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25 June 2017, Volume 53 Issue 6
Variation of Non-Structural Carbohydrates for the Dominant Species in a Monsoon Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest in Pu'Er, Yunnan Province
Liu Wande, Su Jianrong, Li Shuaifeng, Lang Xuedong, Huang Xiaobo, Zhang Zhijun
2017, 53(6):  1-9.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170601
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[Objective] Our objective was to explore the change features of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in different organs of dominant species in a monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest.[Methods] In December of 2013, foliage, branch, stem and root were sampled from 20 dominant species in a monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest in Pu'er, Yunnan Province. Sucrose, fructose, glucose and starch in the all four organs were measured. The variation characteristics of sucrose, fructose, glucose and starch content with the species and their organs were analyzed by Repeated-Measure ANOVA. [Results] The concentration of NSC differed significantly among different species and organs. The soluble sugar concentration, including sucrose, fructose, and glucose, were the highest in the foliage and the lowest in the stem. The starch concentration was, however, the highest in the root and the lowest in the foliage. The soluble sugar mainly located in the foliage for most species, and starch mainly located in the root. The coefficient of variation (CV) for NSC components was all high in different organs. The range of CV for sucrose, fructose, glucose and starch in different organs were 45.99%-61.40%, 60.96%-86.26%, 56.41%-97.40%, and 40.40%-55.01%, respectively. The CV for most species were higher than 50%, even exceeded 100%. Factorial analysis of variation for each parameter, with organ and species as independent variables, showed that the concentration of sucrose, fructose, and glucose were mainly determined by species. However the concentration of starch was mainly determined by the organ. All the effects of species, organ and their interaction on NSC were significant. [Conclusions] Different species had the varying concentrations of NSC and its compositions in the monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest in Pu'er. The soluble sugar, including sucrose, fructose, and glucose, mainly distributed in the foliage, while the starch mainly distributed in the root. Species mainly affected the soluble sugar concentration and the organ mainly affected the starch concentration.
Variation in the Sap Flow Velocity of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Its Impact Factors in Different Slope Positions in a Semi-Arid Region of Liupan Mountains
Wang Yanbing, Wang Yanhui, Xiong Wei, Yao Yiqiang, Zhang Tong, Li Zhenhua
2017, 53(6):  10-20.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170602
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[Objective] It is key to clearly recognize variation in sap flow velocity in trees in various slope positions and its main environmental factors, so that to improve the calculation accuracy for forest transpiration by means of up-scaling from a plot/position to a whole slope or a watershed, especially in semi-arid areas featuring with a strong variation of soil moisture in slopes. [Method] Three plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii were set up respectively at the upper, middle and lower positions on the northwest-facing slope in Diediegou watershed of Liupan Mountains, and the sap flow velocity in trees, as well as the soil water potential and meteorological factors were monitored simultaneously throughout the growing season (Jun. to Sep.) in 2015. [Result] The result showed that there were significant differences in the soil water potential of 60 cm layer (Ψ0-60, MPa) among slope positions, in an order of lower position (-0.210)>middle position (-0.410)>upper position (-0.511), and in the daily average sap flow velocity (mL·cm-2 min-1) in an order of lower position (0.045)>upper position (0.036)>middle position (0.034). Throughout the study period, the daily average sap flow velocity was significantly and positively correlated with the average daily air temperature (Ta), daily maximum temperature (Tmax), daily minimum temperature (Tmin), potential evapotranspiration (PET), average daily saturated vapor pressure deficit (VPD), average daily solar radiation density (Rs) and Ψ0-60, but significantly and negatively with the daily average air relative humidity (RH) and precipitation (P). Moreover, the correlation coefficients with each other were significantly different among slope positions. The order was lower>upper>middle for the meteorological factors, whereas upper>middle>lower for the Ψ0-60. According to the boundary line analysis, significant differences were also found in the degree of sap flow velocity variation in response to each single factor among slope positions. From the upper position to the lower, the degree decreased gradually for Ta, Tmax, RH, VPD, and Ψ0-60, whereas increased for the Rs with stepwise regression analysis, a multivariate linear model was established for each slope position between daily average sap flow velocity and environmental factors. It was clear that the selected factors for each model obviously differed at different slope positions. For example, the first and the second important factors were Rs and Ψ0-60 successively in the model of the lower position. However, they turned to Ψ0-60 and VPD at the upper position, and VPD and Ψ0-60 at the middle position, respectively. [Conclusion] As a conclusion, the variation of sap flow velocity among slope positions is a consequence of joint contributions of soil moisture and meteorological factors affected by terrain. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of position differences in soil moisture and meteorological factors when scaling up the value of sap flow velocity from a plot/position scale to a slope scale.
Responses to Continuous Drought Stress and Drought Resistance of Different Masson Pine Families
Du Mingfeng, Ding Guijie, Zhao Xizhou
2017, 53(6):  21-29.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170603
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[Objective] In this study, we investigated effects of continuous drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and compared drought-resistances of 3 Masson pine families, to elucidate the mechanisms of drought resistance and their genetic effects, and to provide a theoretical basis for breeding drought-resistant families.[Method] Pot experiment with random block design in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on growth, osmoregulation and antioxidants of 2-year-old Masson pine seedlings, respectively from Guizhou and Guangxi provinces.[Result] With the increase of drought stress intensity, the activities of protective enzyme SOD of the three Masson pine families displayed an increase in the beginning and followed by a decrease, and significant difference in SOD activity among the three families was found (P<0. 05) during 0–10 days of stress; the activities of protective enzyme POD was found in the same tendency of SOD activities, but the difference in POD activity among the three families was not significant during the whole period of drought treatment ( P>0. 05); MDA content displayed a trend of increase followed by a decrease in GX01 but a reversed trend in GX02 and GZ01, and significant differences were found in MDA content among the three families (P<0. 05) from the 5th to the 20th day of drought stress and on the 30th day of drought stress; the proline content of GZ01 was increased constantly, while the proline contents of GX02 and GX01 displayed a pattern of increase-decrease-increase, and proline contents were found significantly differences among the three families (P<0. 05) from the 20th to the 30th day of drought stress. Moreover, continuous drought restricts the growth of seedlings, the growth of height,and ground diameter and the accumulation of dry matters of the 3 families of Masson pine were all inhibited by the drought stress and varied significantly ( P<0. 05 ) among the three families. Continuous drought led to a significantly larger root to shoot ratio of GX01 and GX02 compared to the control. The ratio of GZ01 was also larger than that of the control, but not to a significant level. In addition, subordinate function was used to rank their drought resistance and the order was GX01>GX02>GZ01. Root to shoot ratio, height, MDA and Pro were as the key indicators to evaluate the drought resistance of Masson pine.[Conclusion] These results indicated that activities of antioxidant enzymes of Masson pine seedlings was increased to resist the damage of mild drought stress; and then, the content of osmotic substance was increased to prevent the damage of dehydration from moderate and severe drought stresses; at last, the membrane was seriously damaged with increasing of MDA contents under aggravation drought stress. Obviously, Masson pine seedlings adapted to drought stress by increasing underground growth and decreasing aboveground growth. We conclude that drought resistance of Masson pine was mainly controlled by genetic factors, and differences of its drought resistance maybe caused by the genetic difference which was formed by long-term domestication under different geographical and ecological environment.
Genetic Variation Analysis for Growth and Wood Properties of Slash Pine Based on The Non-Destructive Testing Technologies
Zhang Shuainan, Luan Qifu, Jiang Jingmin
2017, 53(6):  30-36.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170604
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[Objective] The genetic variability and genetic and phenotypic correlations among Basic Wood Density (ρ), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and growth were studied to strengthen the selection and breeding intensity of the physical and mechanical wood properties in order to provide the better germplasms for growing slash pine(Pinus elliottii)plantation.[Method] The ρ and MOE were determined by the non-destructive evaluation technique, Pilodyn and acoustic velocity (AV), studied on the half-sib families of slash pine at 22 years old in Changle State Forest Farm in northern Zhejiang province. The growth traits such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), under-branch height (Hb), crown width (CW), branch size (B) and branch angle (Ba) were measured by conventional method. The heritabilities and genetic- and phenotypic-correlations for growth and wood properties were estimated using Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) in the flexible mixed modeling program ASReml-R.[Result] 1) The results of nondestructive testing of wood properties showed that relative value of MOE (MOEP)had highly positive and significant genetic (R=0.947 0±0.020 1, P<0.001) and phenotypic (R=0.948 0±0.002 7, P<0.001) correlations with wave velocity (v), and negative genetic (R=-0.447 0±0.154 0, P<0.01) and phenotypic (R=-0.538 0±0.019 1, P<0.001) correlations with relative value of ρ (ρP) (It indicated that MOE and ρ were closely related. But the correlation coefficient was much less than the correlation with v). 2) The heritabilities of wood properties was between 0.292 0~0.305 0, and the heritabilities of growth traits was between 0.062 5~0.216 0. The genetic gains of volume (V) and MOEP could be 30% (the selection rate=1%). 3) For growth traits, the genetic correlations among DBH, V, CW and B were significantly positive. And the genetic correlations between H and DBH, V were highly positive significantly. Hb just had moderate positive genetic correlation with H. Ba showed weak phenotypic correlation with B negatively only.Other traits showed no significant correlations. It is worth mentioning that the phenotypic correlations among DBH, H, Hb, V and B were extremely significantly positive. The genetic correlations between growth and wood properties were not significant. However, the phenotypic correlations between them were significant but the correlation coefficients were low.[Conclusion] 1) Only use v could quickly assess the relative value of MOE of each tree within the population. The selection effect is better than that only using ρ to evaluate MOE. 2) ρ and MOE were controlled by a moderate degree of genetic control, and the heritabilities were higher than growth traits obviously. 3) Wood properties just had significant phenotypic correlations with growth traits. Improvement of these traits simultaneously was possible.
Construction of Core Collection of Schima superba Based on SSR Molecular Markers
Yang Hanbo, Zhang Rui, Wang Bangshun, Xu Zhaoyou, Zhou Zhichun
2017, 53(6):  37-46.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170605
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[Objective] The most suitable sampling strategy and proportion for core collection of Schima superba were defined through a comparative analysis and evaluation, and a core collection of S. superba was constructed. Molecular identity of the core collection was further studied, providing theoretical basis and core materials for further research and utilization of S. superba germplasms. It also provides a basis for the core collection construction of other woody plants.[Method] Taking 754 accessions of S. superba as materials that were come from seven provinces of China. The methods of M strategy (maximization strategy, M), random sampling (R), simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity (SAGD) and simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles (SANA) were used to construct the core collections using 13 SSR primer pairs. The parameters of genetic diversity, such as number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne) and Shannon's information index (I), were used to determine the optimal method.[Result] 128 alleles (Na) were detected in 13 SSR primer pairs, the average of Ne was 3.47. High genetic diversity was revealed in the germplasm resources of S. superba (I=1.39). Comparative analysis showed that the core collection constructed by SANA, SAGD and M strategies were all better than R strategy. The retained of Na in the core collection was low, although the core collection with SANA and SAGD are better representation of the original collection. The retained of Na in the core collection that was constructed by M strategy was apparently higher than other core collections that were constructed by other three strategies. According to the parameters of genetic diversity, and the number of sampling, the core collection constructed by M strategy could preserve the greatest level of genetic diversity of germplasm resources with the minimum sample size, indicating that M strategy was optimal in terms of establishing the most representative core collection, although SANA and SAGD methods all have good representation. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the core collection constructed by M strategy could more comprehensively represent at the genetic diversity level of S. superba. The 115 accessions of S. superba includes 15.3% samples of the germplasms, the retention ratio of Na, Ne and I were 93.8%, 115.6% and 109.9%, and the specific molecular identity for 115 core collections were established with 99.99% probability of confidence. These results demonstrated that the 115 accessions could stand for the initial collection, at the same time a set of unique molecular identity was established for 115 accessions based on 13 SSR loci.[Conclusion] M strategy is a suitable method for constructing S. superba core collection. These results demonstrated that the 115 accessions as core collection could represent the original germplasms, at the same time this research method of the construction of core collection would provide an example for other tree species.
Combined Effects of Container Type and Radicle Pruning on Seedling Quality and Early Field Performance of Quercus variabilis Container Seedlings
Liu Jiajia, Li Guolei, Liu Yong, Shang Zhiguo
2017, 53(6):  47-55.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170606
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[Objective] Container type and radicle pruning have been individually proved to effectively regulate seedling quality. In current study, we examined whether the combination of these two approaches could yield a superior effects on seedling performance during nursery and field phases in order to provide reference for the container seedling cultivation. [Method] Quercus variabilis seeds with the radicle pruned (RP) or control (CK) were sown in two different container type (D40 and Slit). Root architecture, seedling growth, nutrient concentration and subsequent field performance of the seedlings were investigated. [Result] Container type and radicle pruning significantly interacted root architecture and nutrient concentration, the combination of D40-CK improved growth of roots with diameter < 2 mm, and increased total root surface area and volume while the combination of D40-RP increased K concentration, indicating the necessity of combining the two approaches. The main effects indicated that D40 treatment increased growth if roots with diameter for 2-5 mm and aboveground, but decreased R/S in the nursery. The D40 treatment promoted seedling height and RCD growth within the first year after outplanting. However, the promotion disappeared in the second year after outplanting. Radicle pruning treatment decreased growth of roots with diameter > 5 mm, seedling height, RCD and root dry mass of seedlings in the nursery. The pruning treatment still inhibited height and RCD growth of seedlings in the first year after outplanting. Radicle pruning treatment decreased survival but improved root growth and nutrient uptake in the second outplanting season. [Conclusion] Both the interactive and main effects of container type and radicle pruning on root architecture, seedling growth, nutrient status and early field performance indicated that it is necessary to combine the two approaches to improve seedling quality. The optimum combination of D40 container and non-radicle pruning (CK) was recommended for container seedling production of Q. variabilis with a dominant taproot.
Remote Sensing Analysis of Forest Site Quality in Daxing'an Mountain Based on GWR
Li Mingze, Guo Hongjun, Fan Wenyi, Zhen Zhen
2017, 53(6):  56-66.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170607
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[Objective] This paper was to establish a model of remote sensing information, and the forest site class index was successfully estimated. The spatial distribution of forest site quality was analyzed systematically and scientifically, which provides certain data support and theoretical basis for forest ecosystem management and afforestation.[Method] In this study, Daxing'an Mountain in Heilongjiang Province was taken as the research area, two types of response variables, including the remote sensing factors (modified soil vegetation index,MSVI;difference vegetation index,DVI) and the stand factors (average diameter at breast height,ADBH; forest canopy closure,FCC) were considered in the modeling processes. Both global and GWR (geographically weighted regression) modeling techniques were utilized to fit the models to evaluate and analyze the site quality of the study area and to explore the spatial distribution of forest site class index along with the changing topography. By comparing the two method, we finally chose the GWR model to map the site class index space distribution. The global Moran I index was used to characterize the spatial autocorrelation of the model residuals at different spatial scales (8 km to 80 km).[Result] The result showed that the spatial distribution of the site class index in Daxing'an Mountain region tended to be a clustered distribution, and a high site quality index appeared in the northeastern part of the study area while the southwestern portion with a low site quality index, also the maximum value was observed in the northern region. Both remote sensing factors and stand factors affect the distribution of forest site class index.The GWR model outperformed the global model in both model fitting and validation performances. The Radj2 of the globe model was 0.48, the AIC was 1 816 with a RMSE of 1.74, while the Radj2 of the GWR model was 0.53, the AIC was 1 784 and the RMSE was 1.29.[Conclusion] Global model and GWR model can effectively estimate forest site class index, the GWR model can solve the spatial autocorrelation of the model residuals, and generate more ideal prediction result, which is feasible to estimate the site class index.
Individual Diameter-Height Models for Mixed Quercus mongolica Broadleaved Natural Stands Based on Spatial Autocorrelation
Lou Minghua, Zhang Huiru, Lei Xiangdong, Li Chunming, Zang Hao
2017, 53(6):  67-76.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170608
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[Objective] Considering spatial autocorrelation among individuals, individual diameter-height models based on spatial autocorrelation were constructed. It may provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management of natural mixed forests. [Method] Three simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models, including spatial lag model (SLM), spatial error model (SEM) and spatial Durbin model (or called spatial mixed model) (SDM) within seven spatial weight matrices, including Delaunay triangulation (DT), inverse distance raised to one power (ID1), inverse distance raised to two powers (ID2), inverse distance raised to five powers (ID5), spherical variogram (SV), gaussian variogram (GV) and exponential variogram (EV), was used to construct individual diameter at breast height and height models of mixed Quercus mongolica broadleaved natural stands in Northeast China, and treating linearization base model (BM) as a benchmark model. Model parameters of BM were estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS), model parameters of three SAR models were estimated by maximum likelihood. Model coefficients β0 and β1 of four models were tested by T-test, the autoregressive parameters ρ, γ and λ were all tested by likelihood ratio test. Moran's I (MI) was selected to compared autocorrelation of four model residuals. Three statistics, i.e. coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC), were regarded as the appropriate criteria to identify the model fitting among BM, SLM, SDM and SEM. [Result] MI values of BM residuals were larger than 1, when applying SV into BM. Therefore, SV was the unreasonable spatial weight matrix and did not regard as a spatial weight matrix in the following result analysis. MI values of BM and SLM residuals were significantly larger than the expected value I0 of MI in the all spatial weight matrices (except SV). MI values of SLM residuals were smaller than those of BM using the same spatial weight matrix. The difference between MI values of SDM residuals and I0 was not significant in other four spatial weight matrices, except GV and ID1. Similarly, the difference between MI values of SEM residuals and I0 was not significant in other five spatial weight matrices, except ID1. Three criteria of three SAR models were all better than those of BM. Using the same spatial weight matrix, MI values of SDM were very similar to those of SEM, meanwhile, MI values of SDM and SEM were both larger than those of SLM. Different spatial weight matrices (except GV) in SDM and SEM were sorted from best to worst according three criteria and the ranking was: ID2 > DT > ID > ID5 > EV. Model coefficients β1 of three SAR were very similar to those of BM, regardless of which spatial weight matrix was used. Compared with β1, model coefficients β0 of SEM were similar to those of BM, while model coefficients β0 of SDM and SLM were different to those of BM, and were changed along with the different spatial weight matrix. Among all spatial weight matrices within three SAR models, the autoregressive parameters ρ, γ and λ using ID1 were larger higher than any other spatial weight matrix. GV only applied to SEM, rather than SDM, could make the autoregressive parameter λ significant not equal to zero. The autoregressive parameters ρ, γ and λ were all not equal to zero using five spatial weight matrices (except GV).[Conclusion] Among all spatial weight matrices applied in three SAR models, SV and ID1 are the unreasonable spatial weight matrices. SLM do not remove, but reduce the spatial autocorrelation of model residuals, and slightly improve the model fitting. Model fitting of SLM was worse than those of SDM and SEM. Selecting appropriate spatial weight matrices, SDM and SEM can remove the spatial dependence of model residuals and improve the model fitting. ID2 is the best one among these selected appropriate spatial weight matrices. The diameter-height models of Quercus mongolica, Populus-Betula (Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla) and Pinus koraiensis were constructed by species dummy variables SAR models based on ID2 and SEM.
Effects of Girdling on Soil Microbial Community Composition in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana Plantations
He Tongxin, Sun Jianfei, Li Yanpeng, Yu Youzhi, Hu Baoqing, Wang Qingkui
2017, 53(6):  77-84.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170609
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[Objective] This study was carried out to reveal the effect of girdling on forest soil microbial community composition.[Method] Six plots (6 m × 6 m) were established in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana stands respectively in June 2012, and each plot contained at least 5 trees. The mean heights of C. lanceolata and P. massoniana were 16.3 and 15.3 m respectively, and the mean diameters at breast height were 18.5 and 17.2 cm respectively. Three plots were randomly selected as girdling treatment, and trees were girdled by removing 10 cm of bark and phloem over the entire circumference of the stem at breast height, and the others as control treatment. Soil physicochemical properties were measured after one month of girdling, and microbial community composition was measured by phospholipid fatty acid after one month and one year of girdling respectively.[Result] The content of dissolved organic carbon was decreased by 18.3% (P< 0.01), and the content of NO3--N was increased by 182.1% (P< 0.01), and available phosphorus content and soil water content were increased by 66.9% and 10.6% respectively (P< 0.05) after one month of girdling in the C. lanceolata plantation. In the P. massoniana plantation, the contents of dissolved organic carbon, NO3--N and available phosphorus were increased by 11.3%, 72.7% and 235.5% respectively (P< 0.05), and soil water content was increased by 12.1% (P< 0.01) after one month of girdling. Girdling decreased soil microbial biomass and altered the microbial community composition in both plantations, while the effects of girdling on soil microbes were different between the two tree species at different sampling time. In the C. lanceolata plantation, the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria, fungi, the ratio of fungi to bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were significantly decreased by 10.3%, 10.9%, 20.0%, 10.1%, and 13.4% respectively (P< 0.05) after one month of girdling, and girdling decreased the contents of bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria by 20.3% and 22.1% respectively (P< 0.05) one year later. In the P. massoniana plantation, the contents of fungi and Gram-positive bacteria decreased by 21.9% and 14.5% respectively (P< 0.05) after one month of girdling, and the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria and actinomycetes were decreased by 17.8%, 15.9%, and 27.4% respectively (P< 0.05) after one year of girdling. Additionally, the ratio of cy17∶0 to 16∶1ω7c was significantly increased (P< 0.05) after one month of girdling in the C. lanceolata plantation, and that occurred after one year of girdling in the P. massoniana plantation (P< 0.05), indicating that the microbial growth was limited by the lack of available carbon. Correlation analysis result showed that the content of dissolve organic carbon was significantly positively correlated with the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria, fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria (P< 0.01); the contents of NO3--N and total nitrogen were significantly positively related to the contents of bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria (P< 0.05); soil available phosphorus content was significantly positively correlated with Gram-positive bacteria content (P< 0.05); the content of NH4+-N was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria (P< 0.01), and fungi (P< 0.05); soil pH was significantly positively correlated with the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria, fungi and Gram-positive bacteria (P< 0.01), and Gram-negative bacteria (P< 0.05); soil organic carbon content had significantly positive correlation with the contents of total PLFAs, bacteria, fungi and Gram-positive bacteria (P< 0.05); total phosphorus content had significantly positive correlation with the contents of total PLFAs, fungi and Gram-negative bacteria (P< 0.05), and bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria (P< 0.01); there was no relationship between soil water content and microbial biomass (P> 0.05).[Conclusion] Girdling altered the soil carbon and nutrient availability by altering plant photosynthate supplying and soil nutrient uptake, and thereby decreased soil microbial biomass and altered microbial community composition. The effect of girdling on fungi was more intense than that on bacteria, and the effects of girdling on microbial biomass and community composition were different in the two plantations.
Relationship between Metabolites Variation and Paulownia Witches' Broom
Cao Yabing, Zhai Xiaoqiao, Deng Minjie, Zhao Zhenli, Fan Guoqiang
2017, 53(6):  85-93.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170610
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[Objective] Paulownia witches' broom caused by phytoplasma can lead to severe damage to the survival and wood production of Paulownia trees, which can result in a significant economic loss. This study aims to explore the relationship between metabolites variation and Paulownia witches' broom using metabolomic analysis.[Method] High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) were used to analyze variation in the metabolite of healthy and phytoplasma-infected Paulownia tomentosa seedlings, differentially expressed m/z peaks were selected using principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriiminate analysis, then the differentially expressed m/z peaks detected by MS were mapped to KEGG metabolites database to find the changes of metabolite content and species in response to phytoplasma infection. [Result] The result showed that 1 612 metabolites were differentially expressed, among which 765 metabolites have a decreased concentration in phytoplasma-infected seedlings compared to healthy seedlings, and 847 metabolites are on the contrary. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 460 differentially expressed metabolites were mapped to 111 KEGG pathways. The most significantly represent category among the assigned pathways was "isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis", followed by "diterpenoid biosynthesis" and "flavonoid biosynthesis". Metabolites which are involved in plant hormones signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis were identified to be related to plant's response to phytoplasma infection. Among them, the concentrations of zeatin, zeatin riboside, gibberellin, dihydrozeatin riboside, pelargonidin, apigenin and cyanidin changed significantly in phytoplasma-infected seedlings compared with the healthy ones, suggesting that variations in concentrations of these metabolites might be related to PaWB. [Conclusion] Variation in metabolite concentrations among the healthy and phytoplasma-infected seedlings can help reveal the candidate metabolites and inherent pathways that are potentially involved in PaWB. This study will provide new insight into the role of metabolites in Paulownia and other trees in response to phytoplasma infection.
Responses of Transformant Drosophila Expressing LdCYP6AN15v1 Gene to Chlorantraniliprole Stress
Dang Yingqiao, Yin Jingjing, Chen Chuanjia, Sun Lili, Liu Peng, Cao Chuanwang
2017, 53(6):  94-104.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.201706011
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[Objective] Lymantria dispar is a major forest pest. Cytochrome P450 is ubiquitous key metabolic detoxification enzyme for xenobiotics in insects. This study on CYP6AN15v1 detoxifying pesticides aims to provide theoretical basis for L. dispar control. [Method] The full length cDNA of LdCYP6AN15v1 was cloned by RT-PCR technology. The transformant Drosophila vector expressing CYP6AN15v1 gene was constructed with the method of traditional restriction endonuclease digestion and ligation. Homozygous transformant Drosophila lines with LdCYP6AN15v1 were successfully constructed by using transformant technology. The effects of low dosage of chlorantraniliprole on cytochrome P450 activity and CYP6AN15v1 expression levels in transformant and untransformant Drosophila were examined using spectrophotometry and real-time RT-PCR technology, respectively. [Result] The full length cDNA of CYP6AN15v1 (namely LdCYP6AN15v1) was isolated from L. dispar transcriptome. The open reading frame (ORF) of LdCYP6AN15v1 was 1 539 bp encoding a protein of 512 amino acid residues with the molecular mass of 59.02 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis of CYP proteins showed CYP6AN15v1 of L. dispar clustered into a group with Spodoptera exigua and Helicoverpa armigera. The transformant Drosophila attP40>CYP6AN15v1 was detected 1 539 bp of target gene using DNA and cDNA as template showing successful expression of LdCYP6AN15v1 into transformant Drosophila. Compared to untransformant attP40 Drosophila, the susceptibility of attP40>CYP6AN15v1 Drosophila to chlorantraniliprole was significantly decreased by 2.92-fold of untransformant Drosophila for LC50. Under 7.17 mg·L-1 chlorantraniliprole stress, the cytochrome P450 activity and CYP6AN15v1 expression in L. dispar were dependent on time effects. The cytochrome P450 activity of attP40>CYP6AN15v1 Drosophila was from 1.09- to 1.93-fold of untransformant Drosophila while mRNA expression levels of CYP6AN15v1 in attP40>CYP6AN15v1 Drosophila were 44.54- to 137.80-fold of untransformant Drosophila showing induction effects. [Conclusion] The transformant Drosophila line attP40>CYP6AN15v1 was successfully constructed by using transgenic technology. The results suggest that the up-regulated expression of LdCYP6AN15v1 gene induced by chlorantraniliprole could enhance P450 activity in L. dispar larvae to detoxify the chlorantraniliprole.
Relationship between the Cytochrome P450 Gene of Pine Wood Nematode and the Accumulation of Pine Pinene
Wang Xuan, Li Yongxia, Liu Zhenyu, lü Quan, Jia Xiuzhen, Zhang Xingyao
2017, 53(6):  105-110.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170612
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By comparing the expression pattern of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes of Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)and the accumulation of pine terpene, the relationship between the CYP450 genes of PWN and the metabolism of pine pinene was analyzed to provide fundamental information for PWN pathogenic mechanisms study. [Method] Five-years Pinus massoniana were inoculated with PWN. Real-time Quantitative PCR was conducted to detect expression patterns of apin gene of pine trees and CYP450 family genes of PWN. Terpene metabolism in infected P. massoniana was detected by Gas Chromatography. [Result] The expression of pinene synthase genes were dramatically induced at 6 dpi (days post inoculation) and 21 dpi. Both α-pinene and β-pinene were accumulated with two peaks at 9dpi and 27dpi, respectively. Correspondingly, the expression of PWN CYP-33C9 dramatically increased at 12dpi and 15dpi, and the expression of CYP-33C4 were highest at 21dpi. [Conclusion] The pine tree pinene synthase gene was highly induced by PWN inoculation which resulted in sharp accumulation of the α-pinene and β-pinene. In responding to the accumulation of pine terpene, the expression of PWN CYP450 genes dramatically increased. Therefore, according to the temporal correlation between the pinene metabolism and the PWN CYP450 genes expression we inferred that the PWN CYP450 genes might participate in the terpene metabolism and might be one of the pathogenic genes in the PWN pathogenic process.
The States of Water in Wood during Drying Process Studied by Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LFNMR)
Ma Erni, Wang Wang, Li Xiang, Yang Tiantian
2017, 53(6):  111-117.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170613
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[Objective] In this work, low field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance was applied to study the transverse relaxation characteristics of water in wood during drying, aiming at clarifying water changing mechanism on wood seasoning, and providing theoretical basis and data support for wood drying and water treatment.[Method] Southern pine(Pinus spp. )wood with dimension of 20 mm(L)×5 mm(R)×5 mm(T)was used, and the samples were dried from water saturated state to moisture content(MC)around 5% by two steps. MC and transverse relaxation time(T2)were measured at certain time intervals, and water state and movement were analyzed to discuss the boundary between free water and adsorbed water and its relation with the fiber saturation point(FSP).[Result] 1) There were two relaxation peaks and a shoulder in the saturated samples with their T2 being 67.65 ms, 1.24 ms and 11-13 ms, corresponding to the free water in cell lumen, adsorbed water in cell wall and capillary water in the microcapillary system,respectively. 2) At initial stage of drying, free water decreased linearly and evaporated over with a total MC of wood reaching 20%, while adsorbed water kept almost constant until a total MC of 40% was achieved, below which water desorption started. 3) With a reduction in total MC of wood during drying, the T2 of free water decreased, while that for multilayer and monolayer adsorbed water showed slight and notable decrease respectively around 6% MC.[Conclusion] 1) There were three water states in wood, namely free water, adsorbed water and capillary water. 2) Free water could be found even when mean MC was below the FSP defined traditionally(about 30%)due to uneven distributions of water in wood during drying, and a specific MC range(40% to 20% in the present work)existed where loss of adsorbed water at surface layer and free water in center layer of wood took place simultaneously. 3) As drying proceeded, the positions of relaxation peak for free water and adsorbed water shifted left continuously, indicating the average T2 for both waters shortened gradually, or in other words, the bonds between wood and water became increasingly stronger, and the wood drying became much more difficult accordingly.
The Evolutionary Character and the Coupling Relationship of the Gravity Center of Ecological Services Value and Socio-Economic Factors in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
Zhu Zhenya, Chen Lihua, Jiang Dewen, Yu Xinxiao
2017, 53(6):  118-126.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170614
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[Objective] The aim that analysis of dynamic evolution and coupling relationship between the gravity center of ecological services value and socio-economic factors in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, is to explore socio-economic driving factors of the regional ecological service value, so as to provide a certain basis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei collaborative development in the key areas of ecological environmental protection.[Method] Using the concept of the gravity center and correlation formula, applying various counties in land use, urban and rural population, the three major industries data of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region to calculate the gravity center of ecological services value, urban and rural population, the three major industries added value and their shift direction and offset distance from 1990 to 2010.Constructing the overlap of the gravity center and change consistency formula to study their dynamic evolution and coupling relationship between the gravity center of ecological services value and socio-economic factors in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.[Result] 1) The shift direction of the gravity center of regulating services, supporting services and providing services value was similar from 1990 to 2010, the shift direction of the gravity center of cultural service value was different. The shift direction of the gravity center of rural population and primary industry added value was similar, while the shift direction of the gravity center of urban population, secondary industry added value, and tertiary industry added value had their own characteristics. 2) The offset distance of the gravity center of regulating services, the total value of ecological services and the three industrial added value was far for more than 20 years, while the offset distance of the gravity center of supporting services, providing services and cultural services value was close relatively. 3) The coupling of the gravity center between total ecological services value and urban population,tertiary industry added value, secondary industry was higher than it with the rural population and primary industry added value.4) Change consistency of the gravity center of the total value of ecological services, secondary industry added value, tertiary industry added value and urban population had changed since 2000.[Conclusion] The complexity of the gravity center shift was caused by regional unbalanced development, the asynchronous of the gravity center shift of socio-economic factors resulted from the asynchronous process of industrialization, the dislocation of urbanization and industrialization leaded to the dislocation of ecological services value; affected by the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the gravity center of ecological services value and socio-economic factors will be further offset in the future.
Changes in 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Leaf-Litter during The Decomposition in Four Subtropical Forest Types in Southern China
Zhao Peiping, Jiang Peikun, Meng Cifu, He Shanqiong
2017, 53(6):  127-134.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170615
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[Objective] The leaf-litter, as a main part of the litter in a forest ecosystem, is a main source of soil organic matter and plays a key role in the carbon cycle of the forest system. The purpose of this study is to reveal the action mechanism of carbon fractions with different structures during the decomposition process of leaf-litter.[Method] This study selected the leaf-litter under Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantation, Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) natural secondary forest, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation and Cyclobalanopsis glauca natural secondary forest in the Linglong mountain, Lin'an county, Zhejiang province as study materials, and determined the contents of total C and N,and different forms of carbon compounds in the leaf litter of different stands by using chemical analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy technology.[Result] Mass loss rates of the leaf-litter of 4 forest stands decreased in the order: Cyclobalanopsis glauca natural secondary forest (53.80%) > Pinus massoniana plantation (52.69%) >Cunninghamia lanceolata natural secondary forest (48.31%) > Phyllostachys edulis plantation (41.17%) 12 months after decomposition of leaf-litter. During decomposition process of the leaf-litter, N contents in the leaf-litter increased gradually, while the contents of C and ratios of C/N decreased gradually; the relative contents of alkoxy carbon reduced by 9.34%-15.48% (P<0.05), while the relative contents of aromatic carbon and carbonyl C increased by 25.14%-37.37% and 0.75-2.08 times (P<0.05), respectively. Both C contents and ratios of C/N in leaf-litter correlated positive and significant with the leaf-litter mass remaining rates (r=0.901 0-0.984 0, P<0.01), while the N contents in leaf litter correlated positive and significant with the leaf-litter mass remaining rates (r=-0.921 1- -0.983 1, P<0.01); The contents of O-alky1 C in the leaf-litter correlated positive and significant with the leaf-litter mass remaining rates (r=0.808 2-0.962 2,P<0.01), while the contents of aromatic C and carbony1 C in the leaf-litter both correlated negative and significant with the leaf-litter mass remaining rates (r=-0.779 9--0.936 6,P<0.01); the contents of alkyl C in the leaf litter did not correlate with leaf-litter mass remaining rates except leaf-litter of Pinus massoniana natural secondary forest.[Conclusion] In the leaf litter under 4 forest stands, leaf-litter from Phyllostachys edulis plantation were more easier to degrade than other three stands. In the total organic carbon, the components of alkoxy C, aromatic C, and carbonyl C play a decisive role in the degradation of leaf-litter.13C NMR spectroscopy technique was found to be more accurate in understanding the decomposition mechanism of leaf-litter than conventional matrix indicators during monitoring the changes of different carbon components in the leaf-litter decomposition process.
Quantitative Characteristics of Buttresses Trees and Their Buttresses of Tropical Mountain Rainforest in Diaoluoshan National Forest Park
Ma Zhibo, Huang Qinglin, Zhuang Chongyang, Huang Jincheng, Wang Hong
2017, 53(6):  135-140.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170616
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[Objective] Buttress is a type of lateral root and a typical feature of tropical rain forests, with its own ecological significance. There were only some descriptive analysis on buttress in studies on ecological characteristics of rain forest in China. In this paper, characteristics of buttresses of Diaoluoshan mountain rain forests in Hainan Island were studied, and the objective is to understand the ecology of the buttress trees and the buttresses. [Method] Buttress tree was analyzed with the data from field investigation. Buttress tree density, and buttress density and size were tested for normality with Kolmogorov-Smirnov method or distribution patterns of those measurements that were fitted. The diffusion coefficients (C) was calculated to decide buttress trees' distribution pattern. [Result] There were 52 in total buttress tree species belonging to 33 genera of 25 families. There were 18 species could be found only in primary forests (PFs), and 23 in degraded primary forests (DPFs). And there were 11 species could be found both in PFs and DPFs. Buttress trees were distributed in clumped patterns both in PFs and DPFs. Density of buttress trees were in a range from 0.0 to 133.3 stem·hm-2. Average density of buttress trees of the two stands was 38.9 stem·hm-2; average density in PFs was 48.9 stem·hm-2 and DPFs was 34.1 stem·hm-2. As to the buttress, density was in a range from 0.0 to 666.7 root·hm-2, and the total average was 160.0 root·hm-2, average in PFs was 197.9 root·hm-2, average in DPFs was 142.2 root·hm-2. Height of buttresses were in a range of 0.30 to 5.00 m, and the average was 1.19 m. There was a positive relationship between buttresses' length and height which could be fitted in simple linear regression equation. Distribution of density of buttress trees and buttresses, and height of buttresses could be described well by negative exponential function. Counts of buttresses in each buttress tree satisfied Poisson distribution and average buttresses were 4.1 in each buttress tree. [Conclusion] There were abundant buttress tree species in mountain rain forest of Diaoluoshan National Forest Park. The analysis of quantitative indicators of buttress tree species and their buttress provides a basis for study of their ecological characteristics in future. And it also has some practical value for the investigation and evaluation of that special tourism resources.
Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis of Male Sterile Flower Buds in Catalpa bungei
Mao Weibing, Chen Faju, Wang Changlan, Liang Hongwei
2017, 53(6):  141-150.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170617
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[Objective] In order to reveal molecular mechanism of Catalpa bungei male sterility from the gene expression levels, we analyze the regulation of gene expression patterns for C. bungei male sterility by studying its natural mutation male sterile flower buds, in order to understand male sterility of C. bungei and other woody plants. [Method] The transcriptome sequencing was carried out on male sterile and fertile flower buds. We use the method of comparative analysis to deal with the sterile and fertile bud transcript through bioinformatics, and predict and filter genes about C. bungei male sterility. [Result] Transcriptome sequencing produced a total of 27.18 Gb data. Finally, we obtained 86 076 Unigenes after assembling and removing redundant. Then we make use of the seven function databases (NR, NT, GO, COG, KEGG, Swissprot and Interpro) annotating all the Unigenes, a total of 64 600 (75.05%) Unigenes were eventually annotated by any one of the seven databases. Based on the analysis of expression levels of the Unigenes of the experimental group (male sterile flower buds, SL) and control group (male fertile flower buds, FL). Differently expressed genes with different expression levels and high reliability were screened out. In the noise distribution (expression levels differed over 2 times, reliability over 0.8), 6 915 up-regulated genes and 3 504 down-regulated genes were selected from the experimental group. Poisson distribution (expression levels differed over 2 times, incidence of errors under 0.001), in three biological repeats SL-1 vs FL-1, SL-2 vs FL-2, SL-3 vs FL-3 obtained up-regulated genes respectively of 13 979, 13 513 and 13 055 and down-regulated genes respectively of 12 170, 13 807 and 10 411. The GO functional analysis for differently expressed gene showed that the reproduction process, reproduction development process, reproduction system development, reproductive structure development in biological processes were significantly enriched. In molecular function the auxin efflux transmembrane transporter protein activity was significantly enriched. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that differently expressed genes were mapped to 127 different biological pathways. Those significantly enriched pathways mainly contain metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, spliceosome, RNA transport and metabolism of glycerophospholipid and starch and sucrose. By comparing differently expressed genes with these genes that are related to male sterility that have been reported, 246 highly homology Unigenes were distinguished. The COG function classification were more focused on RNA processing and modification, cell cycle control, cell division and chromosome partitions, transcription, etc. The differently expressed genes which were highly homology with the male sterility genes were mapped to the pyruvate metabolism, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. [Conclusion] The formation of the male sterility for C. bungei is involved in multiple processes of reproductive development, pyruvate metabolism pathway, the auxin efflux transmembrane transporter protein activity and brassinosteroid-mediated signal transduction path. Based on the analyses and relevant cytological observations that have been completed, we assume that the male sterility of C. bungei is possibly due to abnormal pyruvate metabolism process, leading to abnormal brassinosteroid synthesis and tapetum dysplasia which further affect the meiosis of microspores. These eventually resulted in the formation of sterile pollen.
Effects of Different Barking Treatments on Secondary Metabolites of Eucommia ulmoides and Its Ability of Repairing Injury
Cao Ruizhi, Zhang Xinyu, Yang Dawei, Xia Guangdong, Dong Juan
2017, 53(6):  151-158.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170618
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[Objective] In this study, effects of different barking treatments on secondary metabolites of Eucommia ulmoides and its ability of repairing injury were investigated to provide a reference for rational utilization the trees. [Method] The content of the soluble sugar, malonaldehyde (MDA), free proline (Fpro), chlorogenic acid, total flavone, geniposidic acid and the activity of phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL) in leaves of E. ulmoides were tested over 116 days after treatments with 50%, 75% and 100% barking. [Result] Under different barking treatments, the content of soluble sugar in E. ulmoides leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing to a stable level; except for 21 days and 36 days, 50% barking and 75% barking did not significantly change the soluble sugar content in leaves(P>0.05); after 36 days, 100% barking obviously led to an increase in soluble sugar content, by 1.3-fold of the control. Different barking treatments remarkably led to an increase in Fpro content, among them, 100% barking was obviously higher than that in the control before 86 days, had no significant difference with control after 86 days (P<0.05). As the barking degree increased, the MDA content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing in E. ulmoides leaves, the MDA content reached maximum value in 21 days after barking treatments. The results showed that different barking treatments all significantly increased the PAL activity in leaves, the maximum activity of PAL was reached in 21 days, and by then the 50%, 75% and 100% barking treatments increased the PAL activity by 2-fold, 2.1-fold and 2.6-fold of the control, respectively. The PAL activity showed a trend of decline with different treatment after 21 days. With different barking treatments, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves had two peaks in 21 days and 56 days, and 75% barking treatment was obviously higher than other barking treatments and control (P<0.05), while the content of chlorogenic acid declined significantly after 56 days. The content of total flavone in leaves significantly increased under the different treatments(P<0.05), the content of total flavone reached maximum value in 21 days after barking treatments, and by then the 50%, 75% and 100% barking treatments increased the value of total flavone by 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold and 1.9-fold of the control. After 41 days, the content of total flavone had no significant difference with control(P>0.05). The content of geniposidic acid in leaves had the similar dynamics with chlorogenic acid, two peaks occurred in 21 days and 56 days. In 56 days, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves was much higher than 21 days, and 75% barking treatment obviously led to an increase in content of geniposidic acid. However the content of geniposidic acid had no significant difference with control after 116 days(P>0.05).[Conclusion] It appears that barking treatments do harm to E. ulmoides to some degree, but the harm could be repaired after its comprehensive regulations. The 75% barking treatments in E. ulmoides is an optimal choice and secondary metabolites in the leaves of E. ulmoides could reach maximum values.
EAG and Behavioral Responses of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Twelve Plant Volatiles
Xing Ya, Chi Defu, Yu Jia, Yan Junxin, Ran Yali
2017, 53(6):  159-167.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170619
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[Objective] To select volatile substances which could significantly repel or lure Cryptorrhynchus lapathi by screening 12 plant volatiles, and provide theoretical basis for production of repellents or attractants to effectively control this pest.[Method] EAG technique was used to exam antennal electrophysiology reactions of C. lapathi to 12 plant volatiles. Substances showed significant difference comparing with control were selected, and the effective concentrations were determined. Y type olfactometer and wind tunnel bioassays were carried out based on the results of EAG experiment.[Result] Six plant volatiles, furfural, benzoic acid, eugenol, nerol, β-cltronellol, and cedar oil, could arouse both male and female adult showing significantly higher EAG reaction (P< 0.05), and the effective concentration was 1 mol·L-1. In Y type olfactometer behavioral response test, furfural (a host plant volatile) showed significantly higher luring effect on female adults of C. lapathi (P< 0.01), and the luring rate was 71.59%. Nerol (a non-host plant volatile) showed significantly higher repelling effect on female adults of C. lapathi (P < 0.01), and the repelling rate was up to 81.5%. In the wind tunnel bioassay, benzoic acid (a host plant volatile) showed significantly higher repelling effect on female C. lapathi, the repelling rate reached 74.68%, and male C. lapathi was significantly repelled by cedar oil (a non-host plant volatile) (P < 0.01), the repelling rate was 78.75%.[Conclusion] Non-host plant volatiles showed slightly higher impact on the behavior of adult C. lapathi than host plant volatiles, and females of C. lapathi were more sensitive to those plant volatiles than males in our tests. Both Y type olfactometer and the wind tunnel bioassays produced ideal results.
Improvement of Trap Color for Anoplophora glabripennis and Determination of the Optimus Sustained-Release Amount of Attractants
Zhou Yantao, Li Shuo, Meng Zhaojun, Wang Jiabing, Liu Yingsheng, Zhang Aijun, Yan Shanchun
2017, 53(6):  168-174.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170620
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[Objective] This study aims to test trap efficiency of an improved brown color trap for baiting Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle, ALB), this experiment was conducted in the field with sustained-releasing 1-pentanol or 2-pentanol, combined with male pheromone, to develop an efficiency tool for monitoring and control ALB. [Method] Thirty-two traps (four attractants × four releases × two color traps) were hung with nylon ropes on branches of Salix matsudana in each sample plot, and there were ninety-six traps in three sample plots. The traps were checked and recorded for the numbers of males and females captured every day. [Result] Trap color had a significant effect on efficiency of capturing beetles. Compared with no-modified color traps (with which the average number of captured beetles was 1.063), the average number of brown modified traps captured beetles was significantly higher (t=4.854,P=0.047) with 1.521 individuals and the female ratio of 0.58. When 1-pentanol or 2-pentanol was 135 mg·d-1 at sustained-release rate, with brown traps, the highest number of ALB captured was eight and female ratio was 0.50 and 0.63, respectively. Addition of the male pheromone significantly enhanced the trap efficiency of ALB, and the female ratio was 0.55 and 0.67, respectively. [Conclusion] The brown trap with 1-pentanol, or 2-pentanol at release rate of 135 mg·d-1, combined with male pheromone was a useful tool for monitoring and controlling ALB in the field.
Bionomics of Soritia leptalina(Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)in Quercus aquifolioides Tree
Tang Xiaoqin, Zang Jiancheng, Lu Jie
2017, 53(6):  175-180.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170621
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[Objective] Quercus aquifolioides was seriously damaged by Soritia leptalina (Kollar)(Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)from 2011 to 2013 in Linzhi, Tibet. The pest is a caterpillar, however only the adust morphology and distribution have been recorded. The pest biology and the detail morphological feature were investigated for effective control of the insect.[Method] A field investigation and indoor feeding experiment were conducted from March 2011 to March 2012. Three experimental plots were selected in forests and five trees were chosen in each plot. Ten branches with the insects were selected randomly from the east, west, south, and north of each tree. The branches were covered with gauze, and then, the pest status was observed once a week and the habits and morphology changes were recorded. The larvae of S. leptalina from experimental plots were taken to the lab for feeding experiment in mid-March 2011. The larvae were fed with fresh leaves on Q. aquifolioides branches that were placed once a week. The larval molting, body length and body width, feeding, cocooning, emergence, mating, oviposition, hatching and overwintering were recorded each day.[Result] The result showed that the adult moths with sexual dimorphism: Male moths with head, chest and abdomen black, sometimes with blue flash on the abdomen, neck piece vermilion; female moths with head and neck piece vermilion, chest yellow, abdomen black and yellow and having slightly blue metallic tint. The pupae were in silk cocoon with dumplings shape and the cocoon was white to soil yellow. The larvae were slug-like in shape with three pairs of thoracic legs and five pairs of abdominal legs. The abdominal leg crochet had two transverse bands. The eggs were long oval, bright yellow and semitransparent at first and gradually changed to light grey within one or two days before hatching. It developed one generation per year in Linzhi region. It overwintered as 3rd or 4th instar larvae stage from late October to early March of next year in litter. The mature larvae made cocoons and pupate from late June to early July. Its adult emergence began in early August with emergence peak in mid-August. Subsequently, mating and egg-laying, hatching in six or seven days after emergence. The adults were active and mating at day-time. It was found that egg-laying usually occurred between 14∶00 and 17∶00 after the 1st or 2nd day of mating. The adults did not showed clear phototaxis.[Conclusion] In Linzhi region, Tibet, S. leptalina severely damaged Q. aquifolioides and its population should be investigated in March. The control techniques adoption should be carried out in its larval stage in advance.