In order to understand the decomposition rate and nutrient dynamic of different organic residues of triploid Populus tomentoza, and to find out feasible ways for maintaining and improving long-term soil productivity, litterbag method was used to investigate the decomposition rate and macro nutrients(N, P) release of leaf litter, fine branch litter(Ø≤5 mm), fine root litter(Ø≤2 mm) and bark litter for 357 days. By the end of experiment, decomposition rates of fine root litter, leaf litter, bark litter and fine branch litter were 42.5%, 30.5%, 26.0%, and 20.9%, respectively and were significantly different (P<0.001) among different organic residues. The decomposition process of the 4 residues fitted well to Olson equation, with values of correlation efficient square ranging from 0.96 and 0.98. According to Olson equation, annual decomposition rates of different residues were significantly different, from 42.88% for fine root litter, 31.74% for leaf litter, 26.25% for bark litter, to 20.54% for fine branch litter. Enrichment of N, P in remains was observed in the 4 residues, but the duration and amplitude of enrichment were different for different residues. Enrichment amplitude of N was 11.6%, 127.2%, 122.6%, 126.7% and of P was 105.9%, 172.9%, 123.0%, 163.9%, respectively for fine root litter, leaf litter, bark litter and fine branch litter. The duration of N enrichment was 205d, 239d, 297d, 265d, respectively for fine root litter, leaf litter, bark litter and fine branch litter. The duration of N enrichment for bark litter was the longest. The duration of P enrichment was 205d, 205d, 265d and 239d, respectively for fine root litter, leaf litter, bark litter and fine branch litter. The duration of P enrichment for fine branch litter was the longest. The maximum of N, P release was from fine root litter, secondly from leaf litter, the minimum from bark litter and fine branch litter. These results indicated that different residues had different characters in nutrient release and needed to employ proper measures to promote decomposition and nutrient release, especially for bark litter and fine branch litter due to their lower decomposition rate and longer nutrient enrichment.

Study on spatial patterns of species populations can provide many important clues about the underlying processes of these patterns formation. Natural Anabasis aphylla populations are representative vegetation types of the proluvial fan in south Junggar basin. Three sample plots were respectively established on steep slope, gentle slope and flat slope to analyze and compare spatial patterns of A. aphylla populations. The pair correlation function and univariate statistics of the point patterns were used to analyze spatial distribution of different developmental stages and different habitats, while bivariate statistics was used to analyze spatial associations of different developmental stages in each plot. The change of population spatial pattern and association among different development stages was compared to explore inherent formation mechanism of spatial patterns. The results showed that: A. aphylla populations were all aggregated distributions in the three habitats, and on steep slope and flat slope A. aphylla individuals were all aggregated at 50 m scales; Different types of A. aphylla populations on the three slopes showed significantly aggregated distributions at relatively smaller scales and the degree of aggregation decreased with increasing spatial scales, and it tended to uniform distributions at larger scales in the gentle slope; Seedlings had more obviously aggregated distribution and stronger aggregated intensity than the larger individuals; At relatively smaller scales, there was a significantly positive association among different developmental stages in the three slopes. However, at larger scales either negative or uncorrelated association was found between seedling and the other two stages, whereas positive or uncorrelated association was found between juvenile and mature plant. Among them pattern association among different developmental stages tended to negative association in the gentle slope.

Old growth stands and the secondary stands which were naturally regenerated from selective logging or clear-cutting of old growth forest about 40 years ago in the tropical montane rainforest of Hainan Island were surveyed and compared. All trees and shrubs with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥1 cm were identified and measured, and environmental variables were measured in each plot. The variations of community composition and phylogenetic structure among different stands were examined by ANOVA to analyze the effect of the different disturbances. The multiple stepwise regression was used explore effects of the key environmental factors on the phylogenetic structure in different stands. The results showed that species richness of the secondary stands, on the 40 years recovery, almost reached to the level of old-growth forest. Abundances of saplings and young trees in the secondary stands were significantly higher than those in old-growth stands, whereas the basal area in the secondary stands was significantly lower than that in old-growth stands. Phylogenetic structures of saplings and all individuals changed from clustered to diverged, whereas phylogenetic structure of adult trees was opposite and phylogenetic structure of young trees was nearly random from old growth stands, the secondary stands recovered from selective logging to the secondary stands recovered from clear-cutting. In old-growth forest, phylogenetic structure of community was more clustered at high elevation than that at low elevation for all diameter classes. In the secondary stands recovered from selective logging, phylogenetic structure of community was more overdispersed under higher soil water content than that under lower soil water content in all diameter classes except for adult trees. In the secondary stands recovered from clear-cutting, contrasting to young trees and adult trees, phylogenetic structure of the saplings was more clustered in higher soil organic matter content than that in lower soil organic matter content.

In this study, soil nutrients and microbial community functional diversity of different stand types in Qinghai Province were investigated by conventional laboratory analysis and Biolog-Eco micro plate method. Results showed that Datong 1#, Huangzhong and Jianzha had relative higher content of organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen in the soil, then Datong 2#, Xunhua and Ledu were in intermediate, and Minhe was lower. The total phosphorus content of Minhe was lowest, while there were no significant differences in total phosphorus content between other stand types. The available phosphorus content was Xunhua, Jianzha, Huangzhong > Datong 1#, Datong 2#, Ledu > Minhe, and the available potassium content was Datong 2#, Minhe > Ledu > Datong 1#, Huangzhong, Xunhua, Jianzha. The total potassium content of each stand type was not significantly different. The accumulation of overall soil nutrients in different stand types was in turn Datong 1#, Jianzha > Huangzhong > Xunhua > Datong 2# > Ledu > Minhe. Effects of four tree species on the distribution and improvement of soil nutrients were in sequence of Picea asperata > Betula platyphylla > Populus davidiana > Larix gmelinii. The soil microbial community functional diversity index in the various stand types was Ledu, Minhe > Datong 1#, Datong 2#, Huangzhong, > Xunhua, Jianzha. The principal component analysis of carbon source utilization of the soil microbial community in different stand types showed that carbohydrates and amino acids were the main carbon source. RDA of each stand type soil nutrient content and microbial community functional diversity indicated that soil nutrient factors well explained the variation of the microbial community functional diversity. Soil nutrient had important influence on microbial community functional diversity. The organic matter, nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main factors influencing the metabolism of soil microbial communities.

The existing Liriodendron has a small population size, and hence easily occurs selfing depression. In this study, we analyzed selfing depression of Liriodendron by taking 5 selfing progenies as experimental populations, 4 intra-species progenies and 8 inter-species progenies as reference populations. The phenotypic traits such as survival rate and growth were used as evaluation index, combined with SSR molecular marker, to analyze the extent of selfing depression in Liriodendron. The aim of this study is to explore the underlying mechanism of selfing depression. The results showed that the selfing depression in Liriodendron chinense was obvious. By taking progenies of intra-species cross and inter-species cross as references, the degree of depression (δ value) of selfing progenies for DBH, height and survival rate were 0.46, 0.45; 0.32, 0.35; and 0.25, 0.30 respectively. SSR test results showed that the homozygous progeny rate derived from different mating types of selfing, intra-species, inter-species was from high to low trend. Moreover, we also detected 2 candidate SSR loci that might relate to recessive lethal gene in Liriodendron.

Immature zygotic embryos of Picea asperata were used as explants to investigate effects of cone collection dates, genotypes, different concentration of auxin and cytokinin on the induction of embryogenic callus. At the same time, the key factors affecting the differentiation and maturation of somatic embryos were also comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the optimal medium for induction and proliferation of embryogenic callus was 1/2 LM + 2.2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 1.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 10 g·L^-1 sucrose + 2 g·L^-1 gellan gum + 1g·L^-1 casein hydrolysate. The best medium for differentiation of somatic embryos was 1/2 LM + 24 mg·L^-1 ABA + 50 g·L^-1 PEG4000 + 30 g·L^-1 sucrose + 1 g·L^-1 activated charcoal+ 4 g·L^-1 gellan gum+ 1 g·L^-1 casein hydrolysate. The suitable medium of germination was 1/4 LM + 20 g·L^-1 sucrose + 1 g·L^-1 AC+ 4 g·L^-1 gellan gum + 1 g·L^-1 casein hydrolysate. All medium was supplemented with 0.5 g·L^-1 L-glutamine, and adjusted to pH 5.8.

This paper aims to build a site index table through mathematical models established with the relationships of age and height of the dominant individuals, so as to evaluate the site quality of the whole Qinling region. Totally 104 sample plots in a Quercus variabilis natural secondary stand on southern and northern slope in Qinling Mountains were selected, and 498 pairs of height-age relations data of 75 analytic and average dominant individuals were collected. Statistical software of ForStat 2.0 and SPSS 18.0 were used. The height-age curve model, lgH=-0.014 6 + 0.743 8lgA, was selected out of 12 mathematical models, with the reference age of 35 years and exponential distance of 2 meters. Six site index curves (10-20 m) of the Q. variabilis natural secondary stand were developed through the method of standard deviation adjustment. Eventually, the site index table for the Q. variabilis natural secondary stand was established. The table has high accuracy validated by the following four methods: correlation coefficient, X² test, test of falling point and test of height growth increment. Thus, this method could be used on Q. variabilis natural secondary stand site evaluation in Qinling region.

In this study, hyperspectral reflectance of Pterocarya stenoptera leaves was measured with an ASD portable spectrometer under different soil water condition. The corresponding chlorophyll concentration was a lso measured. The effects of soil water condition on chlorophyll concentration of P. stenoptera are discussed. In order to estimate chlorophyll content and establish the best estimation model,, and the corresponding correlation coefficient and regression equation between 9 hyperspectral indices and chlorophyll concentration were established. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of data, while maintaining the data characteristic effectively. The principal component scores were used as the input variable of ANN-BP to estimate chlorophyll concentration. The results showed that different water treatments significantly affected the chlorophyll content of P. stenoptera seedlings. VOG1 had the closest relation to chlorophyll concentration out of the nine hyperspectral indices in this article and the corresponding correlation coefficient was 0.865. The ANN-BP based on PCA containing more band information was used to estimate chlorophyll content, and the correlation coefficient between the predicted and the measured P. stenoptera chlorophyll content was 0.934. Thus, the ANN-BP based on PCA in this article is a good method to be applied to hyperspectral data for estimating P. stenoptera chlorophyll concentration.

The technique of a real-time PCR with SYBR Green I dye was used in this study. A SYBR Green real-time PCR was developed to rapidly obtained identify Carpomya vesuviana BIOER FQD-48A sequence detection system.A C.vesuviana specific PCR primers set was designed based on mtDNA COⅠ gene of C.vesuviana. Five Bactrocera fruit flies, B.dorsalis,B. cucurbitae,B. tau, B. correcta and B. zonata, were used to determine the specificity of the primers set CarF/CarR. A series of genomic DNA dilutions of C.vesuviana, 40, 20,10,1,0.1,0.01,0.001 ng·μL^-1, were used to detect the sensitivity of SYBR Green PCR. The results showed that the detection limit of SS-PCR was less than 0. 01 ng·μL^-1.The template DNA concentration was one of the sources of variability in cycle threshold values (CT) and the optimum DNA concentration was between 1 ng·μL^-1 and 20 ng·μL^-1 in SYBR Green PCR. The template DNA isolated from the larva, pupa and adult specimens of C. vesuviana respectively were used to detect the reliability of SYBR Green PCR. Melting curve analysis (MCA) and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) was then used to confirm the specificity reliability of PCR products, respectively. The similar amplification plots were obtained in three different stages of C.vesuviana.The average melting temperature (Tm) of the PCR product from B. latifrons was 75.3 ℃±0.1 ℃, and a 205 bp length fragment target was amplified.Except for the adult of fruit flies,the molecular techniques established in this study can also rapidly identify the larva and pupa.

The cultural characteristics and anamorph morphology of poplar canker fungus isolates collecting from Shaanxi and Gansu were observed, the rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and EF-1α gene sequences of these fungal isolates were sequenced using universal primer ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R and Bt2a/Bt2b respectively, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed after sequence alignment. The results showed that the 62 isolates could be divided into two colonial groups based on the cultural characteristics on PDA medium: groupⅠ showed typical fountain colony, groupⅡ showed flat colony. Acconding to characteristics of conidium and culture, these isolates are identified as Fusicoccum aesculi, that is anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea. Meanwhile tested isolates were clustered into two, three and three groups based on neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis of the rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and EF-1α gene sequence data respectively. The isolates of groupⅠin three NJ trees, included most tested isolates, were clustered together with B. dothidea retrieved from GenBank, which confirmed the morphological identification of these isolates; the isolate Fldh 1 from Long county was classified as one group in the rDNA-ITS gene phylogenetic trees; the isolates Fyxn, Fyrg and Fyxj from Yangling of Shaanxi were all classified as one separate group in the β-tubulin and EF-1α gene phylogenetic trees; three isolates Fxfh, Fxdh 1 and Fxdh2 from Xianyang of Shaanxi were classified as group Ⅲ in the EF-1α gene phylogenetic trees, displaying far away phylogenetic relationship from other isolates of B. dothidea. Overall there was no one-to-one relationship among cultural characteristics, sporulation and molecular phylogeny of the tested isolates.

In order to have an insight into the effect of habitat change on bird diversity, we investigated bird communities by transect sampling method in five habitats including natural marsh wetlands, river beach with open forest, and three artificial forests of young forest, 6-year-old forest and mature forest. A total of 66 bird species, belonging to 12 orders 31 families, were recorded, and among them 15 species were waterbirds accounting for 22.73% of total bird species. Insectivorous and omnivorous birds were dominant in terms of feeding guilds, accounting for 45.6% and 31.3%, respectively. The bird species and density were highest in the marsh wetlands, and the lowest in the young forest. Bird density significantly differed among the habitats and increased with forest age in three forest habitats. There was significant diffence in bird diversity among habitats. The year-round bird diversity in mature forests was next to that in open forest, and highest in the marsh wetlands. There was significant difference in bird density in diffent seasons. Bird diversity over the all habitats was ranked as the following:spring > summer > autumn > winter. Bird diversity was related to habitat complexity and vegetation types.

In order to evaluate the status of cracks in microwave-treated lumbers during the research of microwave wood functional modification. A method of evaluation the wood cracks based on the Matlab image processing was developed. It was applied to statistically analyze the cracks in microwave-treated lumbers. The method can be used to process pictures of wood cracks taken from scanner. The cracks can be outstanding from other areas after the steps of turning the RGB figures to gray figures, subtracting the background of the figure, adjusting the contrast gradient, thresholding the gray figure. Then write a procedure and run it in the Matlab software, the number, the length, the area and other statistical results of the cracks in the processed figure can be obtained.

Moso bamboo fiber primary cell walls were analyzed with an atomic force microscopy to determine the effect of ultrasonic treatment and different drying methods on the arrangement of microfibrils and roughness of cell walls. The results showed that: the microfibrils in moso bamboo fiber primary cell walls pre-treated differently still arranged randomly forming a similar interwoven structure. Comparing with the freeze-dried samples, the microfibrils in air-dried samples touch each other more closer and the spacing between the microfibrils were smaller; ultrasonic treatment could increase the roughness and make the microfibrils exposed more obviously, which provided a method not only to improve the wettability of bamboo fiber but also to observe the microfibrils more easily. Therefore, it was need to consider the preparation and pre-treatment of samples when study the microfibrils in bamboo fiber cell walls using AFM.

The change of stress wave time (SWT) or velocity in the cross section of standing trees is usually used for the evaluation of its internal decay. The velocity change is closely related with the transmitting path of stress wave, so the study of stress wave transmitting path is the basis of inner decay testing of trees and logs. Stress wave method was employed to test Populus ussuriensis log specimen for obtaining SWT data, which were then used to simulate the SWT isolines by Matlab. The effects of temperature and cavity defect on the SWT isolines on the cross section were also discussed. The results showed that the shape of SWT isoline was arc on the cross section of intact log, which transmited fast in longitudinal and slow in tangential. The velocity of stress wave in log at cold temperature was higher than that in room temperature. The shapes of SWT isolines in defective log were significantly different with that in intact log. Cavity changed the transmitting path of stress wave and enlarges SWT value. When stress wave propagates to the area behind the cavity, SWT increased as the diameter of cavity increases, which was very significant in longitudinal direction.

Global warming and energy shortage are the main challenges and puzzles that government and the public around the world are facing. It is believed that one of the solutions is to use biomass as a potential renewable energy resource for producing liquid fuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. Bamboo, with cellulose and hemicellulose as its main components, is a kind of fast growth and cheap renewable resource for bioethanol production. In the study, inorganic salts were studied as promoter in the dilute acid pretreatment of moso bamboo for the enzymatic saccharification. The chemical composition of the substrates and spent liquors, the enzymatic hydrolyability of substrates were analyzed. The results showed that dilute acid pretreatment (DA) enhances the digestibility of lignocellulose mainly by dissolving hemicellulose and partially prehydrolyzing cellulose. DA has no delignified. The cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield of 2% sulfuric acid(w/w)pretreated substrate was 52.72%. Sulfuric acid with Fe₂(SO₄)₃ pretreated substrate had the higher cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield than sulfuric acid pretreatment. Other metal salts pretreatment efficiency was lower than sulfuric acid pretreatment. And the worst one was CuSO₄. Otherwise, the copper could be absorbed by bamboo during pretreatment and desorption into the hydrolyzate after enzymatic hydrolysis.

Generally, even the subtle differences of wood textures among different species can be clearly identified with their scanning electron microscope(SEM)micrographs. Therefore, the features extracted from the SEM micrographs can provide a reliable basis for the classification of wood micrographs. In this paper, a novel method of wood SEM micrographs was proposed for feature extraction based on Graph Cuts. Firstly, the wood SEM micrographs would be enhanced before partitioning the images into multiple segments by Graph Cuts, then extracting the contours of wood tissues and smoothing the contours of objects by mathematical morphology. Finally, nine kinds of geometric and statistical features and their computing methods were given. The experimental results on 12 wood species showed that the features we proposed had a great difference among the given wood species(also in the earlywood and latewood of each given species), which provided an important basis for the wood assortment recognition.

The microcontroller-based time-sharing temperature control system was developed by using Windows message mechanism, from the calling of four interupts and related modules, according to the multitask characteristic of continuous press heating system temperature control. The real-time capability and stability were assured, and the precise control within ±2℃ for hot press temperature difference was achieved.

Drought-induced proteins, which are induced or up-regulated by water deficient stress, play an important role in drought resistance process of plants. In this research, full length cDNA of PwWDS1 (GenBank accession number KJ526353), a drought induced gene, was obtained by RACE PCR method based on the full length cDNA library of Picea wilsonii. Several software and tools such as Expasy, DNAMAN, ClustalX and MEGA were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties of PwWDS1. Then expression pattern of PwWDS1 was identified by RT-qPCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR under drought, salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethrel treatments. We found that the full length cDNA of PwWDS1 was 1 077 bp encoding a protein which consists of 207 amino acids residues. The theoretical molecular weight of PwWDS1 was 22.76 kDa with isoeletric point of 5.02. Sequence analysis indicated that C terminal of PwWDS1 had a conserved ABA/WDS domain and N terminal had a strong hydrophilic property. RT-qPCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that PwWDS1 was mainly expressed in needles of P. wilsonii and the expression level of PwWDS1 increased with the growth of cotyledon during seed germination. The PwWDS1 expression was up-regulated by drought, salt stress, ethrel and ABA treatments. PwWDS1 was expressed highly in 6 h under drought and ABA treatments. Under salt and ethrel treatments, PwWDS1 was expressed most in 12 h. These results indicated that PwWDS1 would play a role in response to signals of abiotic stresses and plant hormones in P. wilsonii.

In this study, the natural variation of the seed characteristics of Sophora moorcroftiana, a Tibet plateau endemic plant, was investigated. Twelve representative natural populations were selected in terms of the principle that sampling points (groups) would cover the whole distribution area of S. moorcroftiana and taking into account the differences in habitat area. The pod length, pod width, number of seeds per pod, seed transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter and thousand-grain weight for every groups were measured, and based on these data the phenotypic diversity within and between natural populations of S. moorcroftiana was analyze by using the coefficient of variation, the nested variance analysis and cluster analysis methods. The results showed that: 1) the variation in 6 seed characteristics among the populations reached significant level, and the variation in 6 seed characteristics within populations also reached significant level except thousand-grain weight. There existed relatively rich diversity within and between groups, and the mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient(V_ST) among populations was 39.25%, less than that within populations (60.75%);2) there were no significant relationships between the six seed characteristics and longitude and latitude, however, the characteristics were significantly correlated with altitude, mean annual temperature and precipitation. The pod became shorter and thicker, the seed number per pod reduced and the seed size became bigger with the increase of elevation; 3) the 12 natural populations of S. moorcroftiana were clustered into four categories using Euclidean distance of UPGMA cluster.

Sindora glabra belongs to genus Sindora of family Caesalpiniaceae and is one of Second Class Key Protected Wild Plants in China with multiple uses. In order to further understand its biological characteristics and promote the conservation and utilization of its resources, we investigated the germplasm resources, distribution habitat, community characteristics, seed characteristics, and growing habitat of seedlings and adult plants. The oleoresin production biology was studied by drilling trunk and regularly collecting the oleoresin. The results showed that S. glabra plants distributed mainly in an attitude range of 200-700 m downhill of the tropical lowland rain forest and the tropical ravine rain forest of Lingshui, Sanya, Wuzhishan, Ledong, Dongfang, Changjiang and Baisha. Most of them grew in yellow soil and laterite formed from granite without slope aspect preference. In the Jianfengling nature reserve S. glabra was scattered in the forest communities with the relative density of 0.43% and relative frequency of 0.87%. There was significant phenomenon of alternate bearing with mean fruiting period of 3.5 years. The average seed length, width, thickness and grain weight of S. glabra were 1.93 cm, 1.56 cm, 1.00 cm, 2.048 2 kg, respectively. Both seed size and grain weight were significantly different between populations and among individuals while the variation between populations was greater than that between individuals. Growth rate of one-year-old seedlings was less than 50 cm in height and about 0.50 cm in ground diameter, indicating the S. glabra seedlings grew slowly compared with other tropical tree species. Growth speed of adult plants varied in different introducing areas of S. glabra with annual increment range of 0.56-1.17 cm in DBH and 0.22-0.61 m in height, respectively. S. glabra in natural forests grew slightly slower with the DBH and height increment of 0.48 cm and 0.17 m per year compared with in introducing areas, however it had the moderate growth compared with other tropical tree species. The on-site oleoresin draining from perforated trunk was less than 20%, but the proportion from trunk perforated half year ago increased to more than 90%, suggesting that the perforation damage promoted oil-producing. The on-site oleoresin yield from perforated trunk varied dramatically among S. glabra individuals with the maximal yield of 46.57 L, and annual oleoresin yields fluctuated from less than 0.01 to 3.00 L among different individuals with the mean value of 0.55 L. The oleoresin yield increased with the diameter at breast height (DBH) from 0.23-1.08 L per tree with the peak value of 1.08 L in the DHB of 61-70 cm.