Generally wetland functions can be divided into three types: hydrologic, habitat and biogeochemical functions. Each of the three functions includes several sub-functions, each of which is manifested by a measurable and quantitative variable. A combination of all the variables forms the functional assessment index system of wetlands. The intrinsic fuzzy features of wetland functions make it possible for fuzzy mathematics method to be widely used in functional assessment of wetlands. The essence of application of fuzzy set theory to functional assessment of wetlands is to identify the membership degrees of the target wetlands to give fuzzy sets. The main principle of a Dual-Grade Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Model is to quantitatively assess the functional status of a target wetland through calculation of its membership degree to idealistic and worst functional circumstances. For any wetland to be assessed, the possible maximum values of its variables in undisturbed pristine situation are adopted as the standards of idealistic circumstance, and the possible minimum values of its variables in human_disturbed situation are adopted as the standards of worst circumstance. The established model has been applied to assessment of wetland functions in Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province in the years of 1980, 1988 and 2002. The calculation results showed that the membership degrees of this wetland to idealistic circumstance was 0.974 3 in 1980, 0.857 3 in 1988 and (0.703 0) in 2002,suggesting that wetland functions in Honghe have been evidently decreasing since 1980.

The hydrogen stable isotope method was used to trace the change of precipitation, throughfall and interflow over time under different rainfall density in 3 types of sub-alpine dark conifer forests in Balang Mountain of Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China. The results showed: there was significantly negative correlation between rainfall ΔδD and precipitation amount; R²=0.456,p=0.043, which indicated there existed significant rainfall amount effect on δDin the precipitation. There was no significant difference between rainfall δD and throughfall δD, which showed throughfall was from the rainfall. The differences between rainfall δD and interflow δD was significant (p<0.05), which indicated that interflow derived from rainfalls in different time-lags. The result further illustrated that sub-alpine dark conifer played an important role in the regulation of interflow. The regulation happened in the fourth day after the 0～10 mm rainfall event; and the regulation happened in the second or third day after the 10～20 mm event, while regulation time was only 1 or 2 days after 20～30 mm event. The change of δD value difference (ΔδD) between rainfall and throughfall with precipitation was in the shape of shi-normal distribution. ΔδD >0, when 4.91 mm≤precipitation<25.25 mm; ΔδD<0, when precipitation < 4.91 mm or > 25.25 mm; and the maximum value happened when precipitation amount was 12.65 mm. The differences were the result in interaction between heavy isotope accumulation from evaporation of canopy and the precipitation processes.

In this paper,the disturbance regimes and the characteristics of the gaps from the Karst forest in Maolan National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province were studied. Three sampling plots with the size of 5 000 m², representing three types of forest community in various ecological environment, were established. The gap size, disturbance frequency, forming pattern of gaps, the number and species composition of gap makers (GM) were recorded in the field. The results indicated that: 1) The size of most canopy and expanded gaps was small. The total area of the big gaps was much larger than that of small gaps, however. 2) Most of the gaps were formed 20 years ago. The rate was about 0.55 gap·hm^-2a^-1, with a return interval of 270 years. 3) Gap density was about 20 per hectare. The mean size of canopy gap was (69.7±45.71) m², and the mean size of expanded gap was (152.7±79.43) m². The canopy gaps and expanded gaps covered 13.9% and 30.6% of the forest area respectively. 4) Trunk snapping or breakage was the main pattern of gap forming but it varied with the topography. In the valley, hillside and funnel, the main pattern of gap forming was breakage on trunk, uprooted blown down and breakage at trunk base respectively. 5) Most of gaps in the forest were formed with 1 to 4 fallen trees. The average number of GM was 2.5 per gap. Most of the GM was the dominant species in the forest. The proportion of evergreen tree and deciduous tree was about 61.5% and 38.5% respectively. The distribution of GM size indicated that the gap disturbance was very frequent in the Karst forest.

Based on the niche ecostate-ecorole theory proposed by Chunquan Zhu, we improved the model of regeneration niche, regarding the niche of the arbor tree and the sapling as the ecostate and the ecorole of the regeneration niche. Through the investigation on the gap regeneration of the Changbai mountains Korean Pine broad-leaved mixed forest, the quantitative characteristics of regenerated tree species in the gaps were analyzed, and the breadth and the overlap of the regeneration niche were calculated in this paper. The result showed that the improved model did not only ensure the mathematics logistic coherence, but also increase the ecological explain meaning, and advance the precision of the regeneration niche metrics.

Soil culture experiment at 3 phosphorus levels was conducted to illustrate differences of phosphorus efficiency (PE) between five Pinus massoniana provenances which showed different responses to phosphate fertilizer, and to screen special characteristics indicating PE. The results showed that there existed great differences in PE for provenances tested, among which Wuping of Fujian (distributed over the southern end of Wuyi mountains) was regarded as tolerance provenance to low phosphorus stress with the greatest PE, P absorption and use efficiency, and highest dry matter accumulation under low phosphorus level. PE of Wuping of Fujian was above 70% and about one times higher than those provenances with lowest PE. Among three southern provenances tested, Xinyi of Guangdong was also found to have greater PE. PE was significantly and positively related to P use efficiency, not related to P absorption. The provenances with higher PE had greater dry matter accumulation. PE has a high and positive correlation to root parameters such as root volume, number and total length of lateral roots, and number of fibrous roots under low phosphorus stress. Based on the results of soil and liquid culture experiments, the root parameters above, organic acid amount excreted from roots, and Apase activity etc. can be screened as the special characteristics for PE of P. massoniana provenances under low phosphorus stress.

In our experiments, one-year-old Larix olgensis seedlings were cultivated in sand, and supplied with solutions with different concentrations of nitrate or phosphate. The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on chlorophyll biosynthesis, total nitrogen content and photosynthetic rate were studied. The experimental results were listed below: 1) 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetic rate increased as nitrate concentrations supplied to larch seedlings increased from 1 to 8 mmol·L^-1. But the rate decreased 17% when nitrate concentration increased to 16 mmol·L^-1, contrast to the control. Under phosphate treatments, ALA synthetic rates were similar to those under nitrate treatments. The activities of porphobilinogen (PBG) synthase reached maximum when larch seedlings were supplied with 8 mmol·L^-1 of nitrate or 1 mmol·L^-1 of phosphate. 2) When larch seedlings were supplied with 8 mmol·L^-1 of nitrate and 0.5 mmol·L^-1 of phosphate, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids reached maximum. The total nitrogen contents in leaves increased as nitrate concentrations increased. 3) When phosphate concentrations increased from 0.125 to 1 mmol·L^-1, the total nitrogen contents in leaves slightly increased, however, continuous increase of phosphate concentrations resulted in the decrease in total nitrogen contents in leaves. When nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol·L^-1, soluble protein contents in leaves increased in general, and continuous increase of nitrate concentrations induced reduce in soluble protein contents in leaves. 4) Under treatment of 0.25 mmol·L^-1 of phosphate, the soluble protein contents reached maximum. In general, F_vF_m increased as nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol·L^-1, and continuous increase of nitrate concentrations resulted in reduce in F_vF_m. The similar changes occurred under phosphate treatments. As nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol·L^-1 photosynthetic rates gradually increased, but when nitrate concentrations increased to 16 mmol·L^-1, photosynthetic rate reduced 16%, contrast to the control. Photosynthetic rates reached maximum when seedlings were supplied with 1 mmol·L^-1, and oversupply of phosphate (2 mmol·L^-1) resulted in reduce in photosynthetic rates. The results suggested that supply levels of nitrogen affected ALA biosynthetic rates, activities of PBG synthase, and affected contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Moreover, nitrogen supply levels affected contents of total nitrogen and soluble proteins in leaves, and net photosynthetic rates. ALA biosynthesis rates and activities of PBG synthase were affected by phosphate supply, but contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids were not affected. And net photosynthetic rates were affected little by phosphate supply.

On account of the Cupressus gigantea is in severe danger,The relationship between the endangered conditions and the conditions of bearing fruit、morphological characters、vigor、damaged conditions、germination rate are studied through field investigation and TTC measurement of seed vigor in three groups(Lang County section in Brahmaputra , Milin and Linzhi County)of C. gigantea in natural conditions. The result shows: 70%～80% of the mature trees are fruitless or less fruit, and a health cone contains 58 seeds on average; Most trees are harmfully logged, and the seeds are severely injured by diseases、birds and mice. All of these are the exterior factors that induce C. gigantea to be in severe danger. Whereas, the seed vigor is an important internal factor,but the maximum of which is 39.8% and the average is only up to 34.6%, which is far lower than that of Pinus koraiensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata. The low germination is another important internal factor, the average of which is only 32.6%. The seed quality and the habitat conditions of temperature and humidity are bad for the individual reproducing and population dispersion of C. gigantea.

In order to carry out trunk extension by lateral buds, the laws of branching and trunk extension from lateral buds were investigated in 1-year-old seedlings of Paulownia tomentosa × P. fortunei 33 under natural conditions. The results were as follows: 1)The rate of individuals with characteristics of false dichotomous branching was 42% in seedlings of Paulownia tomentosa × P. fortunei 33 under conditions of high density and extensive management. They could not extend their trunks. However other individuals could do it with features of sympodial branching and false monopodial branching (Close to monopodial branching that terminal buds can extend their trunks). These 3 types of branching all could be called branching of false axis; 2)The form quotients of extended trunk were larger but individuals which could vertically extend their trunks were only 14%, individuals of 86% could not straightly extend in the second year, improving their straight degrees needed for 2～3 years; 3)The lengths and diameters of branching were smaller and smaller, but the angles from branching up to trunk were larger and larger, to the fourth lateral branches the angles reached to the largest, then smaller and smaller from upper lateral buds to down lateral buds among individuals of extended trunks. All branches under the fourth lateral branches were dead.

This study was carried out in a 12-year-old progeny test of open-pollinated Larix kaempferi families in Jianshi County, Hubei Province. The correlation, path analysis and indirect selection among growth, form and wood properties were analyzed. According to selection indices, a number of superior families with fast-growth, good stem-form and high wood qualities were selected for the pulpwood purpose in the subtropical alpine region of China. Finally, breeding procedure for pulpwood and utilization strategies of selected families were suggested. Main conclusions from the study were showed that: Correlations between growth traits and fiber length were positively high, and wall/lumen were negatively high, and basic density, 1%NaOH extract and holo-celouse were insignificant. Correlations between basic density and main-branch length, between fiber length and main-branch length, main-branch diameter, fresh-branch diameter, between wall/lumen of late wood and main-branch length, main-branch diameter, bark thickness, crown width, fresh-branch number, between 1%NaOH extract and main-branch length were positively high. Path analysis of nine traits, which were highly correlated with tree volume, showed that the direct contribution of DBH and height on the variations of tree volume took up about 63% of the total variations. On the other hand, those traits, such as tree crown and wall/lumen, affected the volume strongly by indirect way of the genetic correlation with DBH and height. The controlling system comprised of 9 traits could explain 98.66% of variation of the individual tree volume.

According to the 6-year-old data of Alnus cremastogyne, the experiment analysis has been made for dry trunk weight of single tree of the 15 provenances and 51 families in 3 sites. It proved that the means of dry trunk weight was 6.15 kg. There was significant difference among provenances and families in dry trunk weight, meanwhile, the interaction between provenance and site, family and site in dry trunk weight was statistically significant. Genetic parameter analysis showed that provenance heritability and family heritability of dry trunk weight were 0.27～0.75, 0.17～0.83, respectively, and showed that dry trunk weight of A. cremastogyne was genetically controlled in moderate to strong degree, so it was feasible to improve the dry trunk weight of A. cremastogyne. Dry trunk weight was the most suitable index to show production efficiency of A. cremastogyne pulp wood plantation. The direct path coefficient of volume was highest (0.791) to dry trunk weight. The next was height (0.396) and wood density (0.256). Tree height,DBH and crown range had effects on dry trunk weight indirectly. The best five provenances from Sichuan Province, which were Yanjing of Jintang, Huaikou of Jintang, Muchuan, Qionglai and Yanting, have been selected on the basis of combined index.

The threshold velocity for transportation of sand, roughness, windblown sediment, wind-sand flow structure, soil mechanic composition and wind erosion amount were studied in 4 different land-use types (field land, forest land, wild grass land, flood land) in the Yongding River sand land in Beijing. Conclusions can be drawn as follows. Firstly, the order of wind speed of displace and roughness were forest land, wild grassland, field land, sparse wild grass land, flood land. Secondly, At the wind speed, there are significant differences in sand flux among different ground cover. In the height of 0～20 cm, the height increased while the sediment discharge percent of sand flux reduced. There were significant differences in the sand flow formation in different land use types. Thirdly, mechanic composition of sand particle mainly composed of silver sand in flood land and sparse wild grass land,while others were made of silver sand, particle silver sand and floury sand. Fourthly,the amount of wind erosion and sand sediment was different in land-use types at the same time. Fifthly, some advice was put forward in:improving the vegetation coverage in wind sand prevention and control; changing farming technology.

Lignin chemically extracted from pulp waste liquor has been used as a sand fixer in an experiment of sand stabilization in 2001—2003 in a semiarid area in Ningxia. The results obtained were summarized as follows:1)the sand crusts were formed within 24 hours after spraying the lignin sand-fixer on the sand surface. The lignin sand-fixer reduced the cost more than 50% as compared with that of the grass-grid. The fixed sand could increase the height as much as 2/3 of the sand dune that could create favorable conditions for restoration of vegetation and biodiversity. 2)A desirable result was obtained by spraying the solution of 1%～2% lignin sand-fixer in a dose of 2.5 L·m^-2 on sand surface. As a result of reducing evaporation,consequently the moisture was favorable for seed germination,plant growth,and accumulation of biomass and final restoration of vegetation. 3)Lignin sand-fixer was water-soluble and could maintain sand-fixed for 8～12 months in semiarid area,which was enough for plant growth. 4)Sand could be fixed continuously by combining the annual herbs and the perennial shrubs.

In order to defining the remote sensing factors influencing forest canopy density effectively,based on the research of predecessors,the magnitude of information on each wave bands and ratio wave bands in common use of TM remote sensing image,the multi-collinearity existed between each other and its unfavorable influence to the estimation of canopy density were studied and analyzed in this paper. To certain monitoring area and the remote sensing ratio wave bands defined,by means of the criterion of mean residual sum of squares to carry on filtering of remote sensing factors,finally the important remote sensing wave bands influencing canopy density estimation are confirmed,meanwhile the operable software system is programmed.

Experimental plots were established for thinning effects on stand and tree growth,tree species composition,species diversity and soil factors etc. in the mixed larch-spruce-fir stands which originated from planted larch pure forest by observations for 12 years after thinning. Experimental treatments included medium intensity thinning (average removal of 20% of the volume), heavy intensity thinning(removal of 30% of the volume) and control. Results showed that thinning had a significant effect on residual stand growth, but there was no significant difference between medium and heavy thinning treatments. Periodical annual increment (PAI) of diameter, basal area and volume for both whole stand and individual trees showed similar trends, stands with heavy thinning treatments had the highest PAI, stands with medium thinning second, and unthinned stands the lowest. Thinning had no significant effects on total yield in 12 years after thinning. Stand development during the 12 years following thinning was characterized by high mortality in the unthinned stands, which occurred primarily for larch and broad-leaved tree species. The number of ingrowth was very small in all stands, the ingrowth mainly occurred for shade-tolerant tree species such as Spruce, Fir, Korean Pine and broad-leaved tree species. It is recommended to reserve Korean Pine and broad-leaved tree species for current mixed Larch-Spruce-Fir stands to develop towards deciduous Korean Pine forest. No significant differences were detected in tree species composition between thinning and unthinned stands, Therefore, the species composition of Larch, other conifer and broad-leaved tree species with the proportion of 6∶3∶1 maybe stable. Thinning stands with the thinning intensity of about 20% and 30% had no significant effects on species diversity, biomass of shrub and herb, and physical properties of soil. However, species diversity, the biomass of understory shrub and herb, and total porosity and capillary porosity of thinning stands were a little higher than those of control stands.

Using randomized block experiment design and variance analysis, multiple comparisons and regression analysis methods; the effects of the container-growing seedling were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the basal diameter, H/D, total fresh mass and under ground dry mass of container seedling presence significant difference; the difference of dry mass, under ground mass and aboveground fresh mass attained best significant level; the dry mass of phyllogen, activity of root system and soluble sugar content also presence significant difference. The volume mass of the medium and the contents of total P and soluble P were major factors influencing seedling growth. Alkali-decomposed nitrogen in the medium was the major factor influencing the ratio of the aboveground and underground parts of the seedling. The recommended medium prescription is surface garden soil: yellow earth: pine-forest surface soil: decomposed manure: coal cinder(=40∶15∶20∶20∶5) for Chinese Pine. The best medium is: the texture is neutral, apparent density is 10 t·m^-3, total P is 0.8 g·kg^-1, soluble P is 90 mg·kg^-1, soluble K is 260 mg·kg^-1,alkali-decomposed nitrogen is 112 mg·kg^-1, organic matter content is 3.4%.

Based on statistic data and field investigations on the implementation of the National Natural Forest Conservation Program (NNFCP) during the period of 1998—2003,we analyzed the current status of social security system in NNFCP areas, identified existing problems, and at the end proposed countermeasures from the policy point of view. Our analyses indicated that the setting of the unemployed in the NNFCP area has been made a great progress, but serious problems do exist in unemployed setting and social insurance. At present there were 98.4 thousand unemployed in the NNFCP area. Most people had no medical insurance and unemployment insurance, and old-age and insurance could not be delivered in time in many NNFCP areas. To solve the existing problems, we proposed to: 1) establish a perfect social security system; 2) strengthen the legislation of social security law to ensure basic livelihood, medial insurance and social endowment insurance in NNFCP area; 3) alleviate the economic burden of local forestry enterprises,and eradicate the default of retirement pensions as soon as possible; 4) develop substitution industry to increase reemployment opportunities, etc..

There are 21 wild plant species under state emphasized protection in Meizhou at present,belonging to 20 genus and 16 families,according to List of Wild Plants Under State Emphasized Protection(1999). Their life form,distribution characteristics and geographic region were analyzed. These results showed that most of these plants were tropical and subtropical types,and concentratively distributed in the Reserve. Human activities have disturbed the habitats of these plants and their protection should be strengthened. Moreover,values of these conservation plants were discussed and suggestions on protection measures were put forward. The paper provided basic materials for research and rationally utilization of conservation plant resources in Meizhou.

Alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroids was bioassayed with Clostera anastomosis for their antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects. The antifeedant rate in choice test reached 62%～86% at the dose 2.5 mg·mL^-1, while in non-choice bioassay only 20%～29%. In choice bioassay, the antifeedant rate increased with larval instars of C. anastomosis and did not in non-choice experiment. The alkaloids also impose great influence on the growth of C. anastomosis larvae I.e. after feeding on the alkaloid treated leaves, the larvae had a big reduction on body weight, weight gain, and relative growth rate (RGR) comparing with the controls. In the second day of treatment with the dose 10 mg·mL^-1 alkaloid, the RGR reduced 39.8%, and the food intake and the feces weight is only 57.7% and 57.4% of the controls, respectively. The approximate digestibility (AD) increased significantly, and the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), the efficiency of ingested food (ECI) decreased greatly after feeding treated leaves. Further, the eggs laid per female was also inhibited by this alkaloid. The significance and prospect of the alkaloids in controlling forest insect pests were also discussed.

After extracting Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus genomic DNA by SDS method, ten strains of B. xylophilus and ten strains of B. mucronatus from some epidemic areas were compared in the relationships by selected six primers through RAPD assay. The result of RAPD could discern obviously B. xylophilus from B. mucronatus and the result is consistent with morphology analysis. The cluster analysis also demonstrated between interspecific and intraspecific variations, which interspecific variations were more than intraspecific variations. Nematode homology in the same and adjacent district is higher than in distant district. In the same district host has very little effect on the nematode distribution. The method is sensitive and accurate, and can be regarded as a reliable technique for the study of nematode distribution, spread pathway, detection and prevention.

Bt cryIAc gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki was introduced into the chromosome of pine symbiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus (Bc752) by an integrative vector pEG601. The vector contains a strong vegetative promoter, the cryIAc gene (identified as a 7.4 kb SphI-NruI fragment of DNA from B. thuringiensis HD-73), the tetracycline resistance gene (tet^r) and an 8.0 kb EcoRI-NcoI fragment of chromosomal DNA from Bc752 to allow for homologous recombinant between the vector and the bacterial chromosome. Transformation of Bc752 with plasmid pEG601 by electroporation resulted in the engineered symbiotic bacteria. Insertion of the vector DNA into the chromosome was demonstrated by analysis of DNA restriction enzymes and PCR amplification. Recombination strains containing Bt cryIAc gene produced the 133ku protoxin which could be detected by SDS-PAGE, ELISA, electronmicroscope observation and insect bioassays.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-fertility effect of the extract chloroform isolated from neem oil. Adult male Kunming mice received 2 g\5kg^-1 the extract chloroform orally for one week. The data from fertility tests showed that the extracts chloroform from neem oil has positive antifertility effect,the LD₅₀ is 33 g·kg^-1, the level of aminotransferase increase in first to third months after treated with extracts chloroform, but turn back gradually in 4-6th months, serum testosterone level has no obviously alteration. The flow cytometry data revealed that extract chloroform could cause a decrease in seminiferous cells number,and an increase in the apoptosis rate. The concentration of total alkaline nuclear protein (TNBP ) was decreased by 47.11% and the ratio of total tissue protein (TH)/ spermic nuclear protein (RP) was increased by 80.25%. The action of anti_fertility may be relevant with interferring the mediated immunity in the metamorphous stage. It is showed that a new way method of controling mouse calamity can be developed.

The multi_layer neural network model of the forest fire forecast was built based on the artificial neural network, and the historical data of the factors that were related to the forest fire closely were treated as samples to be trained for the network as well. The results indicated that the forest fire could be forecasted exactly and effectively by the network with the samples consisted of the factors chosen. In_depth discussions on the performance and the training precision of the model were presented, and the feasibility of forest fire forecast was analyzed. The artificial neural network had comprehensive application value in the forecast of the forest fire.

This paper presented a kind of NN modeling method named Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), through which the physical, mechanical properties of Chinese Fir could be obtained from its internal structure parameters. The implementation of this method could help find out the inherent relationship of Chinese Fir microstructure and physical, mechanical properties with desired approximation precision (above 96.3%).The result worked out here will provide strong scientific foundation and effective research approach when it comes to the research of wood quality and it’s forming mechanism, wood transgene and directive breeding.

25 clones 6 trees from each clone were sampled (aged 15 years) from clone test stand of Populus tomentosa. Wetwood proportion of every tree was calculated, their inheritance and variation among clones were studied. The high value of clones repeatability of wetwood proportion (0.749) indicated that the character was under genetic control, and selection could be conducted effectively between clones. Whereas correlation analysis showed that no significantly correlation between wetwood proportion and lignin content and height, general significantly negative correlation between wetwood proportion and growth traits(diameter at breast height and volume ) were discovered.

Cell shape was modeled as a hollow rectanglar body from the cell structure of wood. The formula of thermal resistance of a material was derived by analogy, on the base of the fact that heat conduction of the material was similar to its electric conduction in terms of Ohm' resistance law. Theoretical expression of wood thermal conductivity in tangential direction was obtained from the cell shape model and the formula of thermal resistance. The theoretical expression showed that the wood thermal conductivity in tangential direction was a function of fraction void volume in wood. The greater the the fraction void volume was, the smaller the thermal conductivity was. Theoretical values of thermal conductivity were calculated with the derived expression for 24 tree species. The maximum error is 12.6% and average error is below 6.4% between existing experimental values and calculated ones for investigated species in this work.

The structures of the solid state products formed by the limited combustion of Korean Pine(Pinus koraiensis) wood treated with fire-retardant FRW were analyzed by microscopic FTIR. The volatile pyrolytic products of basswood(Tilia amurensis) specimens treated with FRW (FZ) and its components GUP (GZ)and boric acid (BZ) respectively were analyzed by GC-FTIR. The pyrolytic and charing process, the effects of fire-retardant and the structural characteristics of the pyrolytic products were discussed. It was concluded that upon heating and by the catalysis of FRW and its decomposition products reactions of wood took place successively, namely the dehydration of polysaccharide, the elimination of acetic acid from hemicellulose, the degradation of polysaccharide, the degradation of lignin, the polymerization of the pyrolytic products of wood, reactions of oxygen-element-elimination of aliphatic polymers and the structural change of the later to form aromatic structure, and charing. The pyrolysis process of wood was altered and the yield of volatile pyrolytic products was decreased by FRW treatment.

The desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau results from the gradual depletion of storing water during the process of vegetation rehabilitation. The desiccation of deep soil layer related to vegetation rehabilitation on the Loess Plateau was reviewed, including its characteristics, types, quantitative indexes, contributing factors, distributions, harmfulness and countermeasures. Moreover, some problems and suggestions in the relevant researches were presented.

Phytoremediation employs the use of plants, alone or together with their associated microorganisms, to degrade, contain or stabilize various environmental contaminants in soil, water, and air. The advantages of phytoremediation are:1) It is an aesthetically pleasing, solar-energy driven cleanup technology;2) There is minimal environmental disruption and in situ treatment preserves topsoil; 3) It is useful for treating a broad range of environmental contaminants; and 4) it is inexpensive(60%～80% or even less costly ) than conventional physico-chemical methods. Phytoremediation is wildly viewed as the ecologically responsible alternative to the environmentally destructive physical remediation methods currently practiced. With the development of genic engineering technology, transgenic plants play a major role in this field. This paper introduced the significant progress of the phytoremediation of soil with heavy metals and organic pollutants by transgenic plants.

Proceeding from the relation of forest biological disaster and eco-system function, the history of forest diseases and pests control, the strategy of forest pest control and the need of the targets of forest management, the paper defined the concept of Forest Pest Ecological Control (FPEC), analyzed the characteristics, academic and technological base of FPEC. Natural cybernetics and self-organization theory are the academic bases and forest ecosystem management is technological one. The paper discussed the roles of FPEC, including ecosystem rule, coordination rule, ecological balance rule, niche rule, environmental protection rule, coevolving rule, forestry by-product security rule, ecosystem stability rule, ecosystem high functional rule (high productivity, economic benefit, ecological benefit and social effects) and sustainable control rule of forest ecosystem bio-disaster. And also evaluates the FPEC and its suitable conditions. The authors think that FPEC has unquestioningly many merits compared with Forest Integrated Pest Management and it is the main research direction of forest pest control in the future. The strategy is bound to have a broad prospect.

For realizing the forest definite cultivation and optimal utilization of wood resources, a large and more comprehensive sampling population would be needed to provide the basic information for the effective decision. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an advanced spectroscopic tool for nondestructive evaluation of wood, and it can quickly, accurately estimate the properties of increment core, solid wood or wood meal. Recently, NIR have applied extensively to estimate wood properties and wood processing and so on. This article introduced the basic principle of NIR and its main application, and then reviewed the application and progress of NIR in the wood properties, wood processing and modification and wood composites. It is optimistic to conclude that NIR is an empirical method for wood science research which will get the extensive application in wood science and technology, and can contribute to the forest definite cultivating, genetic manipulation of trees and optimal utilization of wood.

Based on the principle of water balance in forest ecosystem, a new method named “ water balance measurement of multiple-trees”for measuring evapotranspiration and its components was developed for the forest/vegetation in the stony mountain area of Loess Plateau. The corresponding concept, research design and measurement methods were also described in detail in the paper. The transpiration of two stands of Larix principi-rupprechtii with different density was estimated by the method. The comparison indicated that the stand transpiration in growing season of 2002 was close to the value estimated by heat pulse method. This means that the suggested method of water balance measurement of multiple-trees can be used as a practicle method. Finally, some problems related with the theory and application of this method were discussed.

Western Sichuan sub-alpine is an extension of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to southeastern China and is covered with forests in the valleys, mainly dark coniferous ones. As a result of long-term over-logging on a large scale, they have been greatly reduced and degraded. In this paper, in order to analyse the influences of forest management and topography factors on sub-alpine forest restoration in west Sichuan, Miyaluo was selected as a case study area. The cutting volume, artificial regeneration area and tending area from 1953 to 2000 were collected, forest survey and plot investigation were taken in 7 watersheds. The results showed that sub-alpine forest restoration in west Sichuan was influenced by both forest management and natural regeneration. Taking Miyaluo as an example, forest management could be divided into two stages, cutting period (1953—1978) and restoration period (1978—now), and cutting period also could be divided into period Ⅰ (1953—1965) and period Ⅱ (1966—1978). In cutting period with logging on a large scale and fast regeneration, artificial regeneration could not catch up with cutting, tending could not catch up with regeneration, the young growth tending was worse and survival rate was low, especially in period Ⅰ. That resulted in the mosaic patch of plantations, natural secondary forests and ones from both artificial and natural regeneration in cutting area. The pattern was influenced by aspect. Spruce from artificial regeneration was dominant on half-sunny and sunny slope; birch and firs from natural regeneration were on half-shady and shady slopes. In restoration period, cutting was little and stopped at last, artificial regeneration was little; survival rate was high from well tending to young growth. Spruce regenerated artificially in 1980s and at the beginning of 1990s had closed to young forests after successive tending with many years. In sub-alpine forest regions, the regeneration methods and species should be selected according to the habitat types that changed with altitude and aspect. In the sites that restoration can be go on naturally, natural regeneration should be promoted to ensure the persistence and stability of forests.

Microorganism impacts greatly on the translation and the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Inoculating the medium with Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and lecithin as the only P source respectively with the strains of bacterial fertilizer in our laboratory, 9 strains of phosphorus-dissolving bacteria were selected. The contents of available phosphorus increased from 33.082 mg·kg^-1 to 344.820 mg·kg^-1 in the medium withCa₃(PO₄)₂ and increased from 0.870 mg·kg^-1 to 43.123 mg·kg^-1 in the medium with lecithin. The pH of all cultures of the medium with Ca₃(PO₄)₂ were lower than that of CK. While in cultures of the medium with lecithin, the pH values of 7 strain cultures were lower than that of CK and the other 2 strains were higher. The pH varied in 5.0～7.5.

Pinus massoniana was grown in a nurse bed consisting of a strong acidic yellow soil and inoculated with 3 strains of Laccaria bicolor, namely Lb S238A, Lb S238N and Lb 270, respectively. The growth of seedlings, particularly stems and leaves, was promoted significantly by the ectomycorrhizal(ECM) fungi in the sequence: Lb270 > Lb S238N > LbS238A. In contrast, the inhibition of aluminum translocation was observed from roots to upper parts compared to the absorption and utilization of N, P, Ca and Mg that were encouraged by ECM. Seedlings infested with Lb S238A absorbed least amount of nutrients and aluminum, while the largest amount of P, K and Mg was taken in by those with Lb 270 and the largest amount of N and Ca by those with Lb S238N。It is necessary to point out that Ca absorption and accumulation in the upper parts of pine seedling were greatly promoted by ECM inoculation. The latter in those of mycorrhizal seedlings was increased by 473%～577% over than nonmycorrhizal(NM) ones, which could benefit to the aluminum resistance of the tree seedlings. The inoculation of Laccaria bicolor could, therefore, be considered as an important and effective measurement to promote growth and nutrition and to alleviate aluminum toxicity to Pinus massoniana in south China.

This paper had developed a theoretical mathematics model of wood drying stress-strain using mathematical and physical theories and taking moisture content (MC) and microfibril angle (MFA) into consideration as explicit parameters,predicted the development of stress-strain using MATLAB software,and analyzed the effect of MC and MFA. The results showed: on the condition of making the basic parameters set,the charts plotted by MATLAB software reflected the effect of MC and MFA. Tangential and longitudinal strain changed linearly with MC. The model could be applied to analysis the development of stress_strain in drying from ultrastructural level.

Cationic rosin sizing agents can be used to neutral sizing, so the study about it is very important to papermaking industry, whose condition is converting from acidic to neutral or alkalinity, and rosin processing and utilizing industry in China. In this paper, the cationic rosin dispersion sizing agent HPCRZ was successfully prepared under high temperature and normal pressure with a cationic dispersant, which was obtained by synthesis and mixing in the laboratory. HPCRZ's properties, which included its color and state, concentration, pH value, Zeta potential and particle diameter distribution, were analyzed. The sizing degree of its paper samples was determined by Stckigt method. The permanence of its paper samples was analyzed by ageing in oven and expressed with white degree R₄₅₇ and L^*、a^*、b^* three dimensional color space. At the same time, those properties of control sample were analyzed in order to compare with it conveniently. The result showed that, HPCRZ had high cationic Zeta potential. There were two peaks in its curve of particle diameter distribution. After homogenizing, the peak of bigger particle diameter was reduced to a shoulder. Its volume average particle diameter was 0.567 μm and consistency was 0.652. The particle diameter distribution was close to that of the control. When the paper samples were making with recycled fiber, Al₂(SO₄)₃ dosage was 1.0%, sizing agent dosage was 1.0%, temperature was 10℃, pH value was 6.0 and 5.0, and no other auxiliary agents, the sizing degree was 53 s and 67 s respectively. Its R₄₅₇ decreased 2.23% and 2.64%, yellow blue axes color index b^* increased 2.00 and 2.29, whole color difference ΔE_ab^* was 2.10 and 2.33 respectively after ageing. When pH value was 6.0, temperature was 20℃, and other conditions were not changed, the sizing degree was 52 s and the R₄₅₇ decreased 2.17%, b^* increased 2.24, ΔE_ab^* was 2.32. HPCRZ's sizing effective was almost same with that of the control under these experiment conditions, and the permanence was better.

The technic of rose otto production from Qinwei rose(Rosa damascena Mill cv. “Kazanluk”) was studied. The reflux distillation technic with two different distillation velocities in was a superior method to produce otto. The quality of the otto was high in conformity with ISO 9842 and БДС 653. The optimum process was as follows: fresh flower, salting, distillation, segregation and product finally. The principal technic parameters were as follows∶salting (flower∶salt=4∶1,w/w) 1～25 d; 1∶4 of flower to water during distillation; distillation at 100 L·h^-1 for 3 h first, and 125 L·h^-1 for 1 h subsequently.