On the basis of the “Atlas of China vegetation" compiled by the “China Vegetation Atlas Editorial Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,we had applied the Geographic Information System (GIS) ARC/INFO (NT version) and digitizer to extract Haloxylon desert vegetation information and draw a special topic map of the geographic distribution of Haloxylon desert vegetation.On this basis,we had analyzed the community type,distribution pattern and patch character of Haloxylon desert vegetation.At the same time,according to the survey result of Haloxylon desert vegetation structure in recent years,we had undertaked preliminary evaluation of Haloxylon desert vegetation resources.The result showed that the total area of existing Haloxylon desert vegetation is 114 000 km², the distribution area in Xinjiang was the largest,accounting for 73.1% of total national Haloxylon desert vegetation,then followed by Inner Mongolia,accounting for about 14.1% of the national total;the distribution areas of existing Haloxylon desert vegetation in Qinghai and Gansu provinces accounted for 7.9% and 4.9%,respectively.The area of different Haloxylon desert vegetation types is also different, the area of Haloxylon ammodendron gravel desert accounted for 37.3% of the total area of Haloxylon desert vegetation;The area of H.ammodendron desert accounted for about 21.3% of the national total;The area of H. persicum accounted for 23% of the national total;And other types of Haloxylon desert community accounted for 19.4% of the national total. In China the Haloxylon desert vegetation located at: 107.6—77.3°E, 47.4—36.1°N. The altitude of vertical distribution was between 87～3 174 m.In the east and south borders of the Haloxylon desert vegetation distribution area,the major Haloxylon desert community type is H.ammodendron gravel desert while in the west and north borders,the major community type is H.ammodendron desert.The patches consisted of Haloxylon desert vegetation is 180 in China.The characters of the patches are many small patches, fewer large patches,with area of patches among patches was different by a big margin and the distance between most patches was fairly distant.According to actual survey result in recent years,although the distribution area of Haloxylon desert vegetation in China is very large,yet its coverage was in general fairly small,with an area of less than 30% coverage accounting for 70% of the total area of existing Haloxylon desert vegetation.

Agroforestry and small-scale forests were focused. Huai'an Prefecture, Jiangsu Province is selected as the case study area, stochastic frontier analysis and translog production function were used to analyze the ecological contributions of agroforestry and small-scale forests to agricultural gross production value, farming production value and husbandry production value. The analysis results show that the contributions of agroforestry to agricultural gross production value, farming production value and husbandry production value are negative, while the contributions of small-scale forests to the above are positive, in the meantime, there exist joint production effects among forestry, husbandry and farming, therefore, agroforestry and small-scale forests should be adjusted in order to gain higher ecological and economic returns.

To discriminate dry deposition and leaching is important because dry deposition represents mostly an external input of nutrients to the ecosystem while leaching represents mostly a within-system recirculation of nutrients previously taken up by trees from the soil. It is also important to quantify the nutrient fluxes in the development of sustainable land use systems. The experimental plot is located in the Wanglang National Nature Reserve in Pingwu, Sichuan. An automatic weather station (AWS) (Measurement Engineering Pty Ltd, Australia) was installed to measure gross rainfall, throughfall, temperature, air humidity, incoming radiation, wind speed and direction during one year in every plot. Measurements were scanned every 5 s and recorded every 15 min. The timely manual measurements of rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow were made over one growing season, and their nutrient concentrations were analyzed. The objectives of this study were to characterize nutrient concentrations and nutrient inputs via rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, and understand the factors influencing the nutrient concentrations and inputs in the subalpine forests in the western Sichuan.The results indicated that the concentrations of S and NH₄⁺-N were lower in the throughfall than in the rainfall, while those of NO₃^--N, K, Ca, Mg, C and P were the opposites, indicating that S and NH₄⁺-Nwere absorbed from precipitation by canopy. Regardless of the forest communities, the concentrations of all the measured elements were higher in the stemflow than in the throughfall and rainfall. Nutrient inputs via rainfall during 1 year were 40.57 kg·hm^-2 of C, 6.44 kg·hm^-2 of N, 38.69 kg·hm^-2 of K, 0.4 kg·hm^-2 of P, 39.92 kg·hm^-2 of Ca, 8.27 kg·hm^-2 of Mg, and 44.25 kg·hm^-2 of S. Negative fluxes were found for NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, Ca, S (in the fir forest and spruce forest), and P (in the spruce forest) and positive fluxes for K, C, Mg, and P (in the birch forest and Fir forest) in the net throughfall deposition during the measured period. Linear regressions were developed for net throughfall deposition related to dry deposition (antecedent dry period) and leaching (event quantity, duration, rainfall intensity and interception, etc), showing that S and C may be influenced by foliar leaching whereas NO₃^--N, K (in the birch forest and spruce forest), NH₄⁺-N, Ca, Mg and P may be mainly influenced by intercepted dry deposition by crown, and K in the fir forest by both. The negative net throughfall fluxes of some elements resulted from the longer rainfall duration, the smaller rainfall and the extreme values of interception losses in the studied period.

Foliar nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are transferred from the senescing leaves to other tissues of the plant for storage. The recovery of these nutrients, termed resorption, significantly affects plant growth in the following year, and is therefore important to plant adaptation to nutrient-poor habitats. Thus, foliar nutrient resorption efficiency can reflect the ability of nutrient conservation, nutrient use efficiency and adaptation to nutrient-poor habitat of trees. In this study, leaf characteristics and nutrient concentrations before and after leaf senescing, and foliar nutrient resorption efficiency in four Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations of varying ages (11, 20, 29, 45 years old, respectively) were studied in Zhanggutai area, which is situated at southeastern Horqin Sandy Lands. The results showed that foliar leaf mass and area of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees decreased obviously; the foliar nutrient concentrations of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees before leaf senescing didn't show a tendency with tree ages. The concentrations of N, P, K and Mg in leaf litters of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees showed an increased tendency with ages, but the Ca concentration tended to decrease with ages. The foliar N, P, K resorption efficiencies of 11-year-old P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees were similar to those of 20-year-old P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees, however, their resorption efficiencies were both significantly ( P<0.05) higher than those of 29- and 45-year-old P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees. The foliar Mg resorption efficiency showed a decreased tendency with tree ages. The foliar Ca concentrations gradually increased during leaf senescing, thus the Ca resorption efficiencies were negative values. The foliar Ca resorption efficiency of 20-year-old P. sylvestris var. mongolica was the highest among the four aged trees, and the foliar Ca resorption efficiencies of 11- and 45-year-old trees were the lowest. On the whole, foliar N, P, K, Mg resorption efficiency of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees decreased with tree ages, which indicated that the adaptation ability of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees to nutrient-poor sandy habitat also decreased with ages, and reflected a decline characteristic on nutrient conservation of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees.

This paper studied the seasonal characteristics to resist the drought stress of Haloxylon persicum photosynthetic shoots at habitat. The results showed that the predominant drought resistance factors were varied at the different stage from growth to development. In the blooming season (from 31 May to 29 June), endogenous ABA contents were rare; stomatal conductance and photosynthesis intensity were the highest at the whole stage from growth to development; soluble sugar contents had a decreasing trend and proline contents increased a little that made proline become the predominant factor to resist the drought under this light water stress. In the hot summer (from 29 June to 26 July), ABA contents accumulated rapidly; stomatal conductance dropped to the lowest level of the growth and development; chlorophyll was also decomposed; both soluble sugar and proline contents showed the trend of quickly accumulating, but the former was faster than the latter. It was due to stomatal limition and osmotic organic molecules accumulation that would affect the photosynthetic shoots to resist severe drought stress. At the late period of the development (from 9 Aug. to 22 Aug.), ABA rapidly accumulated, its contents got to the highest level of whole life-span; stomatal conductance increased a little; proline and soluble sugar contents changed little at high level; while the ratios of ABA to CTK content and ABA to IAA content got up obviously, the effect to resist drought stress on high content ABA was inhibited by endogenous hormone CTK and IAA, then the continuing accumulation of proline and soluble sugar would be prevented. Osmosis of organic molecules was the most important factor to adjust leaves to severe water stress at this period.

This study investigated the changes in hormone levels in the plants of Pinus koraiensis from teneral stage to blossom phase and in different seasons ,and the function of gibberellin(GA₃)on selected plants in fruit forest of three different age period, 7～8 years old,11～12 years old, 17～18 years old, respectively. The result showed that the contents of indoleacetic acid(IAA) and zeatin riboside(ZR) in teneral stage being lower, as P.koraiensis became older, the contents increased;but at 18 years old, the contents of IAA and ZR in plants became lower. The contents of IAA and ZR reached the highest level in the end of May, afterwards, dropped sharply after mid-Jul. The contents of IAA, ZR and abscisic acid(ABA) in female plants in spring, summer and autumn, at the hormone level of plants, were on average and respectively 36.11%, 43.58% and 31.68% higher than those in male plants at the same age. With the aid of external hormone input with the appropriate dosage, certain effects, with the best effect GA₃ or zeatin(ZT) of 20 mg,on increased conelet yield were obtained.

By taking different freezing method, thawing method and cryoprotectants as treatment factors, the cryopreservation of Cinnamomum cassia excised embryos with different moisture content was studied, and the dehydrogenase activity, the conductivity and α-amylase activity were measured and contrasted after cryopreserving with before. The results showed that the key of cryopreservation technology must be succeeded in reducing the harm of conservation materials during the desiccation and cryopreservation process, by taking the optimum magnitude and type of cryoprotectants, freezing and thawing method. The preservation effects adding the suitable antifreezes broadened the optimum cryopreserving moisture content level, and then enlarged the cryopreserved scale of moisture content. Cryopreserved without cryoprotectants, the suitable moisture content of the C. cassia excised embryos is 30%～40%. And taking quick freezing-quick thawing methods was better than others. Otherwise, the effect cryopreserved with cryoprotectants was much better than that without cryoprotectants, associated with mild freezing-quick thawing methods or quick freezing-mild thawing methods.

The main composition of culture media such as the basic medium and hormones were tested for their effects on Peach ( Prunus persica ) callus frequency from immature embryos (which picked after full flower 45 days and 55 days respectively) under (26±1)℃ without light in an orthogonal experiment. And a method for plant regeneration from immature cotyledons (55 d) has been developed by cultured on MS media supplemented with 2% sucrose and 0.75% agar and hormone in various combinations. The results showed that: The basal medium was the most important factor for inducing callus from embryos. MS was adapted to ‘Yulu’ (45 d and 55 d) and ‘Hujingmilu’ (55 d). NAA 1.0 mg·L ^-1 and 0.5 mg·L ^-1 were better for ‘Yulu’ (45 d and 55 d,respectively), BA 0.5 mg·L ^-1 was better for ‘Hujingmilu’ (55 d), but 2,4-D hadn't any important effect on callus inducing from the examined material. Days after fecundation was another factor effect on callus induction. The highest callus frequency from 45 d immature embryos was 96.6% and it was 81.6% from 55 d embryos. Shoots regeneration occurred when callus was transferred to a medium in which the NAA concentration was 0.05 mg·L^-1 and BA was 1.0 mg·L^-1. Shoot regenerated roots in the medium of 1/2 MS+1.0 mg·L ^-1 IBA. 2 types of hormone combinations (NAA 0.50 mg·L^-1+BA 10.0 mg·L^-1, NAA 0.05 mg·L^-1+TDZ 3.0 mg·L^-1) were favorable to shoots differentiation for the immature cotyledons. The regeneration was changed when cotyledons were wounded horizontally by a razor blade. The best results were obtained when cotyledons with embryonic axis and wounded in the surface. Adventitious shoot could regenerate on the 1/2MS medium with IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1 and Ad 20 mg·L^-1.

The lateral young buds from branches of 11 bamboos, like Pleioblastus fortunei, Pl. viridistriatus, Pseudosasa japonica cv. Tsutsumiana, Phyllostachys aureosulcata f. speciosa, Ph. Heteroclada, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Chusquea culeou,Chimonocalamus delicatus,Drepanostachyum scandens, Chimonobambusa neopurpurea and Bambusa ventricosa cv. Kimmei, were used as explants. The clustered adventitious buds were induced in 20～60 days after inoculation for different species respectively. Subcultures were performed at intervals of 20～40 days by separation of the multiple shoots in groups of three to five and transferred to fresh medium. The rooting rate for monopodial bamboos was 65%～90%, while for the sympodial ones more than 95%. The rooting rate was of great difference among species. The survival rate of the plantlets was about 90%. According to the observation, the most of plantlet from tissue culture can keep the original morphological characters.

The position study on the effect of the intermediate cuttings intensity on Cunninghamia lanceolata stand growth was carried out on Zaoxia Forest Farm of Fengxin County,Jiangxi Province in June,1976.The tested stand was 10 years old.The study had been carried out for 20 years and ended in November,1996. The experimental results indicated that the average tree height and its periodic increment of the stand with the heavy,moderate or light intermediate cuttings increased by 3%～8% over those of the check,but the periodic increment difference is not significant,and the intermediate cuttings was unable to effectiviely promote the growth of the tree height. The average DBH and its periodic increment of the intermediate cuttings stand increased by 7%～19% and 6%～28% respectively as compared with those of the check and were higher significantly or extremely than those of the check. The intermediate cuttings effectively promoted the growth of the DBH. The total basal area and its periodic increment of the intermediate cuttings stand increased by 4%～6% and 1%～7% respectively as compared with those of the check,but there was no significant difference among the intermediate cutting intensity,the basal area of remaining trees of the intermediate cuttings stand was less than that of the check,and the intermediate cutting could not effectively increase the total basal area of the stand,basal area of the remaining trees and their increment. The individual volume and its periodic increment of the intermediate cuttings stand were significantly different or extremely significantly different in 5 years and in 8 years after the felling,which might effectively promote the individual increment of the stand. The unit-area total volume increment of the intermediate cutting stand increased by 2%～4% as compared with that of the check,the increase or decrease values of the remaining tree volume,living tree final-felling volume and their periodic increment were all within the allowable error scope as compared with those of the check,their difference was not significant,and the intermediate cutting could not effectively increase the volume increment and its total yield. As for the growth effect,it was suitable for carrying out the heavy intermediate cutting to fell about 40% of trees in a stand of C. lanceolata.

105 species (25 genera, 15 families) of trees were introduced and domesticated in hilly and gully area of Loess Plateau, the regularity of requirements for fertilizers and water and the growth conditions of trees were researched, more than 90 species (12 genera, 8 families) of fine trees suitable to local conditions were selected, and the models of dispositions area of tree species were studied.

Releasing parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang for biological control of the Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury), an serious invasive defoliator has been researched in China from 1998 to 2003. Results showed that the Fall Webworm population could be effectively put under control when releasing the parasitoid in the full-grown larval and early pupal stages of Fall Webworm respectively and in two consecutive generations, with release proportion of 5 wasps versus 1 host larva. The infested rates of trees reduced to 1.25%, and total parasitism rates of Fall Webworm attacked by natural enemies reached 92.67% after carrying out the biological control measures for the first year. Occurrence of 10 generations of Fall Webworm has been traced continuously for 5 years after release of C.cunea, it indicated that this chalcidoid parasitoid had excellent sustainable control effectiveness on Fall Webworm. The infested tree rates kept under 0.1% and parasitism rates of Fall Webworm by insect natural enemies were still beyond 92% from the 2nd to 5th year after applying the biocontrol measure, which demonstrated the significant sustainable control effects of C.cunea. In addition, a new regression model ( y =-51.607 95+77.475 12 lg x ) we established on parasitism rates between total insect natural enemies and C. cunea itself has also been evaluated in practice. Results revealed that the total parasitism rates calculated by this model did not significantly differ with those from practical investigation. Thus, the model is usable in the survey of parasitism rates by operating organizations for greatly saving works.

Genetic transformation with multiple genes is one of the popular researches in gene engineering. Difensin which is resistant to many kinds of virus, bacterium and fungal, and Gastrodia Antifungal Protein (GAFP) which has the resistant ability to more than twenty kinds of fungal were used for the vector construction. Also, the mechanisms of anti-disease by two genes are different from each other. By use of DNA recombination method a vector (pBin35SGAFP- NP1) that contains the two anti-disease genes: NP1 and GAFP was constructed. Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the two disease-resistance genes were transferred into tobacco using leaf-disk method. Results of PCR and PCR-Southern determination indicated that NP1 and GAFP genes were integrated into the tobacco genome. In vitro testing of transgenic plants to virus, bacterium and fungal showed that they had the resistance to the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Trichoderma reesei, Sphaeropsis sapinea, and it was appeared that NP1 and GAFP genes were expressed efficiently in transgenic tobacco and the transgenic plants had disease-resistant ability to pathogens. Therefore, by using this vector transgenic plants with the two anti-disease genes were obtained which were proved to be expressed efficiently and the ability of anti-disease could be increased.

According to the third survey on Giant Panda in Gansu from 2000 to 2001 and utilizing the software of SPSS and SAS, the Giant Panda habitat in Gansu Province was analyzed. The result shows that the Giant Panda habitat in Gansu is an under-plant population of forest communities with Fargesia denudate as the dominant species; that Giant Panda make movements at the altitudes ranging from 1 600 m to 2 000 m in Wenxian County and Diebu County; that the characteristics of bamboo population, geographical environment, along with the integrity of forest communities, are taken as the three dominant factors in influencing the life of Giant Panda;and that the features of the habitat are basically stable but reasonable distribution together with strong artificial disturbance is considered as the potential factor resulting in the habitat unstable.

By the observation for the foraging behavior of Odontotermes formosanus, the food choice of this termite was studied.The results showed that in the six diets, the consumption rate, mud sheet area and mud sheet covering rate of the millet powder were maximal. The mud sheet appearing time of the millet powder was only longer than that of the pine powder, but difference between the two diets was not significant. Among the five additives, except for 15% Auricularia auricula, 15% Lentinula edodes, 10% masson pine pollen, 10% powdered sugar and 15% honey could observably improve the phagostimulating effect of the millet powder on O. formosanus, and the synergistic effect of 10% powdered sugar was the most distinct in them. The results of the field trial showed that the phagostimulating effect of the baits made of the millet powder+10% powdered sugar on O. formosanus was better than that of the baits made of the millet powder. To sum up, the millet powder+10% white sugar was the best diet component, and it can be the diet ingredient of the poison bait against O. formosanus .

Based on the investigation of forest stand factors (crown cover, DBH, height, age) and surface fuel load (1 h, 10 h, 100 h dead fuels and brush) of 68 plots of Larix gmelinii, Pinus silvestris var. mongolica , and Betula platyphylla forests in Daxing'anling Forest Region, prediction of fuel load was made by using forest stand factors under the support of Spss. The result is quite good as expected.

The new concept monopolized circle was put forward to plant pattern, three theorems relating with monopolized circle was proved and then uniform index was put forward, the theoretical distribution and testing method of pattern type was derived. The forest tree's positions were measured with high precision instruments and the patterns were tested with new uniform index. The new uniform index is easy to calculate, intuitionistic to understand and rational, which is actually used to control the forest tree's pattern in forest thinning.

Applying water, formamide and diiodomethane, as probe liquids to penetrate into pine wood at its capillary and non-capillary sections, respectively, the dynamic absorption models of wood had been deduced based on recorded absorption curves. Results showed that wood absorbs liquid in both capillary and non-capillary sections following three steps, I.e. both the initial and final steps followed the zero order adsorption rate, while the bulk step was complexly dominated by a first or second order adsorption rate. Moreover, it was also found that the viscosity, polarity and the Lewis acid-base interactions of liquids were main factors to influence wood absorption.

Being as a simple style of passengers ropeway,strop ropeway is very popular in modern travel sites,especially in high mountains,rivers and deserts travel sites.The design of Maoershan strop ropeway is introduced from steel rope, poles, line parameters and running-car and the construction and utilization of it is described in this paper. Maoershan strop ropeway is designed according to the theory of parabola and the principle of gravity sliding. The construction is simple and the cost is lower by using the natural conditions. The results of Mao'ershan strop ropeway design and utilization would be a practical experience for other ropeway design.

This paper introduces the method of using phosphoric acid activation to prepare activated carbon from cotton stalks. The effects of various factors in the preparation process on the adsorption property of activated carbon have been investigated. The optional condition of preparation of activated carbon from cotton stalks is put forward. Meanwhile the adsorbent property of activated carbon on heavy mental ion Cr⁶⁺ is determined. The result shows the decolorizing ability of the prepared activated carbon to methylene blue is 292.7 mg·g^-1, iodine value of activated carbon 898.2 mg·g^-1. And the yield of the prepared activated carbon is 34%.

Continuous and uniform layer of Nickel was obtained on the surface of birch veneer through electroless plating in order to produce wood-metal composite which has electromagnetic shielding properties. It was shown by SEM photos that the surface of birch veneer as if smooth was actually very coarse and the structure of the surface which looked like metal very much didn't change after plated. It was shown by EDS and XPS that the main element was Nickel and the content of P was very low in the layer which is microcrystalline structure by XRD analysis. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the wood-metal composite is up to 60 dB at frequencies from 9 kHz～1.5 GHz, and it's electroconductivity and thermal conductivity were improved much.

On the basis of comprehensive study of the result of the thermal analysis, the cone calorimetry and the FTIR for wood treated with fire-retardant FRW, by combining the current theory for fire-retardant wood, the fire-retardant mechanism of FRW was proposed. Its main points were as follows: When wood treated with FRW was heated to sufficient high temperature, FRW in the treated wood decomposes to produce noncombustible gas and nonvolatile acidic molten substance, the later have the effects of decreasing the temperature and shielding heat and diluting oxygen in the air, and this diminishes the pyrolysis rate of wood. The acidic products, formed by the decomposition of boric acid and GUP (components of FRW), catalyze the reactions of wood such as dehydration and degradation, the reactions of the pyrolytic products of wood such as condensation, polymerization and reactions to form aromatic structure. This changes the process of wood pyrolysis and promotes charing. The remarkable catalytic charing effect of FRW, which consumedly decreased the heat release of fire-retardant wood, is the key point of its fire-retardant mechanism. Boric acid and GUP take effects at different temperature by different fire-retardant mechanisms, and the two make up for each other, so they are synergistic.

The transverse shrinkage (tangential and radial) of Chinese Fir( Cunninghamia lanceolata )and I-72 poplar( Populus euramericana cv. `San Martina I-72/58')at different directiens (north or south), tree heights and radial directions were studied in the paper. The effect of the three factors mentioned above on the transverse shrinkage was analyzed to provide the scientific data for the appropriate processing and utilization of Chinese Fir and poplar plantation wood. The results showed that there was no significant difference of shrinkage (tangential and radial) between the samples from north and south directions for Chinese Fir and I-72 poplar. There was significant difference of tangential shrinkage at different heights for Chinese Fir and I-72 poplar, while no significant difference for radial shrinkage. For both species the shrinkage in radial and tangential direction was decreased gradually from bark to pith, with the similar trend as basic density.

By dynamics analysis of microunit, the mathematical models of propagation of stress wave along the axis_direction of a log were founded. The displacement equation, velocity equation, stress equation and strain equation were established by using the method of separation of variables. After this, the relations of displacement velocity, stress and strain at both sides of interface were presented according to the reflection and transmission principles of stress wave. On the basis of this, the transmission equations of displacement, velocity, stress and strain of stress wave alone the diameter-direction or string-direction of a log were founded as the propagation direction is vertical on the interface. The results of analysis and experiments showed that the propagation of stress wave in a log was affected by not only the wood physical properties but also the shocking force strength, shocking area, shocking direction and response time to shockings. All these equations will be theoretical references for testing log properties by using stress wave method.

The advantages vs disadvantages and feasibility to implement clean development mecharism(CDM) afforestation/reforestation (A/R) project activities in China was analyzed, and its potentiality was estimated. It was indicated that to implement CDM A/R project in China is feasible, and China is likely to take 20% of the world market of CDM A/R projects. It was proposed to initiate pilot CDM A/R project in China and to conduct relevant capacity building and policy and technical studies so as to raise the competitiveness of China.

Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties were an important historic period of Chinese civilization from rise to prosperous. Ancestors deforested in large area to develop agriculture and meet needs for living and producing. So the extent of forest destroy was getting more and more heavier, and same as ecological calamities leaded. At the same time ideologies on forest and ecological protection came into being for the effective use of forest and ecological resources. It contains totem of nature, tree's cognition in wuxing theory, yin-yang theory and ecological security, sustainable use of forest, etc. It was strengthened of protection and management of forest under the domination of these ideologies.

It is necessary that primary vegetation situation under certain condition should be made clear for reconstructing degraded ecosystem, otherwise vegetation construction would be of considerable riskiness and blindness. Emphasis forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau was emphatically dealt with.From certain arguments the viewpoints have been discussed such as no forests in the Loess Plateau, secondary grasslands,thick loess,400 mm of precipitation,different interpretations in vegetation demarcation,and climatic change.Thus the reasonableness offor the vegetation zonality principle taking such marks as the demarcation lines on Yan’an and along the Great Wall was shown through exclusion. We believed that zonal environment was possessed in the Loess Plateau.

The spatial spreading is one of main behavior manners of forest fire. In this paper, some computer simulation and visualization techniques associated with forest fire spreading were reviewed. First, related mathematic model taxology and its member characteristics were analyzed with some development direction and model system formation being outlined. Then, the 2D simulation and representation methods, viz. Cellular Automata, Huygens' Principle-based and the approaches to establishing 3D virtual environment for fire spreading were analyzed. In the end, progress on simulation and management information system were outlined. As a conclusion, emphasizes and implies were presented that future research may make more efforts in multi-dimension virtual forest landscape with realistic sense, multi-users crisis solution decision-making capability (for example, collaborative fire fighting) and web-based dynamic information services.

Northeast-Inner Mongolia state-owned forest regions are the largest key forest districts determined by the State Council to be owned by the state.Over a long period of time,the separation of government functions not from enterprise management,the separation of government functions not from asset management,the separation of enterprise management not from asset management have become the main obstacle of the rapid development.The study of management system of the forest region has an important meaning on the orientation and development of key state-owned forest districts.By means of analysis of present situation and problem, the abuse of the management system was mainly the three functions not to be perform, which were the forest resource managements,enterprise managements and society administration business management.By means of analysis of reform situation, bring forward the tentative ideas of management system reform of forest region had been put forward. The reform direction was to establish the management system of the separation of the three powers and of the specialization management in the major state-owned forest rejions, to break the three-in-one management systems, construct the three-main-body of forest resource management, enterprise management and society administration business management, strengthen forest resource managements, enterprise managements and society administration business managements, so as to promote all-round,balanced and sustainable development of the ecosystem,economy and society in the forest districts.

Regions that are implementing the policy of conversing farmland to forestland in China are mostly poverty rural areas,in which large quantities of low-level agricultural labour forces depend on sterile abandoned farmlands.Under such situations,it is urgent to focus on and appropriately deal with the relationships among local governmental revenues,farmers’living standards and conversion of farmland to forestland,so as to guarantee the realization of national aim of conversing farmland to forestland.Consequently,conversion of farmland to forestlangt and poverty alleviation in underdeveloped mountainous areas must be combined tightly. Taking the implementation of conversing farmland to forestland as background,the nature conservation and community development program in Gusheng Village of Guizhou Province was carried out by optimizing local development conditions and improving self-development abilities. Fully reflecting the principle of “Comprehensively Improving Production,Livelihood and Ecology”,Gusheng village has primarily transformation of the developing pattern in just 2 years.After the analysis of operation of Gusheng Program,this article showed that:1) Exterior forces had to be introduced to poverty alleviation under the background of conversing farmland to forestland;2)The introduction of exterior forces had to be rooted in transforming development views of local cadres and masses, and directed at improving self-development abilities of underdeveloped rural areas;3) Once exterior forces were introduced,the way of their operation determined the effects of conversing farmland to forestland and poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,while the strategy of “Localization+Systematization” was well worth using for reference.

The condition of soil structure is an important factor to affect soil fertility.The soil heterogeneity,which embodies the landscape heterogeneity,has an important role in revealing the form mechanism,function and variation of landscape.In this paper,the soil physical property heterogeneities of six types of forest landscape in Wuyishan scenery district include Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest,economic forest,bamboo forest,broad leaved forest and Camellia sinensis plantation were analyzed,and the fractal model was used to study the soil aggregate structure.The results showed that the soil physical property heterogeneities of different forest landscapes were distinct.The stand structure of three natural forests( Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest and broad leaved forest)were more complex than that of three artificial forests(economic forest,bamboo forest and Camellia sinensis plantation),thus,their fractal dimensions of soil aggregate were lower,the contents of the particle > 0.25 mm aggregate and > 5 mm aggregate were higher,the capacity of stable aggregate composition under water and permeability of soil were more splendid,the performance of self-regulation and resistance were better,and the non-capillary pore of soil were more flourishing than artificial forests. The regression models for fractal dimension (D)of aggregated structure and water stable aggregate(>0.25 mm and >5 mm)content,and for D and destroyed structure percentage were further established,and the results indicated the their regression relationships of all the models were remarkable,therefore,the fractal dimension of soil structure could be used as an index in characterizing the soil fertility.

Soil samples archived over four decades were used in an incubation experiment to measure the effects of reforestation on nitrogen dynamics in old agricultural fields. Samples collected from 0 to 7.5 cm and 35 to 60 cm depths in Calhoun,South Carolina USA at intervals ranging between five and nine years since 1962 were incubated aerobically at 30 ℃ for 30 days using a system specially designed to maintain constant soil moisture. Mineral N was measured in 2 mol·L^-1 KCl extracts. The ratio of mineralized N to total N rapidly decreased in the first two decades of forest development. Within 20 years after planting, plenty of available N had been accumulated in the biomass, which had a significant negative correlation with soil total N (r_top-0.828～-0.898; r_deep-0.848～-0.989). It indicated that agricultural inputs of N were important to early tree development. Significantly, by age 40, soil mineral N had increased to 50%of that in the beginning of tree planting. The accretion of mineralizable N suggests that forest floor is serving as an increasingly important source for this nutrient. Further, it indicates that forest managers have the opportunity to manipulate a large pool of forest organic matter to sustain soil N supply.

In order to discuss the relationship among the wild herbaceous peonies native in China according to microscopic characteristics, the pollen grains of four wild herbaceous peonies were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the data acquired were used in clustering analysis. The result with SEM showed distinctly distinguishing extine surface pattern of taxonomic importance among the four species: reticulate pattern for Paeonia lactiflora; micro-foveolate, regulate and regulate-foveolate pattern for P. veitchii; regulate and subcerebro-reticulate pattern for P. obovata; regulate pattern for P. anomala var. intermedia . The result with clustering analysis suggested the close relationship between P. veitchii and P. anomala var. intermedia for their Euclidean distance was only 2.51, and the alienation between P. lactiflora and the other three species for their Euclidean distances were all more than 5.00. In addition, we deduced P. obovata may be the linkage between subsect Foliolatae and subsect Dissectifoliae for its pollen morphology was appreciably inclined to P. veitchii and P. anomala var. intermedia.

Armeniaca vulgaris × A. sibirica is a new almond-apricot species of Armeniaca genus in Baiyushan mountainous area of northern Shaanxi that introduced from Zhuolu County, Hebei Province 12 years ago. After 11 years investigated and observed, the florescence of A. vulgaris × A. sibirica is the earliest and the shortest compared with A. vulgaris , A. vulgaris var . Ansu and A.sibirica ; the number of non-harvest year caused by frost is the most; number of root is the least, and root distribution is lowest and narrowest; trunk diameter, height, and crown diameter are the least; almond is changed smaller and smaller with the tree age increased; production of stone is lower than A. vulgaris var . Ansu and A.sibirica ; in small hilly region and medium mountain regionⅠ, production value is lower than A. vulgaris and higher than A. vulgaris var . Ansu and A.sibirica ; in medium mountain regionⅡ, production value is lower than A. vulgaris var . Ansu and A.sibirica ,very lower than A. vulgaris . A. vulgaris × A. sibirica shouldn't be a dominating species in Baiyushan mountainous area.

Soil culture experiment at two phosphorus levels was conducted to study the relationship between phosphorus environment and growth as well as dry mater accumulation of six classical Chinese tulip tree provenances from various areas.The result showed that phosphorus supply would accelerate the growth and dry matter accumulation of Liriodendron chinese ,which would adapt to phosphorus starvation by increasing root-shoot-ratio and the relative value of root parameters.The western provenances were observed to grow better at two phosphorus levels than the eastern ones. The response model of phosphorus was varied with the provenances tested.It was found that Tongdao of Hunan and Wuyishan of Fujian were less sensitivity to phosphorus with high phosphorus efficiency and productivity,while Shaoyang of Hunan and Suichang of Zhejiang were more sensitivity to phosphorus with low phosphorus efficiency. Well-developed lateral root system and more fibrous roots under low phosphorus was perhaps one of the important reasons for the provenances with high phosphorus efficiency.It was preliminarily determined that Liping of Guizhou was an excellent provenance with moderate sensitivity to phosphorus, while Tongdao of Hunan was superior provenance with high tolerability to low phosphorus stress or high phosphorus efficiency.

The spatial distributions of the effective nitrogen and phosphorus possess great heterogeneity in forest soil, which results in unbalance supply of introgen and phosphorus for the rhizosphere of forest trees. In this resent paper,unbalance supply of nitrogen and phosphorus was applied to Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings, and we studied the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus,growth response,and the ability to integrate nitrogen and phosphorus resources of these seedlings.Our results showed that total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in an individual seedling supplied with balanced nitrogen and phosphorus was significantly higher than that in an individual seedling supplied with unbalanced nitrogen and phosphorus.Nitrogen concentration in leaves of nitrogen-deficient seedlings was significantly lower than that in leaves of nitrogen-enough seedlings.Nitrogen deficiency increased specific leaf area.Unbalance supply of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced biomass partitioning to leaves and increased biomass partitioning to roots.Total biomass of seedlings supplied with balanced nitrogen and phosphorus was significantly higher than that of seedlings supplied with unbalanced nitrogen and phosphorus,suggesting that F. mandshurica seedlings don’t have ability to integrate nitrogen and phosphorus resources.

Fixed sample plots were set up for researching competition relationships between Manglietia yuyuanensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata in 17-year-old M.yuyuanensis stands mixed with C.lanceolata. The interspecific competition intensity in different mixed stands was determined by using the competition indexes constructed with diameter of breast height, the volume of tree crown and distance between trees, through Hegyi's Competition Index Model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of M. yuyuanensis in mixed stands was stochastic, the numbers of M. yuyuanensis and C. lanceolata around each M. yuyuanensis increased with the increase of the distance. Under the steady density, the ratios of C.lanceolata to M. yuyuanensis directly affect the interspecific competition and the growth. When the ratios of C.lanceolata to M. yuyuanensis were in the scope of 9-1 to 7-3, M. yuyuanensis had the obvious increase production trend compared with its pure stand. When the ratio was 9-1, the tree height and the diameter of breast height of M. yuyuanensis increase by 22.3% and 69.3% respectively; likewise, when the ratio was 8-2, they increase by 23.2% and 56.9% respectively, because at this ratio, the number of M. yuyuanensis in mixed stand was so low that its competition was mainly the interspecific competition from C.lanceolata. The competition index of M. yuyuanensis was 1.67 times lower than that in pure stand, especially the competition index constructed by the tree-crown volume was 21 times lower. However, when the ratios were in the scope of 6-4 to 5-5, M. yuyuanensis obviouly decreased production compared with pure stand, the intraspecific competition of M. yuyuanensis becomes stronger when its number increased. Based on the mechanism of stemwood cultivation, initial planting density of M. yuyuanensis trees should be reduced properly and higher ratio of C.lanceolata to M. yuyuanensis should be 8-2 or small higher in order to realize the cultivation goal of large timber of M. yuyuanensis .

By radiating the worms eclosioned 3～5 days using 20～160 Gy⁶⁰C_oγ, the sterility of Monochamus alternatus was studied. The results showed that the irradiation makes Monochamus alternatus worms to sterilize; the males are more sensitive to irradiation than females; 40 Gy is a full sterility for the worms dosage, 20 Gy is a minimum sterility dosage.

This paper deals with the discolorations of the canes of three rattan species, I.e., Calamus simplicifolius , Calamus tetradactylus , Daemonorups margaritae and its cause. The apparatus, X25F Xenon Fade Meter and CR-300 Chromatic Aberration Meter and the extractions, hot water and alcohol-benzene were applied for the test. The preliminary results indicated that the discoloration of D. margaritae was severer than the other. This is related with extract of the rattan cane because quantity of photoinduced discoloration (Δ E^*ab) was significantly decreased after extracting and the quantity of the extract of D. margaritae was largest than the other. There was similar effect between the hot water and alcohol-benzene extracting on the discoloration.

This paper had developed a theoretical mathematics model of wood drying stress-strain using mathematical and physical theories and taking moisture content (MC) and ratio of every layer into consideration as explicit parameters,predicted the development of stress-strain using MATLAB software,and analyzed the effect of MC and ratio of every layer. The results showed that on the condition of making the basic parameters set,the charts plotted by MATLAB software reflected the effect of MC and ratio of every layer. Total strain changed linearly with MC. The model could be applied to analyze the drying characters of a specimen with symmetric properties through the thickness.