【Objective】 The effects of surface artificial cover on water holding capacity of desertified soils in Ningxia was studied in order to provide technology support to ecological construction and agricultural production for local desertified lands, and to promote recycling of local forest residues.【Method】 Wood chips produced from poplar trees and branches of willow trees were used respectively as additions to the surface soil and mulch. Experiments were set up in soils with and without irrigation in the center of Yinchuan Desert in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia with four treatments each with five replications: addition of wood chips into the surface soil (CA), cover with mulch (CM), addition of wood chips plus cover with branches (CA+BM), and control (CK). Effects of the four treatments on soil water storage, soil temperature, soil bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity, non capillary porosity, saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity and non capillary water holding capacity were tested. 【Result】Soil water storage showed a tendency as CA+BM> CA> CM> CK under irrigated condition, and their mean values were 19.14, 18.27, 14.65,and 10.20 mm respectively. However, the tendency was CA+BM> CM> CA> CK under unirrigated condition, and their mean values were 10.95, 10.05, 7.75,and 6.92 mm respectively. Both daily mean temperature and daily maximal temperature showed in order of CA+BM< CM< CA and CK under irrigated condition, and found there was no regular change between CA and CK, the mean values obtained from daily mean temperature of CA+BM, CM, CA and CK were 24.16, 25.37, 26.66,and 26.27 ℃ respectively, from daily maximal temperature were 26.72, 27.73, 31.77,and 31.88 ℃ respectively; however, both temperatures showed in order of CA+BM< CM< CA< CK under unirrigated condition, and the mean values from daily mean temperature were 24.50, 25.67, 26.76,and 27.20 ℃ respectively, from daily maximal temperature were 27.23, 27.92, 31.09,and 32.74 ℃ respectively. Soil density presented as CA+BM and CA< CM and CK under both irrigated and unirrigated conditions, and there was no significant difference not only between CA+BM and CA, but also between CM and CK (P> 0.05). The tendency of total porosity, capillary porosity and no capillary porosity presented as CA+BM> CA> CM> CK under both irrigated and unirrigated conditions. While saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity and non capillary water holding capacity showed CA+BM> CA> CM and CK under irrigated condition, and found there were no significant difference between CM and CK (P> 0.05). However, they changed as CA+BM and CA> CM and CK under unirrigated condition, and there were no significant difference not only between CA+BM and CA, but also between CM and CK (P> 0.05). 【Conclusion】All strategies of branch addition, mulch and addition plus mulch can increase water holding capacity of desertified soils. Correlation analysis indicated that cover with wood chips or branches on soil surface for water conservation was by lowering soil temperature and preventing evaporation, addition of wood chips to soils to conserve soil water was by improving physical properties of soil water. Addition of wood chips addition plus cover with branches to conserve soil water by both lowering soil temperature and improving soil physical properties. So, all strategies in this study can be chosen and applied in ecological construction and agricultural production of desertified soil according to local practical condition.

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to find the most reasonable improvement measures for iron tailings to improve its suitability for growing Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, in order to provide a theoretical basis for soil improvement and vegetation restoration for iron tailing. 【Method】 Application of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer (pig manure) and addition of soil were taken as measures for improving substrate of the iron tailing, pot experiment with treatments of application of different proportions of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and addition of soil to the iron tailings was established to study the influences of different improvement methods on physicochemical properties of the iron tailings and the growth of seedlings of P. tabulaeformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica. 【Result】 With increase of the proportion of inorganic fertilizer, the soil density, field water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity, saturation water-holding capacity and total porosity were not significantly different from those of 100% tailing used as the control.With increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer, the field water-holding capacity,capillary water-holding capacity, saturation water-holding capacity and total porosity showed a trend of obvious increase, soil density showed a trend of decrease, but significant difference (P< 0.05) was found between the treatment of application of 10% proportion of pig manure and the treatment of 100% tailing. With the increase of soil proportion, the soil density was decreased gradually, while the field water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity and saturation water-holding capacity increased gradually. All the parameters (except the field water-holding capacity) reached the significant level (P< 0.05) of difference between the treatments and the 100% tailing when the proportion of soil addition reached 75%. All of the electrical conductivity, soil cation exchange capacity and the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium increased significantly with the increase of the proportion of application of fertilizers and soil. The application of 10% pig manure had the largest content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, 6.38 and 3.33 times respectively of those of the 100% tailing, and the contents of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 5.78, 12.5, and 4.32 times respectively of those of the 100% tailing.The content of total phosphorus decreased as the increase of the proportion of soil addition, and the total potassium content in the treatment of soil addition was significantly higher than that in the tailing.The content of available nutrients became obviously improved when the proportion of soil addition reached 25%, reaching the maximum values (78.41, 44.43, and 58.67 mg·kg^-1).There was no significant difference in the contents of available nutrients between the treatment of application of 5% proportion of organic fertilizer together with inorganic fertilizers of 1.76 g NH₄NO₃and 0.88 g KH₂PO₄and the treatment of application of 5% proportion of pig manure. Similarly, the contents of available nutrients of the treatment of 25% proportion of soil addition together with application of inorganic fertilizers of 1.76 g NH₄NO₃and 0.88 g KH₂PO₄were not significantly different from the treatment of only 25% proportion of soil addition. The growth of P. tabulaeformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica was promoted by the addition of soil and application of inorganic fertilizers, however application of organic fertilizer could inhibit the growth. Under the same condition, the growth and the survival rate of P. tabulaeformis were better than that of P. sylvestris var. mongolica 【Conclusion】 In summary, application of organic fertilizer can significantly improve the physical properties, contents of total nutrients and available nutrients of the iron tailings, and addition of soil had significant influence on contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium, but application of organic and inorganic fertilizers together, and addition of soil and applications of inorganic fertilizer together did not significantly improve the content of available nutrients. There were different effects of different treatments on the growth of P. tabulaeformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica, addition of soil and application of inorganic fertilizers could promote the growth, but application of organic fertilizers could inhibit the growth; under the same condition, P. tabulaeformis was better than P. sylvestris var. mongolica in growth, more suitable for restoration of wasteland of iron tailings.

【Objective】A comprehensive evaluation on environmental suitability for camping tourism in nature reserve was conducted to fully and accurately understand the potential of resources for developing camping tourism, in order to provide scientific basis for decision making on deployment, construction scale and resource protection of ecotourism projects in nature reserve. 【Method】An evaluation index system was constructed with resource conditions for camping tourism, traffic conditions and social environment conditions of Langxiang Provincal Nature Reserve as project analytic hierarchies. The weights for index components were determined based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Delphi method. The index components were scored based on corresponding national standards (GB) and industry standards. A comprehensive mathematical model was constructed for environmental suitability of camping tourism. Criteria for grading environmental suitability of camping tourism in nature reserve was developed and used to evaluate the environmental suitability of camping tourism in Langxiang Provincial Nature Reserve.【Result】In the project hierarchies, the camping tourism resource conditions (B1) obtained the highest weight value of 0.456 7, while the social environment conditions (B3) had the lowest weight value of 0.223 7; Through the comprehensive evaluation, the total score of environmental suitability of camping tourism in Langxiang Provincial Nature Reserve was 76.722 4, falling into grade IV. This result indicated that the suitability of camping tourism in this Nature Reserve was at a high level. Among the evaluation factors, camping tourism resource conditions (B1) and traffic conditions (B2) were given high scores, 36.613 7 and 26.910 4 respectively. Social environment conditions (B3) was given a lower score (13.198 3). The camping tourism resource conditions (B1) was the best in both weight and score, followed by the traffic conditions (B2), and the social environment conditions (B3) was the worst one. 【Conclusion】The results indicated that the camping tourism project in Langxiang Provincial Nature Reserve possesses great potential for development, due to the advantages such as abundant natural and tourism resources, convenient traffic condition as well as superior water environment. Meanwhile, there were also disadvantages such as economic backwardness, lack of efficient supervision system and deficiency of management budget. The development of camping tourism project in natural reserve should follow the principle of "acting according to ability and appropriate exploitation", and take stronger measures to attract investments to provide financial security for maintaining the sustainable development of nature reserves. The qualitative and quantitative assessment of ecotourism environment conditions in nature reserves can be realized through mathematical model construction and analytic hierarchy process. This pre-evaluation method of ecotourism environment conditions is workable and worth of wider applications.

Ficus superba var. japonica is one type of deciduous and monoecious trees, however its reproductive behavior is very little known. In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology of F. superba var. japonica in Fuzhou and the results are shown in the following. (1) F. superba var. japonica plants bear multiple batches of fruits (0-5 crops) annually, among which the 1 or 2 batches per year is the most case. The fig developmental patterns exhibited synchronous intra-tree, asynchronous or synchronous inter-tree. There was no overlap of different developmental stages in trees. The fig developmental period was obviously affected by seasons. In the autumn and winter (from November to the next February) when the sunshine period is short and the temperature is lower related to the rest of year, the fig developmental cycle usually lasted for 2 to 5 months; while in the spring and summer (from March to October), the plant grows faster, and the fig developmental cycle was completed in only 1 to 2 months. 2) F. superba var. japonica plants renewed their leaves 1 to 2 times each year. Both defoliation and leaf-renewing peaked in early spring and late summer. The new leaves always started to emerge within 1 or 2 weeks after defoliation. It seems that the fig development and the growth of new leaves would be associated with defoliation of old leaves. The carbohydrates for fig production are provided by leaves through the process of photosynthesis. 3) The foundress of F. superba var. japonica during the female flowering phase was usually occupied by only 1-3 wasps. Therefore, the large quantity of small-sized figs had chances to host sufficient pollinating wasps to ensure their development. This circumstance can also avoid the adverse consequences such as the wasp death and the low spawning efficiency caused by too many pollinators in the limited fig space. It was found that the pollinators that enter syconia all had to some degrees disability. 4) In the female phase, the flower stalk (including gynophore) was shorter while its style (including stigma) was longer, and vice versa. Therefore, the female flowers' stigma stayed in the same plane which conduced to fig wasps' pollination and spawning. The ovaries of female flowers were dispersedly distributed, forming two layers to maximally took the limited space of figs. The mean length of the pollinators' ovipositors was significantly longer than that of the style of female flowers (P< 0.001), indicating that the pollinators' ovipositors could reach almost all of the ovaries. In summary, our data provide the basic and useful information regarding the pollination biology of F. superba.var. japonica and for supporting city afforestation and conservation in tropical rain forests.

【Objective】 With obvious inter-specific variation, Liriodendron trees are ideal woody plants for studying gene regulation on flower color. Chalcone synthase genes (CHS) play key roles in the pathway of flavonoid metabolism, and are closely related with plant flower. CHS genes are also ideal for phylogeny study within family due to its large differences between species. Therefore, CHS genes can be used to study the underlying causes for the differences in flower color. In the study, CHS genes were cloned from L. tulipifera, and its bioinformatics and tissue expression were analyzed to provide understanding of the mechanisms of formation and regulation of flower color in Liriodendron. 【Method】 CHS genes (LtCHS) from the flower buds of L. tulipifera were cloned using RACE (rapid amplification cDNA ends) method, and their corresponding genome DNA (gDNA) were also amplified. Based on bioinformatics analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of LtCHS genes among different species and different tissues.【Result】The full-length cDNA of LtCHS 1 and LtCHS 2 genes are 875 bp and 1 457 bp, with the open reading frame(ORF)of 702 bp and 1 185 bp respectively. LtCHS 1 gene contains only one exon and encodes 233 amino acids. Its encoding protein has a molecular weight of 71.88 kDa, with theoretical isoelectric point of 5.09. While LtCHS 2 gene consists of two exons and one intron, encoding 394 amino acids. The protein has a molecular weight of 120.0 kDa, with theoretical isoelectric point of 4.97. Analysis of tissue expression of the two genes showed that LtCHS genes had differences not only among tissues of the same species, but also among species. The LtCHS 1 gene was expressed only in L. tulipifera and LtCHS 2 gene was expressed only in L. chinense, while in L. chinense × tulipifera, both genes were expressed.【Conclusion】 The two LtCHS genes obtained in this paper belong to the same family but perform different functions. The expression differences of the LtCHS genes may be associated with color formation of Liriodendron. Considering the characteristics of flower color between species, LtCHS 1 and LtCHS 2 genes may regulate the synthesis of different types of anthocyanins.

【Objective】 Forest is the major terrestrial carbon pool. Accurate assessment of forest carbon storage and its spatial distribution is the key to investigating the terrestrial carbon cycle. 【Method】Based on the PSPs data from continuous forest resource inventory and Landsat5 TM in 2010, the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method was used to estimate, at the pixel level, the aboveground carbon storage in Daxing'an Mountains of Heilongjiang Province. The field PSP data and its corresponding satellite image information were reassigned using a multi-criteria approach in east, south, northand middle regions. The accuracy estimation of different forests before and after the reassignment was also evaluated according to the data of PSPs. In view of the phenomenon that the pixel level KNN estimation having the large values underestimated and small values overestimated, the histogram matching method was used to adjust the variation range of the estimation results. Then, further correction treatment was applied to each region according to the regression equations of field data and the estimation data from the histogram matching until the spatial distribution map of forest carbon storage was drawn.【Result】Overall, Euclidean distance was better than Mahalanobis in our study area at the pixel level of KNN estimation. The root mean square error decreased with the increase of the nearest neighbor k, whereas, the tendency was slow down and gradually stabilized when k is greater than 6. The estimate accuracy was improved significantly at the pixel level in each forest type when the coordinate errors was corrected, and the average root mean square error was reduced from 17.23 to 14.3 t·hm^-2.After histogram matching, the phenomenon of underestimation for high value and overestimation for low value was greatly improved in each region, and the correlation between filed data and estimation data was enhanced obviously. However, high value area (carbon storage value was larger than 20 t·hm^-2) was overestimated evidently. The mean value, standard deviation, histogram and cumulative frequency distribution graph of the final corrected values through the further correction treatment were more close to those of the field values, and the overestimation in high value area was also well corrected. 【Conclusion】 The integration of forest inventory plot data, satellite image data with the KNN method has gradually become a popular approach for spatial continuous estimation of forest vegetation parameters over large regions. Compared with the regression model established by the spectral value and forest parameters, KNN method is more focuses on the nonlinear dependence between forest parameters and spectral values. However, the KNN estimation method is not only influenced by the distance metric standard, the nearest neighbor k and the image band selection, but it also has the problems such as the location errors of field plots with respect to the satellite image, the tendency to having a suppressed variation range at the pixel level, which make this method subjected to a certain application restrictions. This study indicated that if these impact factors were reasonably corrected, it would be more conducive to the accurate estimation and inversion of forest parameters at regional scale.

【Objective】 The cDNA gene sequences of Manganese peroxidase (MnP) were isolated from H. erinaceum CB1, and used for analyzing structure and function of the He-mnp 1.【Method】Degenerate primers were designed according to conservative domain of white-rot fungi MnPs gene cDNA sequences reported in GenBank, the full-length cDNA gene sequence was obtained by using the methods of PCR, Reverse transcription-PCR and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) and named as He-mnp 1 (GenBank No. HM116841.3), and the bioinformatics of He-mnp 1 gene were analyzed. BLAST homology search was conducted through the NCBI database; ORF Finder was used to look up the complete open reading frame of the gene; The Expasy database and BioEdit software were used to predict physicochemical properties and amino acid composition of He-mnp 1 protein, and analyze the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and transmembrane region; The SignalP 4.1 software was used to predict protein signal peptide; The clustal W with MEGA 5.1 software was adopted to complete the He-mnp1 protein sequence homology alignment and to construct the phylogenetic trees of white rot fungi MnPs, respectively. The CDD database was used to predict protein conserved domains, and check the He-mnp1 heme, substrate and manganese, calcium binding site etc. The PredictProtein software and SWISS-MODEL software were used to complete the He-mnp1 protein secondary structure prediction and to construct homologous 3D modeling, respectively.【Result】The full-length cDNA of He-mnp 1 was 1 279 bp, the ORF of 1 080 bp with starting codon of ATG and stopping codon of TAA, including 5'UTR of 68 bps and 3'UTR of 131 bps and encoded 359 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the He-mnp1 protein has the highest content of Ala, without Tyr, and the Mw 38.18 is kDa, with the pI of 4.35. The He-nmp1 protein has an obvious hydrophilic region and two hydrophobic regions in the area of 81-105 and 121-141, and belongs to hydrophilic protein. He-mnp1 protein precursor polypeptides consists of a 18 aa signal peptide and a 5 aa the intermediate leader peptide.【Conclusion】Protein phylogenetic analysis revealed that He-mnp1 is distributed in Group II, and has closely evolutionary relationship to MnPs of Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus brumalis, and Trametes versicolor. He-mnp 1 has a conserved domain, and belongs to Class II fungal heme-dependent peroxidase superfamily, predicting that the protein secondary structure accounts for α-helix of 30.99%, β-sheet of 3.38% and random coil of 65.63%, and it is a stable protein. He-mnp1 protein 3D modeling showed that there are 1 Fe heme, 2 Ca²⁺, 1 Mn²⁺ binding sites and the histidine residues.

【Objective】 The cDNA gene sequences of Manganese peroxidase (MnP) were isolated from H. erinaceum CB1, and used for analyzing structure and function of the He-mnp 1.【Method】Degenerate primers were designed according to conservative domain of white-rot fungi MnPs gene cDNA sequences reported in GenBank, the full-length cDNA gene sequence was obtained by using the methods of PCR, Reverse transcription-PCR and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) and named as He-mnp 1 (GenBank No. HM116841.3), and the bioinformatics of He-mnp 1 gene were analyzed. BLAST homology search was conducted through the NCBI database; ORF Finder was used to look up the complete open reading frame of the gene; The Expasy database and BioEdit software were used to predict physicochemical properties and amino acid composition of He-mnp 1 protein, and analyze the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and transmembrane region; The SignalP 4.1 software was used to predict protein signal peptide; The clustal W with MEGA 5.1 software was adopted to complete the He-mnp1 protein sequence homology alignment and to construct the phylogenetic trees of white rot fungi MnPs, respectively. The CDD database was used to predict protein conserved domains, and check the He-mnp1 heme, substrate and manganese, calcium binding site etc. The PredictProtein software and SWISS-MODEL software were used to complete the He-mnp1 protein secondary structure prediction and to construct homologous 3D modeling, respectively.【Result】The full-length cDNA of He-mnp 1 was 1 279 bp, the ORF of 1 080 bp with starting codon of ATG and stopping codon of TAA, including 5'UTR of 68 bps and 3'UTR of 131 bps and encoded 359 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the He-mnp1 protein has the highest content of Ala, without Tyr, and the Mw 38.18 is kDa, with the pI of 4.35. The He-nmp1 protein has an obvious hydrophilic region and two hydrophobic regions in the area of 81-105 and 121-141, and belongs to hydrophilic protein. He-mnp1 protein precursor polypeptides consists of a 18 aa signal peptide and a 5 aa the intermediate leader peptide.【Conclusion】Protein phylogenetic analysis revealed that He-mnp1 is distributed in Group II, and has closely evolutionary relationship to MnPs of Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus brumalis, and Trametes versicolor. He-mnp 1 has a conserved domain, and belongs to Class II fungal heme-dependent peroxidase superfamily, predicting that the protein secondary structure accounts for α-helix of 30.99%, β-sheet of 3.38% and random coil of 65.63%, and it is a stable protein. He-mnp1 protein 3D modeling showed that there are 1 Fe heme, 2 Ca²⁺, 1 Mn²⁺ binding sites and the histidine residues.

【Objective】 The compounds from leaves of Pleioblastus amarus were extracted and isolated. The inhibitive activity of the compounds against bacteria and 3 kinds of tumor cells were tested in vitro. The extract was extracted from the bamboo leaves with 95% ethanol and separated with the column chromatograph. The antibacterial activities of the extract against Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were tested by the inhibition zone method. The inhibitive activity against tumor cells of 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside was evaluated by the MTT method and the ascites tumor model of mice H22 hepatoma cells. 【Result】 The results showed that the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts was stronger than that of petroleum ether extracts and n-butanol extracts, while the water extracts had no obvious antibacterial effect. The antibacterial activity of Fr.3 was strongest in 8 fractional parts of ethyl acetate extracts. At the concentration of 25 mg·mL^-1, Fr.3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, and the diameter of inhibition zone was 21.05 mm in 24 h. At the concentration of 25 mg·mL^-1, the Fr. 4 of ethyl acetate extracts had the strongest antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus of β-coumaric acid in all compounds, and the diameters of inhibition zone were 20.23 mm and 18.35 mm respectively in 24 h. High concentration of 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside showed antitumor effects on Hela cells, HepG2 cells and HT-29 cells in vitro, and the IC₅₀was 592 mg·L^-1, 2 058 mg·L^-1and 1 712 mg·L^-1, respectively. The doses of 5 mg·kg^-1and 10 mg·kg^-15,7,3'-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside had antitumor effects on the liver tumors of H22 mice in vivo, and the inhibition rates were 2.9% and 20.0%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Chemical Constituents from leaves of P. amarus have antibacterial and antitumor activities, and they have potential in the development of plant original pesticide and medicine. This study provides references for promoting the basic research and comprehensive utilization of P. amarus leaves.

【Objective】In the refiner grinding dissociation crushing stage, dynamic compression characteristics of wood raw materials were investigated by dynamic compression loading test. 【Method】Dynamic compression experiments along radial, tangential and axial loading directions of birch wood (average moisture content and density was 12.65% and 0.50 g·cm^-3, respectively) were implemented by SHPB experimental device, and the strain rates were approximately 400, 800, 1 200 s^-1. The separation behavior during dynamic compression loading processes, dynamic stress-strain curves and the corresponding mechanical properties of wood were obtained in different loading directions and at different strain rates condition. 【Result】The comparative analysis results of wood damage patterns indicated that: 1) When the strain rate was 400 s^-1, plastic deformation mainly occurred in specimens, irrespective of radial, tangential or axial loading direction. 2) When the strain rate was 800 s^-1, radial-loading specimens were separated into several large pieces, and there were some small pieces, like "matchstick", stripped out from the specimens. Severe plastic deformation was found along the loading direction in tangential-loading specimens. Furthermore, penetrating cracks along the top and bottom surfaces of the specimens were observed in tangential-loading specimens, which were dissociated into three large pieces. As for axial-loading specimens, crushing phenomenon and a large number of penetrating cracks occurred in loading surface, and some small pieces were stripped from the specimens. 3) When the strain rate was 1 200 s^-1, radial-loading specimens were dissociated into a large number of small "matchstick" pieces, and the size was obviously smaller than that at 800 s^-1strain rate. As for the tangential-loading specimens, plastic deformation degree was similar to the situation when strain rate was 800 s^-1. However, the top surfaces of the specimens were separated into several small sheet pieces, and some big cracks throughout the loading direction of specimens can be found. Axial-loading specimens were separated into a number of small stubby shape pieces with wrinkles. The Comparative analysis results of wood stress-strain curve showed that: 1) The stress-strain curve can be divided into elastic stage and weak linear strengthening stage by the yield point. 2) For radial-loading specimens, when the strain rates were approximately 400, 800, 1 200 s^-1, the yield strength and toughness modulus of wood were 4.56, 10.49, 14.22 MPa and 2.88, 8.32, 20.70 kJ·cm^-3,respectively. Furthermore, when the strain rate increased from 400 s^-1to 1 200 s^-1, the yield stress and toughness modulus increased by 2.11 times and 6.19 times, respectively. 3) For tangential-loading specimens, when the strain rates were about 400, 800, 1 200 s^-1, the yield strength and toughness modulus of wood were 5.87, 7.90, 9.65 MPa and 2.53, 7.41, 12.92 kJ·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, when the strain rate increased from 400 s^-1to 1 200 s^-1, the yield stress and toughness modulus increased by 0.64 times and 4.10 times, respectively. 4) For axial-loading specimens, when the strain rates were approximately 400, 800, 1 200 s^-1, the yield strength and toughness modulus of wood were 22.90, 71.41, 96.37 MPa and 18.79, 67.74, 114.32 kJ·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, when the strain rate increased from 400 s^-1 to 1 200 s^-1, the yield stress and toughness modulus increased by 3.21 times and 5.08 times, respectively. 【Conclusion】The results showed that dissociation degree of birch increased with the increasing of strain rate. The radial-loading specimens were the most easy to seperate and the axial-loading specimens were the most hard to dissociate. Dynamic compressive yield strength and dynamic compression toughness modulus of Birch exhibited high strain rate sensitivity. Therefore, Birch is a strain rate sensitive material.

【Objectives】 Crown architecture is one of important determinants of productivity and yield of plantations since it comprises branches and leaves orientation and distribution, thereby affecting canopy density, light interception and carbon assimilation. Identifying and quantifying the underlying factors contributing to crown architecture are therefore important for a better understanding and optimization of stand productivity. However, the measurement of crown architecture of a tree is difficulty and consuming. 【Method】 To make the crown architecture measurement work easier, more precision and less consuming, a new method of obtaining architecture character parameters with 3D laser scanner was studied. To analyze precision of the method, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of poplar 03-04-171 ((Populus deltoides cl.‘55/65’× P. deltoides cl.‘2KEN8’) ×(P.nigra‘Brummen’× P. nigra ‘Piccarolo’)) in a 6-year-old forest planted in a stand density of 2 m×3 m were measured with direct (harvest) and scanner method. The crown architecture parameters (the primary branch length, branch angle, azimuth, branch curvature and ratio of branch bow to string of proletpic branch and sylleptic branch) were measured to analyze the feasibility of the new method. Regression analysis was used to compare the method of direct measurement (harvest) and indirect (3D laser scanner) measurement of the crown architecture parameters. 【Result】 The results showed that the 3D laser scanner had a high precision(DBH: R²=0.967 72,P =8.26×10^-13; Height: R²=0.965 27,P =1.440 29×10^-12) in measuring the crown architecture parameters and could be used in crown architecture measurements. The scanned results showed that the primer branch length, branch angle and branch azimuth had a similar rhyme in each growth unit (the aboveground part that the temperate trees growth in one year) of the trunk, and the six-years-old tree had five growth unit. The branch was short in the bottom of the growth unit and longer in upper side of each growth unit. The branch angle in the lower and middle side of growth unit was larger than that in the upper side. The azimuth was larger in the middle part of growth unit, however smaller in lower and upper site of the growth unit. The proleptic branch distributed in upper side of each growth unit while the sylleptic branch distributed in middle and lower side. Proleptic branches accounted for 1/3 of the total number of crown branches. In conclusion, in each growth unit of stem, branches in the top of growth unit (proleptic branch) were longer and upstanding, while the branches in the middle of growth unit (sylleptic branch) were relatively short and had a large branch angle. The branches in the top of crown were short and erect, the branches in the middle crown had a larger angle in origin, and the lower branches had a lager azimuth. The ratio of bow and string branches was steady in all branches of the crown. 【Condusion】 The obtained results through 3D laser scanner were consistent with other measured results, suggesting that the 3D laser scanner method could be used in measuring and analyzing crown structure.

【Objective】 State-owned forest farms have already become one of the main parts of ecological construction. State-owned forest farms manage forest resources on behalf of the state. Forest resources are the core of the management of state-owned forest farms, therefore, forest resource management performance assessment is an important way to evaluate the management efficacy of the state-owned forest farms. From the perspective of forest resource management, on the basis of expert consultation, this paper develops a set of index system of performance evaluation of state-owned forest farm management. 【Method】From the management process and management result two state layers, the index system include forest cultivation, forest development and utilization, forest sustaining and protecting, forestry technology, forest resources state, ecological state, economic benefits and social benefits, totally eight topics, 35 indicators. Based on this index system, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the distance function, through the expert scoring method to determine the weight of each indicator on total target, taking Jiangle state-owned forest farm of Fujian province as an example, the field investigation has been carried out to obtain the reference and the actual value of each indicator. It then calculates the comprehensive distance from the actual value to reference value of forest resource management of Jiangle state-owned forest farm, which assesses forest resources management performance of the state-owned forest farm. 【Result】Assessment results show that the distance value of management process is 0.139 2 and the distance value of management results is 0.129 5, the comprehensive distance value of performance management of forest resources is 0.268 7. This indicates that forest resources management performance of Jiangle state-owned forest farms is good. From the management process and management results respectively, the distance value of management process accounts 51.81% of comprehensive distance of forest resource management; the distance value of management results accounts 48.19% of comprehensive distance, which shows that the management results was slightly better than the management process. 【Conclusion】 Assessment result shows that Jiangle state-owned forest farm has achieved good level in forest resources management. However in the calculation of specific indicators also shows some problems: 1) the distance value of annual change rate in forest stocks is 1;2) distance value of increase rate of farm business revenue is 1;3) the distance value of the ratio tertiary industry output to forestry output is 1. Therefore the following suggestions are put forward: 1) To greatly develop under-forests economy (under-forests planting and breeding) and raise the productivity of forest land per unit area; 2) To actively reform the low yield forest by applying the related national policies, so as to further improve forest and increase the stocking volume per unit area;3) To adjust industrial structure, broaden the income channels, and speed up the development of the tertiary industry.

【Objective】 Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), some of which are known as active non-autonomous DNA transposons, can jump by transposases encoded by the autonomous DNA transposons. It has been reported that the transposition of MITE influences the expression of host's genes. In order to study the structural characteristics and transposition characteristics of MITE, and to analyze the impact of the transposition of MITE on expression of its near genes in Phyllostachys edulis genome, the Tourist-like MITE PhTourist 1 which was homologous with mPing from rice was chosen to analyze the role of transposons in genome polymorphism formation and gene expression regulation in P. edulis. 【Method】TIR (terminal inverted repeat) and TSD (target site duplication) of PhTourist 1 were identified and the insert preference of PhTourist 1 was investigated using software of MEGA5.1, DNAStar and WebLogo 3-Create. Then the insertion time and distribution of PhTourist 1 in the P. edulis genome were calculated. PhTourist 1 insertion sites in the P. edulis genome were tested by PCR in the 24 seedlings to test their insert polymorphisms. With the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RTFQ PCR) technique, the expression level of gene downstream PhTourist 1-3 was analyzed with PhTourist 1-3 exists or not.【Result】 30 copies of PhTourist 1 were discovered. Their TIR(GGCCAGTCTCAATG),TSD(TWA) and insert preference sequence((C/T)T(C/A)T(T/A)A(G/T)A(A/C)) identified with bioinformatics tools were consistent with previous reports. The insert time of PhTourist 1 in P. edulis genome was relatively concentrated. PhTourist 1 also preferentially inserts near genes. Each of the insertion sites of PhTourist 1 was verified correct, while only PhTourist 1-3 has insert polymorphism among the 30 copies. There was no footprint at the excision site of PhTourist 1-3 which was in cosistence with mPing. The analysis by RTFQ PCR of the expression level of a downstream gene PH01000402G0860 of PhTourist 1-3 revealed an increase by 8.04 times with the missing of PhTourist 1-3 than the existing of PhTourist 1-3. 【Conclusion】 PhTourist 1-3, one of the identified PhTourist 1 homology with mPing in the study, could jump in the genome of P. edulis. It was the first active Tourist-like MITE discovered in P. edulis and had significant influence on expression of its downstream genes. The results showed that transposons as an important part of P. edulis genome could participate in the formation of gene polymorphism, regulate the gene expression and involve in the regulatory of host growth and development.

【Objective】 The accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis strongly depends on transcript normalization using stably expressed reference genes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the stability of candidate housekeeping genes and identify the most reliable gene or a set of genes to be used as reference genes in qPCR analysis of Elaeagnus umbellata.【Method】Twelve potential reference genes were selected among the most common reference genes reported in literature and their fragments were cloned by degenerate primers from E. umbellata, including 14-3-3, 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18 SrRNA), β-actin (Actin), elongation factor 1-α (EF 1-α), eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF 4 A), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RNA polymerase-Ⅱ (RP Ⅱ), 60S ribosomal protein L7 (RPL 7), translation elongation factor 2 (TEF 2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBCE), ubiquitin (UBQ) and ubiquitin extension protein 5 (UBQ 5). Samples were collected from five types of organs (root, stem, leaf, flower and red fruit), fruits at four different ripening stages (green, yellow, dark yellow and fully matured red fruit), green fruits at four time points after hormone ABA or GA₃treatments, detached leaves at four time points under 40 ℃, and three types of organs (root, stem and leaf) of the seedlings treated with salt stress at three time points. The expression stability of these 12 genes was evaluated based on the C_Tvalues using four statistical algorithms including geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative Δ C_T. Overall ranking of four sets aforementioned was generated using RefFinder software.【Result】 UBCE and RPL 7 were ranked as the two best reference genes for organ set, eIF 4 A and UBCE for fruit-ripening samples, eIF 4 A and UBCE for hormone treatment set, and Actin and EF 1-α for abiotic stress set. When including the data obtained from all the 29 samples into the analysis, eIF 4 A, RPL 7, and UBCE were identified as the top three reference candidates. The expression levels of phytoene synthase (EutPsy) were further assessed during fruit ripening by using the top three reference genes in comparison to the worst one RP Ⅱ. When the three stable reference genes eIF 4 A, UBCE and RPL 7 or the combination of top two eIF 4 A and UBCE were used for normalization, the trend of the relative transcript abundance of EutPsy were consistent. However, when the worst reference gene RP Ⅱ was employed for normalization, the expression profile was different. 【Conclusion】 eIF 4 A followed by RPL 7 and UBCE were found to be more reliable than other nine genes for normalization purposes in measuring gene expression of E. umbellata. This was the first systematic analysis for the selection of superior reference genes for qRT-PCR in E. umbellata under different conditions, which benefits future studies on gene expression in E. umbellata and other species of the genus Elaeagnus.

【Objective】In this study, effects of the different extracts of chestnut catkins on antioxidation and antibacterial were investigated to provide a basis for the further development and utilization of the catkins.【Method】Methanol extract of chestnut catkins was further partitioned with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol and four crude extractives were successively obtained. The antioxidant activities of the different extractives were evaluated by two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and resistance to the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar diffusion and co-culture method. The structural formula and content of ellagic acid (EA) in the extractives were determined by HPLC and NMR. 【Result】1) Extraction rate of chestnut catkins through methanol extractives was 16.6%, and the rates of other four extractives were between 2.6 % to 26.2 % with ethyl acetate extract the highest. 2) All of extractives were able to some degrees to scavenge DPPH radical and yolk lipid peroxide. Among them, ethyl acetate extract possessed similar antioxidation level compared with vitamin C (Vc) and 2,6- tert butyl-4- methyl phenol (BHT). The rates of scavenging DPPH radical and yolk lipid peroxide were 94.4 % and 95.69 % under a concentration of 0.01 mg mL^-1, respectively. 3) Antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of chestnut catkins was effective to 12 kinds of bacteria. The ethyl acetate extract had the most inhibitory effect to bacteria in different extractives and the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration against Escherichia coli were 0.98 mg·mL^-1and 1.96 mg·mL^-1, respectively. The content of free ellagic acid was 2.267 mg·g^-1. 【Conclusion】Chestnut catkins contain abundant antioxidant and antibacterial substances. The antioxidant capacity was different among alcohol extracts of chestnut catkins and polar extracts. The ethyl acetate extract has higher antioxidant activity and higher scavenging rate to DPPH radical and lipid peroxides. Various extractives have to different degrees effects on the G⁺and G^-bacteria, and antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract has the highest effect among the several extractives.

【Objective】 To investigate the interaction between ectomycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria, we screened 74 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Pinus massoniana that bore the fruiting body of Pisolithus tinctorius.【Method】The dry-plate confrontation assay was used to screen the bacterial strains, and one strain of MHB was obtained and defined as MPt17 which can efficiently promote the growth of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt2) and Xerocamus chrysenteron (Xc). 【Result】The result showed that obtained MPt17 significantly promoted in vitro hyphal growth of Pt2 and Xc with an increasing rate of 48.6% and 25.0%. The extracellular metabolites of Mpt17 were able to also obviously promote the increment rate of Pt2 and Xc hypha by 129.6% and 29.5%, and consistently influence on Pt2 and Xc biomass increment with an increasing rate of 124.2% and 34.2%. Compared with the blank control, the pine seedlings co-inoculated with Pt2 and MPt17 strain, co-inoculated with Xc and MPt17 strain, Pt2 alone, Xc alone, and MPt17 alone all significantly increased their mean height with increasing rates of 78.0%, 68.2%, 32.7%, 39.2% and 53.4%, and their diameter with increasing rates of 46.3%, 57.5%, 17.5%, 23.8% and 25.0%. According to our results, Mpt17 was not only a Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium but also a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. The MHB stain was identified based on an analysis of morphologiacal characters, the BIOLOG system and 16SrRNA gene sequences homology. MPt17 was identified as Brevibacillus reuszeri, and the 16SrRNA sequences have been registered at GenBank database under the accession number of KF891383.【Conclusion】In this experiment the pine seedlings co-inoculated with Pt2 and MPt17 strain, and co-inoculated with Xc and MPt17 strain significantly improved the growth of pine seedlings, and MPt17 alone also improved the growth of seedlings to a certain extent. This study method with the interactions of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteriun and plant has important reference implications for similar studies.

An elite variety of Chinese chestnut named‘Yankuan' was selected from Huabei population of Castanea mollissima. It has excellent characteristics such as good quality, high yield,early maturing and strong cold resistance. Average weight of the nut is 8.3 g,The sugar,starch and protein contents in the nuts are is 19.5%,48.5% and 6.05% of the nut dry weight respectively.The variety is capable of growing in mountains and hills of northem China.