[Objective] Proline plays an important osmotic regulatory role in plant responses to salt and drought stress. Therefore, the tolerance to stress of plants can be improved by increasing the proline content in the plants. Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid reductase (P5CR) is an important reductase for the synthesis of proline. In this study, the ThP5CR gene was cloned by screening the Tamarix hispida transcriptome libraries. And its stress resistance function was further studied. The study laid a theoretical foundation for using the gene in tree breeding through genetic engineering.[Method] The ThP5CR cDNA sequence was obtained by searching with T. hispida transcriptome libraries using "Pyrroline 5 Carboxylate Reductase" as a keyword. Further, RT-PCR cloning and sequencing of the gene were used to verify the sequence of ThP5CR. And the sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The Real time RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of ThP5CR genes in the roots and leaves of T. hispida under different stress treatments. For further analysis of stress resistance function of ThP5CR gene, the plant overexpression vector pROKⅡ-ThP5CR was constructed and transient transformed into T. hispida. At the same time, the vector pROKⅡ was also transient infected into T. hispida as a control. The proline content, MDA content, H₂O₂, and DAB, NBT and Evans blue staining under NaCl and mannitol stress were measured and compared between the pROKⅡ-ThP5CR transient transformed T. hispida and the control.[Result] The result showed that the cDNA length of ThP5CR was 1 432 bp, containing a length of 822 bp open reading frame encoding 273 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of ThP5CR protein was 28.29 kDa, with isoelectric point 9.22. And typical NADP⁺ domain and L-Proline domain were found in the ThP5CR sequence. Compared to the control, the expressions of ThP5CR gene showed difference under two abiotic stresses and three hormone treatments. Furthermore, the expressions were significantly different at least at a stress point time for each treatment. In addition, the expressions of ThP5CR gene were more significantly influenced under NaCl stress, PEG₆₀₀₀stress and ABA hormone treatment than the other treatments. The expressions of ThP5CR in the pROKⅡ-ThP5CR transient transformed T. hispida were obviously higher than it in the control, indicating that the overexpression lines were successfully obtained. Further, the result of physiological indicators and physiological staining showed that proline content was higher in the overexpression lines than in the control under non-stress conditions. However, the proline content was more significantly higher than that in the control plants under 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl and 200 mmol·L^-1 mannitol stress. The NBT and DAB staining and H₂O₂ content also showed that the accumulation of O₂^· and H₂O₂ in the overexpression lines were significantly lower than those in the control. The Evans blue staining and MDA content showed that the stain of the overexpression lines were lesser intensive and the MDA content was lower compared with those of control.[Conclusion] ThP5CR gene can respond to NaCl, PEG stress, ABA and other hormones, which may be involved in salt and drought stress in T. hispida. All results indicated that transient overexpression of ThP5CR improved the salt and drought stresses tolerance by increasing proline content and enhancing the ability to remove reactive oxygen species within the cell to reduce the accumulation of H₂O₂ and O₂^·, thereby reducing cell damage or cell death and enhancing plant resistance. ThP5CR was proved to be a candidate gene of responding to stresses.

[Objective] The subtropical zone in south-central China has become the region with the greatest nitrogen (N) deposition in the world. Most moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations of China are distributed in the center of this region. The change of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in plant can reflect the effects of environmental factors on plant. However, the effects of N deposition on NSC content of moso bamboo remain unclear. The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of N deposition on the NSC contents of leaf, branch and trunk of moso bamboo at different growth stages.[Method] The experiment was conducted in moso bamboo plantations over a 32-month period and included 4 N content levels(30, 60, 90 kg·hm^-2a^-1 and zero as control)were applied in the study.Each N-content was replicated for 3 times.[Result] The soluble sugar and starch accounted for 80% and 20% of NSC, respectively. Bamboo leaf has the highest NSC content, 1.32 and 1.27 times higher than branch and trunk, respectively. The NSC content of branch and trunk of 3-year-old bamboo were significantly higher than that of 1-year-old bamboo (P< 0.05). No significant effect of moso bamboo age on the NSC content of leaf was observed (P> 0.05). The NSC content of leaf and branch of 3-year-old bamboo, and trunk of 1-year-old bamboo (P< 0.05) was significantly decreased by N deposition. The interaction between N deposition and moso bamboo ages significantly influenced the NSC content of branch and trunk (P< 0.01) but not leaf were.[Conclusion] The content and distribution of NSC in moso bamboo were significantly impacted by N deposition, and these effects varied significantly with the bamboo ages. Our result indicated that the excessive atmospheric N deposition (≥ 90 kg·hm^-2a^-1) in the future would restrain the NSC accumulation in moso bamboo and thus its carbon sequestration capacity.

Midday depression in photosynthesis is common in plants, but the relative importance of stomatal and non-stomatal limitation to photosynthesis is variable among species. Pinus tabulaeformis is a conifer and distributed widely over China, which suggests its adaptability to a wide range of climate and soil water conditions. The aims of this study were to (a) understand the leaf gas exchange characteristics and stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in P. tabulaeformis seedlings under different soil water conditions; (b) to compare the relationships between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance through simulation with three stomatal models; and (c) to determine the impact of the soil water content and the CO₂ supply and demand on the simulation results. We measured diurnal variations in leaf-scale gas exchange of P. tabulaeformis seedlings grown under four soil water conditions:8% (W₀), 12% (W₁), 16% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) soil water content. There was a clear midday depression of net CO₂ assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) in the all four soil water conditions. In the low and moderate soil water conditions (W₀, W₁ and W₂), the midday depression in A and g_s was accompanied with the decrease in intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i). However, in the high soil water condition (W₃), the decreases in A and g_s at midday were coupled with an increase in C_i. In addition, reduction of g_s was bigger than the inhibition of A in the W₀, W₁ and W₂. By contrast, in the W₃ treatment, change in g_s was in a smaller magnitude than the inhibition of A. Moreover, a high correlation between A and g_s was observed across all treatments, and decrease in C_i paralleled to reductions in g_s in W₀, W₁ and W₂ treatments. However, in the W₃ treatment, A and g_s correlated positively with each other, and C_i remained unchanged at high g_s and either increased or decreased at low g_s. These results suggested that midday depression of A in W₀, W₁ and W₂ soil water conditions was caused by closure of stomata rather than a decreased photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll cells. In contrast, midday depression in A in wet soil was controlled by non-stomatal decreases in the photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll cells. The comparison of stomatal models showed that the Medlyn model performed best in all of the four soil water conditions whether or not morning and afternoon were analysed separately. However the relationships between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance simulated by the Medlyn model differed significantly in different soil water treatments, and with morning and afternoon data separated, indicating that the Medlyn model can be improved by incorporating a function which can reflect the influence of soil moisture on the stomatal behaviour in different soil water conditions. Furthermore, it is suggested that the model simulations should be run separately in morning and afternoon for the plants that have remarkable midday depression in photosynthesis. Finally, we suggest that when both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations exist, the simulation of the relationships between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance should be operated separately, and a function, which assumes that stomatal conductance is regulated by rates of electron translation and by rates of Rubisco activity, or by the balance between the two processes, should be incorporated into the model to improve the simulation.

[Objective] Carbon balance and the maintenance of hydraulic architecture are indispensable for plants' survival. Correspondently, carbon starvation and hydraulic failure are the main physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality. Recent researches have showed that the interaction of the two mechanisms may play a more important role in the death of trees under drought stress. However, it is still blurry about how carbon starvation affects hydraulic failure. This study explored the effect of carbon limitation on hydraulic architecture by analyzing the changes of hydraulic architecture in Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis seedlings exposed to carbon limitation conditions. This study would facilitate us to further understand the effects of carbon limitation on hydraulic architecture, and also to reveal the interaction between carbon starvation and hydraulic failure.[Method] Shading and girdling were conducted on R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis seedlings to create carbon limitation. Biomass allocation, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration in different tissues, root hydraulic conductivity, percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) in coarse roots and branches, predawn and midday twig water potential, and leaf stomatal conductance of the seedlings were detected.[Result] For both species, biomass in all organs, especially in fine roots, was significantly reduced by shading and girdling. NSC concentration in roots of the two species was markedly decreased by shading and girdling, and NSC concentration in stem was increased. Root hydraulic conductivity of R. pseudoacacia seedlings with shading and girdling treatments accounted for 3.7% and 2.9% of the control, respectively, and that of P. orientalis with shading and girdling treatments accounted for 21.0% and 7.6% of the control, respectively. For the two species, the root and branch PLC significantly increased in shading and girdling treatments with the root PLC greater than the branch. Meanwhile predawn and midday water potential significantly decreased. Stomatal conductance was also significantly reduced, and with shading and girdling treatments R. pseudoacacia accounted for 33.7% and 26.1% of the control, respectively, and P. orientalis accounted for 46.9% and 23.4% of the control, respectively.[Conclusion] Both shading and girdling greatly reduced NSC in roots, and the carbon limitation constrained the growth of new roots, hence reduced the ability of water uptake and transport in roots, which deteriorated hydraulic architecture of roots and stem, and further impeded long-distance water transport. As a result, carbon uptake was in turn constrained. Thus, plant's survival under adverse conditions was influenced. In addition, girdling-induced NSC accumulation above girdles could not alleviate stem PLC for both species.

[Objective] This paper aimed to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of transgenic Populus×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ with multiple genes (Abbreviation:Transgenic poplar 107) under salt stress through measurements of growth traits, membrane permeability and photosynthesis and other physiological parameters of the transgenic polar 107 under different salt stresses, as well as of the change in the accumulation amount of exogenous gene expression products.[Method] The transgenic polar 107 was used as test material, which had been verified successful transformation. The transgenic materials were propagated by tissue culture, and then the obtained seedlings were transplanted in pots when their heights were up to 10 cm. The seedlings were cultured in growth chamber and treated with NaCl solutions which concentrations were 0, 3, and 6 g·L^-1, with the nontransgenic poplar 107 served as the control (CK). The growth indexes and physiological parameters, as well as accumulation of betaine and Bt toxin proteins of two lines were measured in 25 days after treatment.[Result] The results showed that under low salt concentration treatment, the height of transgenic poplar 107 was significantly higher than that of poplar 107, and the diameter of the transgenic lines was greater than that of poplar 107. Under high salt concentration, the height and the ground diameter of the seedlings of the two lines all were significantly affected by salt stress. Under low salt concentration, membrane permeability of transgenic poplar 107 was significantly lower than that of polar 107, chlorophyll content increased more greatly, and both net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increased and were significantly higher than that of polar 107. The actual photosynthetic efficiency Y(Ⅱ) of photosystem Ⅱ decreased slightly, but significantly higher than that of the control, indicating that photosystem Ⅱ was able to maintain higher electron transfer rate. F_v/F_m had a relatively greater increase, suggesting increased photosynthetic capacity. Under high salt concentration, the chlorophyll content of transgenic lines decreased slightly. However, both the plasmalemma permeability and net photosynthetic rate decreased significantly, F_v/F_m and Y(Ⅱ) had a sharp decline, electron transfer rate of photosystem Ⅱ was affected greatly and photosynthetic capacity decreased. The all change trends were the same as that of control, and the seedlings of two lines suffered to a great degree salt damage. The accumulation amount of exogenous genes expression in transgenic lines, detected by ELISA, showed that with the salt concentration increasing, the contents of Cry1Ac toxin protein, Cry3A toxin protein and betaine all had an increasing trend. The accumulation of exogenous genes products significantly increased under the stress of high salt concentration.[Conclusion] Transgenic polar 107 displayed strong adaptability under low concentration salt stress, and its salt tolerance was stronger than the polar 107. Both transgenic polar 107 with multiple genes and control polar 107 were to a great degree impacted under high concentration salt stress, and transgenic line did not show any advantage. Salt stress induced an expression enhancement of the exogenous Bt gene and BADH gene, suggesting that the transgenic poplar 107 would show a good salt tolerance and insect resistance potential under salt stress.

[Objective] We compared the effects of CaCl₂, ABA and sucrose pretreatment on germination of Fraxinus mandshurica dormancy-released seeds dehydrated at low temperature, and explored the intrinsic physiological changes of seeds during dehydration under different pretreatment conditions to reveal the physiological mechanism of regulation and control of seed desiccation tolerance.[Method] The dormancy released seeds of F. mandshurica were used to investigate seed germination ability after dehydration at low temperature(5℃) pretreated by different concentrations(10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-4, 10^-5 mol·L^-1) of CaCl₂ solution, different concentrations(10^-3, 10^-4, 10^-5, 10^-6 mol·L^-1) of ABA solution or different mass concentrations(1, 10, 50, 100 g·L^-1) of sucrose solution for 24 hours,the seeds were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours as control. According to the above experimental result, the best treatment concentration to improve the seed germination ability, CaCl₂ 10^-3 mol·L^-1, ABA 10^-6 mol·L^-1 and sucrose 100 g·L^-1, were selected respectively. Then, the seeds dehydrated at low temperature after pretreating with the selected solution for 24 hours were used for this study, and the seeds soaked in distilled water for 24 hours were used as control, the effects of different pretreatment methods on seed cell membrane permeability, antioxidant enzyme activity and storage material metabolism were analyzed by measuring the relative electrical conductivity, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT), the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble sucrose, soluble protein and starch content in the seeds.[Result] Pretreatment of 10^-3 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂or 10^-6 mol·L^-1 ABA could significantly improve the germination rate and germination index of the seeds after dehydration at low temperature (5℃), and shorten the seed germination time; pretreatment of 100 g·L^-1 sucrose could significantly improve the seed germination rate after dehydration at low temperature (5℃), but had no significant effect on the germination index and the germination time. For the seeds pretreated with 10^-3 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂, the SOD activity in embryos was significantly increased after dehydration at low temperature (5℃), and the relative electrical conductivity and MDA content in seeds were significantly decreased; For the seeds pretreated with 10^-6mol·L^-1 ABA, the POD activity in embryos was significantly increased after dehydration at low temperature (5℃), and the relative conductivity and MDA content in seeds decreased significantly; For the seeds pretreated with 100 g·L^-1 sucrose, the SOD and POD activity in embryos were significantly increased after dehydration at low temperature (5℃), the relative conductivity and MDA content in seeds decreased significantly. CaCl₂, ABA and sucrose pretreatment significantly reduced the soluble protein content, and increased the content of soluble sugar in seed embryo and endosperm.[Conclusion] The appropriate concentration of CaCl₂ (10^-3 mol·L^-1), ABA(10^-6 mol·L^-1)and sucrose (100 g·L^-1) pretreatment (especially CaCl₂ or ABA pretreatment) can improve the germination ability of Fraxinus mandshurica seeds after dehydration at low temperature. Under low temperature dehydration conditions, CaCl₂, ABA and sucrose pretreatment can significantly improve the antioxidant system enzyme activity in the seed embryo, better maintain the integrity of cell membrane structure, reduce ion leakage and MDA content of cells. But the antioxidant enzyme activities in different pretreated seeds were different. Pretreatment with CaCl₂ was more beneficial to improve the activity of SOD in embryos, and ABA pretreatment was more beneficial to improve the activity of POD in embryos, while sucrose pretreatment increased the activity of SOD and POD in embryos at the same time. The improvement of the protective function in the low temperature dehydration process by pretreatment of CaCl₂, ABA and sucrose was probably related to the increase of the soluble sugar in embryos.

[Objective] The expression patterns of 6 cold resistance related genes (RAP2.7, ABR1, AtHSFA6B, AtbZIP44, GRXC6 and HSP18.2) in cold-tolerant and cold-intolerant Casuarina equisetifolia were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of Casuarina trees in response to cold stress.[Method] The relative conductivity in cold-tolerant (ZS7) and cold-intolerant (HN1) clones of C. equisetifolia were measured under low temperature stresses at -2——11℃. The low half-lethal temperature (LT₅₀) were calculated by fitting the temperature with the relative conductivity based on the logistic equation. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) was employed to investigate the differential expression of the 6 cold resistance related genes in cold-tolerant and cold-intolerant clones under successive low temperature stresses at -2, -5 and -8℃, as well as precise expression patterns under low temperature stresses at -5℃ for 1, 2, 5, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h. The specific primers for qPCR were designed based on the EST sequences of 6 cold resistance related genes identified from previous transcriptome analysis. Analysis of relative gene expression data was performed using 2^-ΔΔC_Tmethod.[Result] Under low temperature stresses, relative conductivity in cold-tolerant and cold-intolerant clones had a very highly significant difference (P<0.01), LT₅₀ was -5.92℃ and -2.87℃, respectively. Under normal temperature condition, the relative expression of all the 6 genes in 2 clones had no significant differences. However, under low temperature stress at -2℃ for 2 h, which was close to the LT₅₀ of cold-intolerant clone, expression of these genes in the cold-intolerant clone were strongly inhibited, while in the cold-tolerant clone were activated. Under low temperature stress at -5℃ for 2 h, which was close to the LT₅₀ of the cold-tolerant clone, expression of these genes were further inhibited in the cold-intolerant clone, also in the cold-tolerant clone. Under low temperature stress at -8℃ for 2 h, which was lower than the LT₅₀, the expression of all 6 genes in 2 clones were inhibited continuously. The precise expression patterns analysis revealed that the expression of all 6 genes were significantly up-regulated in the cold-tolerant clone under low temperature stress at -5℃ for 8 h, reaching the maximum at 8 h, 24 h and 48 h, and significantly down-regulated in the cold-intolerant clone at 1-16 h, reaching the minimum at 1-5 h.[Conclusion] On the expression level of cold resistance related genes, different clones showed significantly different responding mechanisms to low temperature stress. Low temperature induces the expression of genes belonging to transcription factors and ROS family, and genes related with the response to ROS in cold-tolerant C. equisetifolia to resist or adapt to cold stress, instead it was inhibited in the cold-intolerant C. equisetifolia, thus significantly decreased its adaptation to cold stress. This study provided a useful basis for enriching the molecular mechanism of Casuarina trees in coping with cold stress, and for molecular selection and breeding of cold-tolerant Casuarina clones.

[Objective] Due to the inconsistency of spatial resolutions between sample plots and image pixels, in this study the estimation of forest carbon density was conducted by using geostatistics method and multi-resource remote sensing data, which aims to provide reference for the application of MODIS data in the regional estimation of forest carbon density.[Method] Firstly, the spatial block co-simulation algorithm was employed to scale up the sample plots of forest carbon density in You county of Hunan Province from the spatial resolution of 25.8 m×25.8 m to the spatial resolutions of 250 m×250 m, 500 m×500 m and 1 000 m×1 000 m respectively. Then, MODIS images with three spatial resolutions corresponding to those mentioned above, were applied to map forest carbon density for this county using sequential Gaussian co-simulation algorithm. Finally, the best model was applied in the estimation of forest carbon density for Hunan Province.[Result] There were highly similarities for sensitive factors of forest carbon density between Landsat5 and MOD09A1 data, according to theresult of Pearson product moment correlations, the top three sensitive factors were 1/TM3, 1/TM2, 1/TM1 for Landsat5 and 1/Band1, 1/Band4, 1/Band3 for MOD09A1 respectively; compared to the vegetation product of MOD13Q1 and MOD15A2, multi-spectral data such as Landsat5 and MOD09A1 showed great potential in the simulation of forest carbon density with the accuracy of 82.02% and 75.64%, respectively; there is good application for the sequential Gaussian co-simulation algorithms based on the image of MOD09A1, which can be used in the spatial simulation of forest carbon density for Hunan Province with the accuracy of 74.07%.[Conclusion] The spatial block co-simulation algorithm could be used to realize the conversion of spatial resolutions from sample plots to the pixels of MODIS images. It was also found that the MODIS derived maps were more smoothed than those from Landsat5 due to the limitation of spatial resolutions, especially in the terms of capturing the spatial variability of forest carbon density. The adopted method was well suited for regional estimation of forest carbon density based on the combination of forest inventory sample plot data and remotely sensed images, especially for the areas that the plot sizes and images pixels were inconsistent.

[Objective] Simulating bark thickness for Betula alnoides plantations can help to estimate its wood volume, timber outturn and bark volume.[Method] The datasets including diameters of outside and inside bark and bark thickness at each stem segment were obtained through stem analysis of B. alnoides trees, and were randomly divided into two parts, about 75% for modeling and 25% for validating. Thirteen models were selected to fit with the above datasets, the least squaresmethod was used to estimate values of parameters, and significances(deviation from zero)of these parameters were examined by student's t test at the 0.05 level. Four statistics indexes such as bias(B), absolute bias(AB), mean square error(MSE) and determination coefficient(R²)were used to evaluate the goodness of fit for those models in which all parameters were significant. Student's paired t test was applied with the validation dataset to check the validity of these functions, and the models were discarded if the estimated values differed significantly from observed values. The presences of multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity were then detected for the remaining models, and the best bark models were ultimately selected for B. alnoides plantations.[Result] Among 13 models, Models(2)and(5)had at least one parameter without significant difference from zero at the 0.05 level, and should not be considered in the further analysis. The four statistical criteria and their relative ranking values were calculated for the remaining 11 models. For modeling bark thickness at breast height, the performances of Model(3)and(4)were almost the same and were better than that of Model(1); Model(7)did better than Model(6)for modeling bark thickness at any height; Model(8) showed better than Model(9)for fitting relative bark thickness; and compared to Models(10)and(12),Models(11)and(13) exhibited better in simulating diameter inside bark. The result of student's paired t test showed that Models(9),(12)and(13)had significant difference between observed and estimated values and should be excluded. Among the remaining 8 models, only Model(4)showed weak multicollinearity, while no multicollinearity existed in the other models. The results of analysis on residual plots and White test indicated that no heteroskedasticity exist in Models(1),(3)and(4),however, the Models(6),(7),(8),(10)and(11)had the heteroskedasticity, which were improved through variable transformation.[Conclusion] Models(3),(7),(8)and(11)were suitable for fitting bark thickness at breast height, bark thickness at any height, relative bark thickness and diameter inside bark, respectively. Due to the easily obtain of diameters at breast height, plantations ages and bark thickness at any height,these models are applicable in the practice of forest survey. Meanwhile, besides tree age, diameter at breast height and height, site factors also affect bark thickness,therefore,these factors should be considered so as to promote accuracy of the simulation on bark thickness for Betula alnoides.

[Objective] It is the urgent requirement for forestry that forest resources data and changing information are quickly and effectively acquired by using remote sensing.[Method] This study built forest resource monitoring approach by combining three levels sampling of remote sensing imagery and field surveying. We chose Liaoning Province as study area to assess our method by using multi-source remote sensing data with high, medium and low spatial resolution from 2013 to 2014.[Result] Firstly, we obtained the forest area estimating model by combining separately filed measured plots and high, middle and low resolution remote sensing data. The performance of these three forest area regress model were evaluated and showed high precision(R²=0.99, 0.91, 0.70,respectively). Secondly, we estimated the forest area (590.83 million hectares) and forest coverage(40.54%) of Liaoning Province,respectively. The value of forest coverage is similar to that determined by forest resources inventory(40.49%), which proved that the proposed method in this study could obtain forest area with high precision(more than 99%). In addition, the forest distribution map of Liaoning Province was produced based on MODIS NDVI threshold value method. This study proposed a forest resource monitoring approach which can obtain annual forest area and distribution map of Liaoning Province.[Conclusion] This research explored the method of remote sensing monitoring indices as an available technique. It would be helpful to monitoring forest resource because of the shortening forest monitoring result output cycle. The forest resource monitoring approach proposed in this paper should have a bright future of application and dissemination, and would provide important support for building remote sensing monitoring system of national forest resource.

[Objective] This study was intended to reveal the biological characteristics of Mycodiplosis sp. (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae), a mycophagus insect of the Dalbergia tonkinensis rust, and its relationship with the rust disease, which can provide a foundation for utilizing the insect as a biological control agent for the plant rust.[Method] Biological characteristics of different life stages were studied using lab breeding populations, and its relationship with the uredium of rust was studied using field investigation and lab breeding populations.[Result] The results showed that the Mycodiplosis sp. is an insect with complete metamorphosis from egg, larva, pupa to adult. The egg is oval, the surface of egg is smooth and transparent. Egg dorsal is slightly uplift like arc, and the ventral is straight. Apodous larva has no feet, it is fusiform with an orange yellow center and white fat bodies on both sides, its white head is small and often retracts into prothorax. The pupa has three developmental stages including initial stage pupa, medium stage pupa and late stage pupa. The female's moniliform antenna has 2+12 segments, and the male's has 2+9. The flagellomere of the male is longer than the female, so is its antenna. The base of genital of flagellomere of the male is thick, the front end is tapered, and other features are similar to the female. Larvae ate urediospore, 0 to 50 larvae could be found from one piece of leaf. After fed by the insect, the yellow urediospore heap turns into gray, under microscope the urediospores could be found empty, shrunk or ruptured. In Chengmai County, the overwintered larvae stop dormancy in early September, directly pupate in a cocoon, then pupae into adults, and finish eclosion in late September. October to November is the outbreak period of the larvae. The Mycodiplosis sp. could occur three generations a year(in Chengmai)with generation overlapping. D. tonkinensis rust almost occurs throughout the year, with two obvious outbreak periods. Mycodiplosis sp. occurs in the second period of the rust outbreak, the correlation coefficient of the disease index of rust and the number of larvae was 0.82.[Conclusion] Mycodiplosis sp. is a new mycophagous insect found in planted forest of D. tonkinensis. Under natural conditions, Mycodiplosis sp. shows a significant control effect on D. tonkinensis rust, which suggests a certain potential in biological control of rust disease.

[Objective] Bacillus subtilis Y13^UV can control Colletotrichum gloeosporioides effectively. Studying its colonization dynamics could provide a scientific basis for controlling C. gloeosporioides.[Method] The GFP plasmid was introduced into cells by protoplasts conversion and to acquire GFP-tagged Y13^UV. Camellia oleifera plants were inoculated with the GFP-tagged Y13^UV with different methods including foliar spray, root irrigation, foliar spray plus root irrigation, and single or multiple inoculations. The population numbers of GFP-tagged Y13^UV in different tissues of Camellia oleifera were quantified after inoculations to test the colonization ability of the GFP-tagged strain.[Result] GFP-tagged Y13^UV could colonize in root, stem and leaf tissues of Camellia oleifera. In the same day after single inoculation, the population numbers of the marked strain in root were 1.07×10⁵ cfu·g^-1. Seven days after inoculation by foliar spray plus root irrigation, the population of marked strain in root, stem and leaf tissues of Camellia oleifera were 8.70×102, 5.00×102 and 7.30×10² cfu·g^-1, respectively. And the population numbers were higher than inoculation by foliar spray or root irrigation alone. With multiple inoculations, the population numbers of the tagged strain reached their peaks about 3-5 days after inoculation, the populations kept stable until they dropped dramatically 20 days after inoculation,. The population number of 30th day in root tissue of Camellia oleifera was 5.30×10² cfu·g^-1 when inoculated by foliar spray plus root irrigation. The results showed that GFP-tagged Y13^UV grew better, expressed stably and still had good inhibition to C. gloeosporioides.[Conclusion] After inoculated by foliar spray or root irrigation, GFP-tagged Y13^UV could colonize and transfer in Camellia oleifera, and displayed good colonization ability.

[Objective] This paper investigates the influential factors of forest carbon sink offset mechanism from the point of enterprise, the carbon sink demander, in order to provide basis for the forest carbon sink policy-making.[Method] Based on the survey data from electric power, steel and chemical enterprises, the key emission industry in Shanghai, using the structural equation model the paper studies the effects of the enterprise internal motivation, internal pressure, external incentive and external constraint on forest carbon sink offset policy, in which the questionnaire design uses the level 5 likert scale, the data gets 24 indicators as observation variables through normality test and factor analysis, and it also determines the final path graph through the model fitting index and evaluation.[Result] The internal motivation has a significantly positive effect on forest carbon sink offset policy, and the path coefficient is 0.17, in which decreasing the enterprise cost of emission reduction has the greatest influence on forest carbon offset policy, the value is 0.973; The external incentive has an insignificantly direct effect on forest carbon sink offset policy, however,it showed a significantly indirect effect through internal motivation on forest carbon sink offset policy, and the path coefficient is 0.054, in which the preferential policy about the loan and import & export have the greatest influence on forest carbon sink offset policy, the value is 0.999 and 0.99,respectively; The external constraint has a significantly positive effect on forest carbon sink offset policy, and the path coefficient is 0.766, in which the indirect path coefficient through internal motivation is 0.087 and the direct path coefficient is 0.679, the media has the greatest influence on forest carbon sink offset policy, the value is 0.922; The order of total path effect on forest carbon sink offset policy is external constraint > internal motivation > external incentive, and the effect of internal pressure on forest carbon sink offset policy is not significant.[Conclusion] Internal motivation has a positive effect on forest carbon sink policy, which shows that strengthening the offset and environmental effects of the forest carbon sink, helps enterprise to support forest carbon sink policy; External incentive has a positive effect on forest carbon sink policy, showing that continually relying on government support can encourages enterprise to buy forest carbon sink; External constraint has a positive effect on forest carbon sink policy, showing that the call of government and market for low carbon can guide enterprise to carry out low-carbon development, and contribute to the development of forest carbon sink market. This paper provides an important basis to develop forest carbon sink market policy from the point of enterprise, the carbon sink demander, then encourage and guide enterprise to buy forest carbon sink.

Forest spatial structure and dynamics pattern are crucial to forest management and ecological modelling. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) and photogrammetry could provide comprehensive spatial structure and species of forest, and have unrivalled advantages in the long-time monitoring of forest environment at individual tree or stand scale. UAV-based LiDAR system usually carries multiple echoes/full wave laser scanner, and assembles high precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) & inertial measurement unit (IMU) which is used to ensure the position accuracy of backscatter signals of transmitted laser pulses. UAV-based photogrammetry system mainly carries visual (RGB)/multiband camera, and assembles low precision GNSS & IMU. Automated 3D reconstruction algorithms can estimate the locations and orientations of cameras and camera internal parameters using highly overlapping aerial photographs, and generate initial rectified images and point cloud with relative coordinates, which can be georeferenced by ground control points (GCPs), reference images, etc. The accuracy of image matching can be improved using high precision GNSS, stabilized platform, etc. Individual tree segmentation algorithms were generally used to extract structure information of individual trees, such as tree tops, crown edges, locations of trees, etc., from point cloud of LiDAR or photogrammetry reconstruction. The structure features of individual trees can also be recognized from projected voxel space or canopy height model (CHM) generated from point cloud. Forest stand structure information were usually estimated by height profile algorithms from point cloud or synthetic waveform. The point cloud can be directly used to calculate features, such as height percentile, echo index, etc., or generate synthetic waveforms based frequency or intensity of echoes at specified bin of height. The waveform features, such as percentile, leading edge, trailing edge, etc., can be extracted from synthetic waveforms. The estimation values of forest structure parameters were obtained based on the relationship between field measurements and the features of point cloud or waveforms. The terrain under forest canopy can be detected from point cloud of LiDAR or photogrammetry reconstruction. The accuracy of terrain from photogrammetry reconstruction was similar to that from LiDAR in low canopy closure area, but lower than that from LiDAR in high canopy closure area. Multitemporal measurements of UAV-based LiDAR and photogrammetry can be used to monitor forest structure change caused by manual pruning, selective cutting, forest fire, disease and pest damage, etc., and phenological change, such as brunches and leaves growing, leaves falling, etc. The estimation accuracy of forest structure parameters extracted using UAV-based LiDAR and photogrammetry were affected by acquisition patterns, data processing algorithms, forest growing season, terrain, etc. The art of state repertoire hasn't been suitable to wide utilization in forestry. The UAV flying should follow the constrains of national/local laws and regulations, which has been managed according to some conditions, such as empty weight, max take-off weight, etc., in China. In the future, UAV data acquisition and processing system will be more intelligent, miniaturized, low-cost, and better serve the needs of forestry applications.

[Objective] Epiphytic lichens play an important role in maintaining biodiversity, nutrient and water cycle, also in indicating environmental quality in forest ecosystem. This paper investigated the divergence of epiphytic lichen diversity of introduced and native tree species in the secondary forests of Shennongjia Mountain.[Method] Three introduced tree species (Pinus armandii, Pinus massoniana and Larix kaempferi) and seven dominant native trees species (Salix fargesii, Salix wallichiana, Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Cerasus pusilliflora, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Bothrocaryum controversum, Abies fargesii) were surveyed, then we estimated their expected lichen species richness with the software package EstimateS 9.1.0. Lichen species and their growth form on each tree species were listed to analyze the difference of community composition among tree species. Shannon-Wiener (H), Simpson (D) and Evenness (E) were calculated to evaluate lichen community diversity at tree species level, as well at native group vs introduced group level. Finally, lichen community of 10 tree species were clustered with SPSS 10.0 to demonstrate their similarity.[Result] Expected lichen species richness was significantly different among 10 tree species, and the expected species richness of introduced tree group was a little higher than that of the native tree group. Practical lichen species richness of 10 tree species varied moderately, there were no difference between native group and introduced group. Furthermore, the dominant lichen species of the introduced tree species differed significantly from those of the native tree species. Usnea luridorufa, Stereocaulon japonicum, Lecanora thysanophora, and Heterodermia diademata were domitant in the native tree species. In contrast, Ramalina minuscula, and Petrelia olivetorum were dominant in the introduced species. In addition, some lichen species such as Ramalina americana, Ramalina minuscula and Ramalina hossei were found only in introduced tree species, suggesting that some lichens prefer to certain tree species. Lichen community diversity index varied among 10 tree species. In the native tree group, Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata displayed the highest diversity, but Salix fargesii displayed the lowest diversity, while the introduced tree group displayed an order of Pinus armandii > Pinus massoniana > Larix kaempferi.Lichen community of ten tree species were clustered into three subgroups, all the introduced tree species were clustered into one subgroup.[Conclusion] We concluded that the secondary forests of Shnenongjia Mountain possessed a higher epiphytic lichen species richness, and epiphytic lichen diversity varied widely among tree species, so tree species diversity should be of special importance in maintaining diversity of epiphytic lichens in this area. Impacts of the introduced exotic tree species on lichen diversity of the secondary forests of Shennongjia Mountain, should be deeply studied in the future.

[Objective] Up to now, researches on forest fire and climate change in China were mainly carried out on regional scale. Thus, it is necessary to study the influences of climate change on forest fire danger on the national scale, which would provide a scientific reference for macro forest fire management in China.[Method] The study area includes main forest distribution regions in China, and it was divided into six regions according to the eco-geographic system in China. The main climatic characteristics and fire danger changes were analyzed over the past 50 years and future period from 2021 to 2050. Surface climate observation data (1961-2010) were collected from 824 basic weather stations, and the data for every meteorological factor were interpolated to grid points (spatial resolution with 0.25°×0.25°) by using distance average weighted method. Simulated climate data (1951-2050) include four climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5) and five global climate models (GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and NorESM1-M), and their horizontal resolution was 0.5°×0.5°. Daily fire weather indexes (FWI) were calculated for each grid by FWI system according to the observed data and the calibrated data with the climate models. Mann-Kendall method was used for mutation test.[Result] The average temperature from observed data for the study area in baseline period (1971-2010) showed an upward trend, but there was no significant change in the precipitation. The average temperature in fire season increased significantly from 1961-2010. But the precipitation increased significantly only for the coniferous forest region in temperate arid and desert areas, and no significant changes were found in other forest regions. from 1976-2010, the average FWI for fire season in each eco-geographical region showed an increasing trend. The average temperature in the forest distribution areas would increase by 1.6-2.1℃ from 2021-2050 based on theresult of regional climate models, and the precipitation could increase by 2.3%-4.8%. The average temperature of fire season for each ecological region would increased significantly in 2021-2050, compared with the baseline period. But precipitation would increased significantly just for the coniferous forest region in cold temperate humid zone and broad-leaved forest and artificial vegetation region in north subtropical humid zone. The 95^th percentile FWI from 2021-2050 would increase by 13.5%, 18.9%, 14.9%, and 22.3% for scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. There are differences in spatial distribution for the FWI increments with different climate scenarios. The days with high fire danger rating would increase significantly for southern and southwestern regions.[Conclusion] The simulated temperature and precipitation data are almost consistent with the observed data in history. From 2021-2050, the average temperature would increase in forest regions, and the climate in fire season would show a warming and drying trend. The fire weather indexes showed an increasing trend from 1976-2010, and they would continue rise from 2021-2050. The fire weather indexes would increase more significant in the south than in the north China. North and southwest China would be the key areas for forest fire prevention in the future. At present, the climate model cannot simulate extreme climate events well, which must affect the accuracy of the fire danger analysis. But the result can reflect the tendency of fire weather change. In the future, more attention should be paid to the study on the influences of extreme climate events on forest fire risk and potential fire behavior.

[Objective] This study aimed to understand the activity rhythm of wild Temminick's Tragopan (Trgopan temminckii), and provide a scientific support for the nature reserve to protect the pheasant more efficiently.[Method] A total of 36 cameras installed in 90 sites were used to monitor the activity of Temminick's Tragopan in Shengnongjia National Nature Reserve of Hubei Province from August to September in 2010 and March to September in 2011; And then 60 infrared cameras installed in 188 sites were used to survey the activity of Temminick's Tragopan there from August 2013 to May 2015. Totally, 295 independent and effective photos were collected.[Result] The results showed that:1) The frequencies of Temminick's Tragopan activity captured by infrared camera from April to September were significant higher than other months, the highest capture rates were in May. 2) One diurnal activity peak was observed for both female and male wild individuals, and the activity peak of female was in the morning, around 10:00-12:00; the activity peak of male was in the morning, around 06:00-08:00. 3) Two activity peaks of human disturbance were observed, i.e., 10:00-12:00 am and 14:00-16:00 pm. The activity of Temminick's Tragopan was able to be captured again at an averaged interval of 10.28±4.07 days after a human disturbance; 4) the daily activity of Temminick's Tragopan at the places with human disturbance appeared two peaks, 06:00-08:00 am and 16:00-18:00 pm, respectively.[Conclusion] This study supplied a preliminary result on the activity rhythm of wild Temminick's Tragopan, its response to the human disturbance, and the corresponding adaption behavior.