In this paper, the eco-used wavelet with Mexican Hat and Morlet was used to research the wave characteristic of Haloxylon ammodendron distribution pattern in three sites and three dune types. The results showed that: the eco-used wavelet with Mexican Hat and Morlet educed the primary cycle which was closed to the extension distance of sand dunes, suggesting that the length of sand dunes was consistent with the wave cycle of H. ammodendron distribution pattern. The application of Morlet wavelet in smaller scales was able to identify the characteristic of portion accumulation. By the examination of mutation point for characteristic scale, the result showed that It is only at the significant mutation points in which the method can well predict the future distribution pattern of H. ammodendron. This study indicated some factors, such as the sand dunes shape, slope position and soil factors, affected the Haloxylon ammodendron distribution pattern.

The root distribution and growth were studied in mixed plantation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus velutina in coastal saline-alkali area of the Yellow River delta. The root samples were collected by excavating the soils at different horizontal distances of 0-50 cm, 50-100 cm, 100-150 cm, 150-200 cm ,and 200-250 cm from stem, and at depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm, respectively. The results showed that the root systems of both R. pseudoacacia and F. velutina were mainly consisted of the roots with diameters larger than 5 mm, which accounted for 59.8% and 83.6% in the soil layers of 0-20 cm for R. pseudoacacia and F. velutina, respectively. The horizontal distribution distances of F. velutina roots of different diameter classes were evidently longer than those of R. pseudoacacia. The roots with diameters larger than 5 mm mainly distributed within 0-100 cm while the smaller roots less than 5 mm diameter were in 50-100 cm from stem. The length, surface area, volume and average diameter, activity of fine roots of F. velutina were significantly higher than those of R. pseudoacacia. The study reveals a mechanism why F. velutina has stronger adaptability in coastal saline soils than R. pseudoacacia.

The hydrological effects of canopy interception of three stands of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) with different DBH ranges were studied at the Zhonggou small watershed, Jingchuan County, Gansu Province of China, during the growing season (June-October) in 2010. The total rainfall during the study period amounted to 221.1 mm. The ratio of total canopy interception to total rainfall for the stands with the DBH range of 6.1-10.0, 14.1-18.0, 22.1-26.0 cm were 13.16%, 15.11% and 18.44%, respectively. The corresponding stem flow ratio was 6.15%, 5.49% and 0.85% and the throughfall ratio was 80.69%, 79.40% and 80.79%. There was a trend that the canopy interception increased with increasing DBH of forest stands, and the stem flow decreased, with unchanged in throughfall ratio. During single rainfall events, with increasing rainfall strength, the canopy interception increased in logarithmic form and the canopy interception ratio decreased in logarithmic form; the stem flow increased in lineal form and the stem flow ratio increased in logarithmic form; the throughfall increased in lineal form and the throughfall ratio increased in exponential form. The rainfall of 20 mm is a threshold for the change rate of interception.

The C2H2 zinc finger protein transcription factor plays an important role in the activation of stress-related genes, and increase in plant resistance. In this study, an C2H2 zinc finger protein transcription factor (ZxZF) from shrub Sarcozygium xanthoxylon with strong drought tolerance was used as exogenous gene,and the Agrobacterium-mediated method was applied for transgenic transformation to an elite hybrid clone of Populus × euramericana cl.‘Bofeng1’. A total 80 resistant plants were gained via strict selection by kanamycin. Among them 17 positive transgenic plants were verified by PCR analysis, and five transgenic plants were finally confirmed with one copy of the exogenous gene by Southern blot analysis. Four of these clones were verified over-expression of ZxZF by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis. Under the drought stress conditions, transgenic clones showed more than 10% significantly higher of relative water content (RWC) and accumulation of proline content, compared with non-transgenic control plants. These results showed an improved tolerance to drought stress in transgenic poplar. Our study suggested that ZxZF transcription factor played a crucial role in transgene poplar response to drought stress and was useful in developing trees with enhanced tolerance to drought.

The plant Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NHX) can regionalize the excess Na⁺ of cytoplasm in the vacuole. This process can avoid the noxious effects of Na⁺ in the cytosol and maintain osmotic balance by using Na⁺ amassed in the vacuole to drive water into the cell, thus facilitating the plants to resist salt stress. In this work, a full-length cDNA sequence of NtNHX1 gene was obtained from leaves of Nitraria tangutorum using RT-PCR and RACE, named NtNHX1(GenBank accession number KF751928). Sequence analysis indicated that NtNHX1 is 2 184 bp in full length, containing a 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of 281 bp, a 3'-UTR of 218 bp and 29 bp of the ploy(A) tail.The NtNHX1 cDNA encodes a protein of 544 amino acids with a pI of 8.14 and a deduced molecular mass of 59.9 kDa. Amino acid sequence alignment with other species showed that the N. tangutorum of NtNHX1 displayed the highest similarity(81%) to citrus. NtNHX1 has twelve putative transmembrane (TM)domain structures, of which the TM3 transmembrane structure includes the conserved amilorude-binding sites (LFFIYLLPPI). The amilorude-binding site was found to be responsible for playing a competitive role. Relative Real-Time PCR analysis indicated that NtNHX1 expressed in root, stems and leaves. The expression in leaves was highest. The transcript level of NtNHX1 in the leaves was obviously increased by 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment, and the expression of NtNHX1 reached to the highest in 12 h of treatment. The study indicated that the expression of NtNHX1 gene was related to the induction and regulation of salt stress.

Cuttings of annual woody branches of Rhododendron latoucheae were treated with different hormone types and concentrations in different growing media and the influences of the three factors and their interaction on the cutting propagation were studied using factorial design. The propagation effect of each factor combination was comprehensively evaluated by the subordinate function method. The results showed that, the hormone types had the greatest influence on cutting propagation among the three main factors, followed by hormone concentrations, and the two factors had significant influences on the most cutting propagation parameters. Media had the least influence on cutting propagation, and it nevertheless had significant influence on callusing percentage, rooting percentage and above-ground growth parameter. The analysis results of the interaction of the three factors revealed that, the interaction of hormone types and the concentrations had the biggest effects on cutting propagation, and it brought about most significant difference on all parameters except the number and the length of new shoot. The interaction of media and hormone types had significant influence on rooting parameters. The interaction of media and hormone concentration was least, with significant influence only on callusing percentage and new shoot percentage. The interaction of media, hormone types and concentrations also had significant influences on several rooting parameters. The results of comprehensive evaluation using the subordinate function method showed that the combination of soil+sand (3:1) medium and GA₃(50 mg·L^-1) had the biggest value of subordinate function, and it led to the highest rooting percentage (78.33%) and retention percentage of old leaves (90.00%), and the lowest rotting percentage (8.33%). The other propagation parameters also well performed with the combination in comparison with all other combinations. Thus, this combination should be best for cutting propagation of Rh. latoucheae.

In order to explore the regulation of exogenous ethylene on biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in peach during cold (0 ℃) storage, the release of aroma components as well as the changes of LOX, ADH and AAT activity closely related biosynthesis of aroma volatiles were investigated. The peaches stored at ambient temperature and 0 ℃ respectively served as the control 1 and control 2. The results showed that the syntheses of 19 components were inhibited by low temperature and their contents decreased. However the all components, except for menthol, were induced by exogenous ethylene and increased. The other 10 components were induced by low-temperature and increased in the cold storage. Four components of the 10 were induced by exogenous ethylene simultaneously, while the rest six were inhibited by exogenous ethylene. Low temperature repressed the synthesis of menthol, thus it was detected only under room temperature condition. Low-temperature storage resulted in obstacles of floral aroma esters metabolism, and lowered the fruit quality, while exogenous ethylene could promote the biosynthesis of the characteristic aroma linalool and γ-decalactone, inhibit hexanal, trans-2-hexenoic aldehyde and benzaldehyde release, and reduced the radio of the grassy flavor and floral flavor, so that the fruit quality was improved by exogenous ethylene. LOX activity was inhibited by exogenous ethylene, but the activity of ADH and AAT were elevated by exogenous ethylene, leading to reduction of the content of 6-C aldehydes accordingly.

Through the relatively Brightness temperature distribution and variation, spatial distribution and change characteristics of heat island in Xiamen Island were quantitatively descripted based on Landsat TM image, combined with urban forest canopy cover data, obtained by visual interpretation from QuickBird image, to analysis the relationship between canopy cover data types and relatively brightness temperature, absolute temperature by GIS spatial statistical functions. This paper investigated the mitigation functions of urban forest canopy cover on the heat island. The results showed that heat island effect of Xiamen island was remarkable, and medium heat island and strong heat island were mainly thermal field types, which clustered together on the city commercial , residential center and industrial hubs of the island north-northwest area in Xiamen island. The thermal field strength and heat island effects generally increased from 1993 to 2009 in Xiamen Island. The medium heat island and strong heat island distribution was developed from scattered point into mass patchy distribution from 1993 to 2009 in the northern area of Xiamen island. Land cover types and urban heat island distribution showed a corresponding relationship, and the park forest canopy cover with consecutive crown cover exhibited large patch, with low fragmentation. Approximate 77.86% of the park area concentrated in the Green Island area. The forest canopy cover along the main roads and in residential area mainly distributed in the weak heat islands and the secondary heat island areas, with smaller patches, high degree of fragmentation, lower continuity, leading to lower vegetation coverage area, not mitigating the heat island effect very well. Lawn uniformly distributed in Green Island, weak heat island and secondary heat island district. The results indicate that vegetation cover, a large body of urban forest patches can significantly slow down the heat island effect.

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a special tree species in China, is one of the most important fast-growing tree species for timber production in southern China. Tree height is an important variable, not only reflecting the site index, but also estimating tree volume, and biomass. It is critical for exploring height-growth law of Chinese fir to develop tree-height growth model. Based on the periodic data of the Chinese fir in Jiangxi Province, tree-height growth model was developed. Bayesian method and classical method (nonlinear least squares method) were used to estimate the height growth mode. In the Bayesian framework, non-informative prior and informative were also introduced. Results showed that the model reliability using Bayesian method was better than classical method, and the informative prior was slightly better than non-informative prior. That is because that the uncertainty of tree-height growth results in low reliability using classical method. In contrast, relevant prior knowledge about the data can be incorporated into Bayesian analyses whereas classical methods ignore the relevant prior knowledge, and the parameters using Bayesian method are treated as random variables, which is a very different assumption from that of classical method, which treats parameters as fixed values. It provides a new method for estimating forest growth model of Chinese fir plantation.

Sample unit size is an important effect factor for using adaptive cluster sampling,because which can affect the precision and the costs of adaptive cluster sampling.To find the appropriate sample unit size for adaptive cluster sampling,variation coefficient was first used as the criterion for evaluating efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling,simulation sampling was processed based on the rare and clustering population,which included typical shrubbery and small arbor at Ulanbuh desert edge,and the relation of variation coefficient and sample unit size had been analyzed to search for the appropriate sample unit size for adaptive cluster sampling.Several conclusion had been gained: when the sample unit size was increasing,the variation coefficient would be decreasing to a small constant with the population and equivalent sample size; the minimum appropriate sample unit size was 100 m² for the rare and clustering shrubbery,and the appropriate sample unit size might be 100-200 m²; the minimum appropriate sample unit size was 200 m² for the rare and clustering small arbor,and the appropriate sample unit size might be 200-300 m².

Forest plays an important role on global carbon cycle and nature disturbance, so it is of great significance to monitor and map forest resources. Xunke County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the test site and the coverage of two scenes of ALOS PALSAR images were applied. The sensitivity of multi-temporal PolSAR, InSAR with forest structure variation and time varying characteristics of backscattering coefficients and interferometric coherences were applied for forest land type classification. We developed a forest land type classification method based on SVM using multi-temporal, dual-polarization and interferometric SAR (InSAR) data. The result showed that the average InSAR coherence of multi-temporal could effectively identify forest land, sparse forest land and shrub land. The multi-temporal InSAR coherence, polarization ratios and other effective dimension information selected could effectively highlight the features and structures of objects and classify forest land types in detail.

To explore the control effects of Dastarcus helophoroides on overwintering larvae and pupae of Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus and discuss the biocontrol techniques and methods in field, experiments in door and field were carried out. The adults and eggs of D. helophoroides were released on the logs infested by the overwintering M. alternatus in the indoor experiment. The four treatments were conducted in field: releasing D. helophoroides adults onto the dead erect trees, releasing adults onto the cut-down dead trees, releasing adults uniformly into field, and releasing eggs of D. helophoroides onto the cut-down dead trees. The results showed that when the ratio of the number of D. helophoroides adults released to the number of holes bored by larvae of M. alternatus (HBL) was 1:1 in the indoor experiments, the control effect was 91.23%; and when the proportion of the number of eggs released to the number of HBL was 16:1, the control effect was 91.18%. In the field tests, when the ratio of the number of D. helophoroides adults released to the quantity of HBL was 1:1, the control effect on the erect trees was 66.02% and the control effect on the cut-down dead trees was 91.16%. In the treatment of releasing adults uniformly into field, the control effect of the second year was 83.68% at the quantity of 3 750 adults per 1 hm², and the best ratio of release was 0.547 5: 1. The control effect was 91.48% when ratio of eggs released to the numbers of HBL was 16:1 on the cut-down dead trees. It is concluded that D. helophoroides is the efficient natural enemy to the overwintering larvae and pupae of M. alternatus, and releasing eggs onto the cut-down dead trees is the best way to control this pest.

Changes of the genomic DNA sequences and DNA methylation of P. tomentosa witches' broom seedlings treated with MMS and the specific DNA methylation fragments were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP), respectively. The results showed that there was no difference in DNA base sequences between the healthy seedlings and MMS-treated seedlings at AFLP level. The DNA methylation level of the witches' broom seedlings gradually increased with the increase of MMS concentration, but DNA methylation level of the seedlings treated with the highest concentration (100 mg·L^-1)of MMS was still lower than that of the healthy one. Compared with the witches' broom seedlings, DNA demethylation polymorphisms of the MMS-treated seedlings were lower than those of DNA methylation polymorphisms. The specific fragments caused by DNA methylation would be involved in substance and energy metabolism,transcription and transportation, signal transduction and pathogenic factor. Thus the witches' broom was resulted from the decreases of DNA methylation levels and DNA methylation pattern changes of P. tomentosa.

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) widely exists in white-rot fungi and it is the main enzyme to degrade lignin. The ligninolytic peroxidase activity of Cerena unicolor stain CB1 collected from Changbai Mountain was firstly detected, result showed that C. unicolor could produce MnP, but no lignin peroxidase (LiP) excreted, and Mn²⁺ was not the essential factor for C. unicolor to produce MnP. The highest MnP activity was gained when sawdust was added to LNAS culture solution with Mn²⁺ substrate which was 18.4 U·L^-1. On the basis of MnP activity determination, a MnP full length DNA gene termed Cu-mnp1 (GenBank accession No. JQ782578.1) was cloned in order to study the function of MnP to degrade lignin furtherly. Forward and reverse primers for PCR and nested gene-specific primers for genome walking PCR were designed based on the conserved sequences of the known MnP genes and amplified DNA fragment, all the PCR reactions were conducted by the genomic DNA of the C. unicolor stain CB1 as the template. The full length DNA gene Cu-mnp1 was 4 268 bp containing 16 exons and 15 introns, its promoter region contained diverse cis-acting elements such as TATA-Box, CAAT-Box, SP1, AP1, HSE, and XRE. Its cDNA gene contained 1 092 bp coding region encoding 363 amino acids. BLAST analysis indicated that Cu-mnp1 in the cDNA level showed the highest similarity with mnp2 gene (GenBank accession No. JQ248599.1)from Hericium erinaceum strain CB1 which was 70%. Protein structure analysis showed that Cu-Mnp1 contained 4 disulfide bonds belonging to short MnP.

Based on the Maxwell electromagnetic field equations and the heat and mass transfer mechanism of wood, a heat and mass transport and a electromagnetic field distribution model for wood microwave pretreatment were developed to simulate the effect of the microwave feeding mode and cylindrical resonant cavity radius on the temperature uniformity and microwave energy utilization efficiency using finite element analysis software (Comsol Multiphysics), and the optimizational parameters for the cylindrical resonant cavity was achieved. The results showed that: 1) the effect of microwave feeding mode and the radius of the cylindrical resonant cavity on the temperature uniformity within wood and microwave energy utilization efficiency was significant. 2) Compared with the other microwave feeding mode, the temperature distribution uniformity within wood and microwave energy utilization efficiency was the highest(up to 87.48%)when the microwave radiation with 3 waveguides feeding is used to heat wood. 3) The temperature coefficient variation and microwave energy utilization efficiency basically decreased and then increased with the increasing the radius of the cylindrical resonant cavity, and the optimizational radius for the cylindrical resonant cavity was in the range from 0.186 m to 0.211 m.

The measurement and allocation of carbon in harvested wood products (HWP) of international trade is an important forestry issue in the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention. In this paper, the carbon storage and carbon emissions of HWP in trade for China was accounted from 1961—2011, then the contribution to carbon removal was analyzed according to the IPCC guidelines. Research showed that: The carbon flow accounted by different method suggested by IPCC had different effect on carbon reduction for annex Ⅰ trading nation. The carbon stock in the form of wood product imports grew constantly, which had increased carbon removal by stock-change approach. While estimated by atmospheric-flow approach, large imports of primary wood materials increased carbon emissions, so that trade of HWP had made China become a "carbon source".

Soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important components of soil nutrients. In order to explore the variation of soil nutrient contents, soil C and N contents and C:N ratio were investigated in Koelreuteria paniculata forests grown in wasted manganese mine lands in Xiangtan, Hunan for different years in an vegetation restoration program. The result showed that soil C and N contents increased with the increase of the restoration time. The soil C content was 13.36, 14.78, and 26.96 g·kg^-1 in 3-, 5- and 9-year-old stands, respectively, and they were 1.30, 1.44 ,and 2.63 times of the control plot (10.27 g·kg^-1), respectively. The N were 0.54, 0.59, and 1.12 g·kg^-1 in 3-, 5- and 9-year-old stands, respectively, which means that they were about 38%, 51% and 187% higher than the control plot (0.39 g·kg^-1), respectively. The soil C and N were significantly higher in 9-year-old stands than the control plot (P<0.05). The soil C and N varied with soil depths in the forests at different restoration stage. The C:N ratio in soil ranged from 26.60 to 23.75 at different restoration stages of forests, and decreased with the increase of the duration. The soil C:N ratio declined by 2.79 in 9-year-old stands compared to control stands. In the study site, soil pH was slightly positively correlated to soil C and N contents, as well as soil C:N ratio (P >0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between soil C content and soil N content (P <0.01). Significantly positive correlations were found between soil C content and C:N ratio (P <0.01) while positive correlations were found between soil N content and C:N ratio (P <0.05). Our results provided scientific reference for examining the dynamics of soil nutrients during restoration and evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration in mining wastelands.

Picea pungens has high ornamental value because of its rare blue-green needles. This paper compared colors of needles from 1-year-old seedlings, 4-year-old seedlings, 35-year-old plants of the species and 12-year-old plants of P. pungens ‘Glauca Globosa’.The result showed that needles of 1-year-old seedlings exhibited almost green, needles of new branches of some 4-year-old seedling exhibited blue, while needles of 35-year-old plants with blue needles and the‘Glauca Globosa’plants, exhibited almost all blue. Observation via a dissecting microscope found that on the epidermis of blue needles there was a layer of substance, which could be dissolved into organic solvents or be removed through physical friction. The needles became green after the layer of substance was removed. Through observation via scanning electron microscope, it was found out that the epidermis of blue needles was covered with a quantity of rod-like substances arranged intensely and irregularly, with a thickness from 1.307 65 μm to 5.014 94 μm, while there was little or none the substance in the green needles. Analysis with GC-MS showed that the substances were mainly alkanes, aliphatic compounds and cyclic compounds, which generated wax crystals on the epidermis of needles. This paper laid the foundation for analysis of P. pungens' blue-color needles.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of fertilization on N and P content of roots, stems and leaves of 20-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtii in a plantation in western Qinling mountain. The results showed that N and P fertilization significantly increased N and P content in the roots, stems and leaves. The N and P content increased largest with the application of 15 g·m^-2 N and 7.5 g·m^-2 P₂O₅. For unfertilized L. principis-rupprechtii, the N and P content in leaves was relatively higher at early growth stage, and then declined and fluctuated, and reached to the lowest value in October. As for in stems, the N and P content increased gradually, and reached to the highest value in September and then declined in October. The N content in roots reduced firstly and reached to the lowest in June, and then exhibited an increase trend. The P content in stems was relatively stable, and the highest value was in August. The tree growth was restricted by the shortage of soil nutrient. N fertilizer and P fertilizer should timely be supplemented in this place to meet the nutritional needs of the normal growth of L. principis-rupprechtii.

In this study, PCR amplification and sequencing techniques were used to compare and analyze mitochondrial Cytb gene sequences of four geographic populations (KSS, Turpan, HSX and HMS) of Carpomya vesuviana, to explore the genetic relationship among them. 469 bp fragments were obtained.The composition,specific site and base transition/transversion frequency of the partial sequences of Cytb gene were analyzed. The frequencies of codon usage were calculated and the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. The results showed that KSS population has a relatively far genetic relationship with Turpan population, HSX population and HMS population.