₁, T₂, respectively.[Conclusion] U. pumila ‘Jinye’ and S. argentea had a high tolerance to zinc stress and the good ability to migrate zinc to the upper part under soil zinc contents of 625 mg·kg^-1. Thus, U. pumila ‘Jinye’ was suitable for virescence in the zinc-polluted area. As an introduced exotic species, S. argentea had good endurance to soils polluted by zinc and can be used for afforestation in zinc-polluted area in western China.

[Objective] Aroma components and contents in ripe fruits of six Prunus domestica×armeniaca cultivars were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for P. domestica×armeniaca quality evaluation and improvement.[Method] Volatiles of six P. domestica×armeniaca cultivars (‘Fengweimeigui’, ‘Weidi’, ‘Weiwang’, ‘Konglongdan’, ‘Weihou’, ‘Fengweihuanghou’) were qualitatively and quantitatively detected with 3-octanol as an internal standard by means of HS-SPME-GC, and odour activity values and characteristic components were also determined according to odour thresholds.[Result] A total of 77 compounds were identified, and they were divided into six categories including 9 alcohols, 16 aldehydes, 29 esters, 9 lactones, 4 terpenoids and 10 ketones. All the six P. domestica×armeniaca cultivars contained 1-hexanol, 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-, acetophenone, hexanal, octanal, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, benzaldehyde, γ-decalactone and linalool. The number of aromatic volatile compounds in six varieties ranged from high to low was ‘Fengweimeigui’, ‘Weiwang’, ‘Konglongdan’, ‘Weidi’, ‘Fengweihuanghou’ and ‘Weihou’. The contents of aromatic components in six P. domestica×armeniaca cultivars ranged from 37.22 μg·kg^-1 FW to 277.05 μg·kg^-1 FW, and the average content was 114.95 μg·kg^-1 FW. The contents of aromatic components ranged was in an order of ‘Weiwang’ > ‘Fengweimeigui’ > ‘Weihou’ > ‘Weidi’ > ‘Fengweihuanghou’ > ‘Konglongdan’. The contents of alcohols and lactones were the highest in ‘Fengweimeigui’, while aldehydes and ketones the highest in ‘Weihou’. ‘Weiwang’ contained the highest ester, whilst terpenoids in ‘Weidi’ had the highest content. Theresult determined characteristic components of aroma, of which ‘Fengweimeigui’ had the highest amount, including hexanol, decanal, acetic acid butyl ester, acetic acid octyl ester, butyl hexanoate, ethyl caproate, γ-caprolactone, γ-decalactone and linalool. The characteristic aromas in ‘Weidi’ were hexanal, heptyl, octyl aldehyde, butyl acetate and linalool. Characteristic components of aroma in ‘Weiwang’ were hexyl alcohol, butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, butyl hexanoate, ethyl caproate, gamma-decalactone and linalool.The odor activity value of butyl acetate in ‘Weiwang’ was 877.72 μg·kg^-1 FW. The characteristic components in ‘Konglongdan’ were hexyl alcohol, caproaldehyde and octanal; hexyl alcohol, caproaldehyde, octanal and linalool in ‘Weihou’; while hexanalnal, octanal, trans-2-nonenal and linalool in ‘Fengweihuanghou’. ‘Fengweimeigui’ and ‘Weiwang’ smelt like a taste of apricot along with slight plum aroma, while it was opposite in ‘Weidi’; and other varieties including ‘Konglongdan’, ‘Fengweihuanghou’ and ‘Weihou’ had clear aroma of plum similarly.[Conclusion] Aromatic components and contents varied greatly among P. domestica×armeniaca cultivars. All the germplasms could be classified into three groups:1) ‘Fengweimeigui’ and ‘Weiwang’ with high content of ester; 2) ‘Weidi’, ‘Weihou’ and ‘Fengweihuanghou’ with high content of terpenoid and aldehyde, 3) ‘Konglongdan’ with high content of aldehyde and alcohols. Two cultivars, i.e. ‘Fengweimeigui’ and ‘Weiwang’, with high richness of esters were determined; ‘Weidi’ with high richness of terpenoids;‘Fengweihuanghou’ and ‘Weihou’ with high richness of aldehyde were chosen.

[Objective] In order to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the management measure of Phyllostachys praecox stand with mulching in winter, the impact of mulching on soil bacterial structure and biodiversity was studied.[Method] Soil samples from P. praecox stands with different mulching age (0, 3 a, 6 a, 9 a, 12 a) at Jinshan, Yuhang, Zhejiang Province were collected. V3-V4 regions of 16S rDNA from soil bacteria were sequenced by Illumina Miseq High Throughput Sequencing technique and soil bacterial groups were identified. The soil nutrient indexes such as total N, total P and OM were analyzed with standard experimentalmethod. The impact on soil bacterial community and diversity through mulching management were analyzed.[Result] 1) There were 280 548 bacterial 16S rDNA sequences and 598 OTU types obtained from the soil samples. The dominant bacterial communities at phyum level were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, and their relative abundance was 30.80%, 22.0% and 13.9%, respectively. 2) The diversity (Shannon Wiener Index) and abundance (Ace Index) of soil bacterial community showed a greater difference among different mulching ages. At the initial stage Shannon Wiener index and Ace showed increasing tendency with the mulching age. These indexes reached the maximum at 6 years of mulching. After that time these indexes showed a decline, and these values were very close to the control at the 12 years of mulching. 3) The mulching management showed certain impact on the bacterial structure in the soil. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was raised from 17.60%(CK) to 37.77%(12 a), and the relative abundance of Acidobacteria showed a downward trend, while the Actinobacteria hadlittle change. 4) The changes of soil physical and chemical property caused by mulching management influenced the bacterial community structure. With the increase of mulching time, the relationship between the bacterial structure and the environmental factors became more complicated. Mulching management caused a severe soil acidification. The pH of the soil in control and 12 a mulching were 5.23 and 3.42, respectively. However, the abundance of Acidobacteria in the soil, which is known as a kind of acidophil bacteria, was decreased. 5) The first two RDA axes collectively explained 88.5% of the species-environment variation. The diversity of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes was correlated with available K, total N and OM. The diversity of Chloroflexi was correlated with pH.[Conclusion] This study showed that the mulching management had a marked influence on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities. The short-term mulching (less than 6 a) could increase the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria. However, with the increase of mulching age, the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria were decreased. Theresult indicated that the soil bacterial community was closely related to environmental variables.Changes of soil environmental factors will affect the soil bacterial community's structure. Analysis of soil bacterial diversity in soil can analyze the degree of soil degradation from the view of microorganism, and provide theoretical basis for soil remediation of P. praecox stands.

[Objective] Our objective is to analyze characteristics and differences of roost habitat of Mrs Hume's Pheasant in Spring and Summer.[Method] In a field survey from February to August 2012, 46 night roost sites were detected, and the divergence of roost trees was not statistically significant different between spring and summer (χ²=0.34, P=0.51), and Tungoil tree (Vernicia fordii) was the first choice of Mrs Hume's pheasant in night; Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the Correlation coefficient of roost tree number and arbor number in plots, the result indicated that there was a low correlation (r=0.401, P=0.028) between them, in other words, that Mrs Hume's Pheasant selected trees to roost was a trade-off from its survival ambience.[Result] The roosting variations of Mrs Hume's Pheasant in spring and summer was analyzed by Independence sample T tested or Mann-Whitney U tested, the result indicated:there were significant (P<0.05) differences in Shrub coverage, Diameter at breast, Upper cover of roost branch, Height of roost branch. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate which variables to determine the roost sites selection in different seasons. Our result showed that the perch factors, geographic and interference factors played an important role in roost selection in summer; the perch and safety factors played a significant role in roost choice in spring.[Conclusion] The results support the view point that roost habitats may prevent a negative energy budget and reduce predation risk, demonstrating that the factors influencing the selection of a roost site are compound and different in alternate season.

[Objective] In this paper, based on the qualitative analysis of the formation process of micro fiber, the cutting theory of micron wood fiber processed by nanosecond laser processing was presented in the light of the principle of energy saving and consumption reduction. Through the experimental study of cell wall cracking on the surface of micro fiber, the power consumed by the cell wall was obtained.[Method] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)method was used to study the deformation of burning. Based on laser heating and cutting, along the cell texture heating the wood tissue fluid, the tissue fluid within cells was gasificated and the cell expanded rapidly, internal pressure soared, leading to cell wall burst, then obtained the burr shaped fiber. At last,the micro/nano filaments were cut along the wood grain direction by laser cutting head. Through the analysis of power consumption of fiber processing, a series of modern analysis methods consisting of cytology, ultra precision machining theory, fiber and so on were applied to wood fibers formed in the process, and puts forward the calculation method of micron wood fiber laser cutting and the concept of cell lysis ability.[Result] The formula of equivalent cutting force and cutting power was obtained from the micro angle of the cell wall by means of the laser to the cutting of the micron wood fiber. With increasing frequency, degree of the burning in turn enhanced, the resulting cracks and grooves more intensive and deepened. The absolute temperature rise was large, and the surface of the specimen was produced by the slip. Absolute temperature rise was calcutaled by ΔT=∫₀^εf(βσ)/(ρC_m)dε.[Conclusion] Using laser to the micron meter wooden fiber energy equation to of micron wood fiber equivalent cutting force and cutting power formula derivation, and clarify the loading force of fiber in the micron wood fiber burning process and the corresponding parameters. Therefore,this study focused on the microstructure of cell lysis ability during laser cutting of micron wood fiber, through the analysis of fiber production and equivalent cutting force change, and put forward the way that along the wood surface using longitudinal laser heating burst the cell wall could save the energy consumption. The surface cracking mechanism of micro nano wood fiber cell wall were analyzed by the physical and mathematical formula derivation based on the Drescher fine close theory, the mechanics model of micro nano wood fiber was built and the cell wall cutting power calculation formula were derived. Using Fraxinus mandshurica as example to carry out wood cell wall surface burst experiment, for the micron wood fiber processing, the cutting power of cell wall was calculated and the high quality of micron size filament wood fiber was produced. This study provided the important theory basis for the application and promotion of China's micro nano wood fiber.