Ulanbuhe desert is one of the sites that supply much material for dust storms in north China. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is endangered which is the only evergreen broadleaf species in sand area of north west China and is also good fixing sand plant. This paper contrasts two natural A. mongolicus communities outside the oases on the north west of Ulanbuhe desert that are irrigated by Huanghe River and well water respectively, using the methods of multi-scale ordination which Ver Hoef et al.(1989) have revised and the pattern intensity and pattern consistency index which Dale et al.(1995) put forward. The aim of this paper is to explore the vegetation structure characters and species relations on different scales outside the oases and provide the basis data for combating desertification and vegetation restoration in the area. The results showed, the pattern scale of A. mongolicus community outside the oasis irrigated by the Yellow River is much smaller than that outside the oasis irrigated by well water. Most patterns of the two communities are multi-species shrub patterns. And what more, the pattern intensity is larger and the pattern consistency index is smaller in the community outside the oasis irrigated by the Yellow River than that outside the oasis irrigated by well water.

The temporal pattern of precipitation and evapotranspiration in Wushen County, Mu Us Sandland from 1981 to 2003 has been studied by statistical and the remote sensing analysis methods. The result showed: 1) In main rainy season from June to August, the frequency of rainstorm is higher, rain permeated so quickly that very little runoff produced; 2)The mean annual evapotranspiration of the studied area is 252 mm, which is lower than precipitation slightly and decreases from the east to the west. The distribution of evapotranspiration for seasons was a single peak normal, and the peak value was in July and the hollow value were in January and December. The tends of evapotranspiration is similar to precipitation; 3) The relative rate of evapotranspiration in the studied area varied greatly in 10%～24%, displaying decreasing tends from the northwest to the southeast; 4) Based on the water quantity and the vegetation cover degree (0.7), the water resources revenue and expenditure,were in a dynamitic low level balance, but the non-uniformity of the precipitation distribution, the vulnerability and the transition of the sand ecosystem decreased validity of water resources, therefore, it is very important to adopt water-saving irrigation agricultural technologies to improve water use efficiency rate in fodder plantation.

Function y=ax^b maybe can disclose the correlation between shoot fractal structure and above-ground biomass of hungriness plant in Taklamakan Desert compared with Turpan Basin. Desertification and salinized soil, the two serious environment problems, annoyed human in willful persecution. Especially, this phenomenon is more obvious in the second largest desert Taklamakan, which lies in Tarim Basin. This research note aims to use the theory of self-similarity to study the relationship between the shoot fractal structure and each biomass of hungriness plant in Taklamakan Desert, exert the fractal dimension (FD) to explain the capability of spatial occupation of these three plants. Three hungriness plants (Tamarix spp., Haloxylon ammodendron and Calligonum mongolicum) are chosen and the statistical self-similarity (SSM) characters among shoot, branch and above-ground biomass are analyzed in this study. Based on the close relationship of statistical self-similarity between the length of branches, crown width, external volume and shoot biomass, a fractal model on calculating shoot biomass is built. When the source data are not uniform, the results show that the simulative outcomes of SSM worse than BP neural network model (NNM) that the values of χ²-test are not up the confidence interval too. SSM can be used for one method in measuring the biomass with the data of small variance and imply the capacity of spatial occupancy with the FD. It is practicable that this growth model using biomass of some segments of one whole plant to estimate the shoot biomass in the arid and semiarid regions where vegetation is sparse, ecosystem is flimsy and building the man-made vegetation area is difficult. We emphasize that the ecological scale in this paper is of individual significance.

Based on field investigation and analysis, the cultivars in Osmanthus were classified according to their blossoming habit, inflorescence types, flower colors, flower types, ovary developing status, and characteristics of branches and leaves. 177 cultivars were recognized, including 157 cultivars in O. fragrans (18 in Siji Group, 57 in Albus Group, 45 in Luteus Group and 37 in Aurantiacus Group), 12 in O. heterophyllus, 3 in O. ×fortunei, 2 in O. cooperi and 3 in O. delavayi. The principles and ranks for cultivar classification were discussed, and a classification system was proposed. The scientific names of 4 groups in O. fragrans were revised.

In this article, GREENSPAN sap flow system was used to monitor the dynamics of trunk sap flow of Ginkgo biloba. The results indicated that sap flow velocity was significantly different at different heights, depths and directions of the trunk. Sap flow velocity of upper position at the trunk was more than that of the middle and lower position. But cumulative flux was not significantly different at upper, middle and lower section. Sap flow velocity at 10 mm was the most and that at 20 mm was the least, but sap flow velocity at 5 mm and 15 mm was similar and took the second place among four depths. It also showed that sap flow velocity of the south was the most and that of the west was the second place among the different directions. And an Automatic Weather Station of HOBO was synchronously applied to measure meteorological parameters, which were used to analyze the relationship with changes of trunk sap flow velocity. The results indicated that change of sap flow velocity was a single-peak curve in fine day and multi-peak curve in cloudy and rainy day. In addition, Stepwise regression analyses revealed that PAR, temperature and wind speed were the main environmental factors affecting sap flow velocity. The efficient means to reduce water transpiration of the trees were tried to find through investigating the effect of techniques for inhibiting transpiration including pruning-leaf, overshadowing, spraying of antitranspirants. And the results indicated that spraying of antitranspirants, pruning-leaf and overshadowing could significantly reduce transpiration but the effect of pruning-leaf and overshadowing was far better than that of spraying of antitranspirants.

Based on the 5 geographical-climate factors and 18 phenotypical characteristics data of 729 trees of 24 populations of Melia azedarach in China distribution area, canonical correlation analysis(CCA)was applied for. The eigenvalue of the first canonical variable is 0.997 9 (significantly at 0.01 level), accounting for 78% of all eigenvalue, and then further principle component analysis(PCA) was done, taking the first canonical variable coordinate values as phenotypic character gradient axes, namely PCGA.The isogram of the PCGA was drawn out with 0.2 contours which showed the geographical model of northeast-southwest variation trends of phenotypial characteristics of M. azedarach. Meanwhile the path analysis results showed the direct and indirect effects of phenotypical characteristics on phenotypic character gradient values, which proved the fact that the propagative organs are changing with steady steps.

The leaf DNA samples of 29 species of Sect. Camellia in Camellia were extracted and analyzed, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers. 23 selected primers were used for DNA amplification. The amplified polymorphic DNA bands were translated into 0-1 data, and then, correlation analysis and clustering analysis were done for processing data by using UPGMA method. The results indicated that 29 species of Section Camellia should be grouped under four clusters, that is, Subsect. Lucidissima, Series Chrysanthae and Series Reticulata, moreover, C. glabsipelata was taken as a sole cluster. Series Chrysanthae and Series Reticulata composed Subsect. Reticulata. The results were in agreement with the views of Zhang Hongda's taxonomy. Based on similarily coefficient between each other, 3 varieties groups with close genetic relationship were discovered in Section Camellia.

In order to find the causes for the low seed set rate in Keteleeria fortunei, which is vulnerable endemic species to China, the microsporogenesis, the development of male gametophyte were investigated by means of the normal slice-making method and the whole stain-clearing technique, and the biological characteristics of pollination was also studied preliminarily. The results showed that the meiosis of microspore mother cells (MMC) took place from Jan.26 to Feb. 5, 2003. The meiotic cytokinesis of MMC was simultaneous, and tetrads were mainly isobilateral. After four times continuous mitosis of microspore, mature pollen grain was formed in later Feb.. Mature pollen grain was 5-celled, comprising two prothallial cells, a sterile cell, a spermatogenous cell and a tube cell. The TCC stain test showed the average vitality rate of mature pollen grains was 92.6%. The pollination occurred in early Mar. and lasted about 8 days with a dominant peak from Mar.3 to Mar.5. During pollination period, no pollination drop was found on the ovule. The mature pollen grains were captured on the edge of the ear-like structure at the extremity of the micropyle. Though the development of MMC was not synchronous and small number of abnormal pollen grains having three or four air sacs could be found in the mature microsporangium, the microsporogenesis and the male gametophyte development were normal on the whole, producing a great number of normal pollen grains. Abortion phenomenon also was not observed in the microsporangium. Therefore, it is unlikely that the development of pollen was an important factor for the low seed set rate. The key factor that causes the low seed set rate may be relative to the pollination biology. It was believed that environment conditions could exert strong influence on the pollination. This study provided not only the scientific basis for setting up the effective conservation methods and improving forestry production of Keteleeria fortunei, but also a significant embryological characteristics for the systematic classification of Keteleeria.

In this paper, the relationships between NP nutrition and the ratio of root to shoot(R/S) of seedlings of main afforestation tree species in south China, including Chinese Fir, Slash Pine and Timor Mahogany were studied in acid soil. The results showed that: With the increasing of the NP nutrition of soil,the accumulation of root dry matter of all experimented tree species decreased,and the photosynthetic products moved from root to the rest parts of seedling body. The responses of the dry weight of leaf and stem were different from each other.Of the Timor Mahogany leaf went down,and its stem’s rose up.On the contrary,the dry weight of the Slash Pine leat and stem increased.So,it is obvious that the more phosphorus in the soil,the lower the R/S.In other words, the increasing of R/S is an adaptability of seedling to the nutritional stress on acid soil.The relationships between the NP nutrition stress and R/S could be expressed as the following three models:Allometric model(r=as^k),Thornley's model and Function Equilibrium model.These models could give some important directions in seedling cultivation.According to Allometric model,a new nutrient diagnosis method could be got.The main point of the new method is that when the parameter k=1,which is the mark of the balance status of seedling,the biomass of seedling might reach the maximum.

A dwarf, close planting,and early bearing ginkgo forest of 111.30 hm²,which radiates an area of 459.06 hm²,has been established with the improved ginkgo cultivars of Dafoshou, Damaling,and Huakoudabaiguo in north of Guangxi Autonomous Region. By popularization and application in large area,the aim of first bearing after 3～5 years and being put into production after 6～8 years have been schieved. Total output of ginkgo seeds for demonstration forest and radiated forest was 1 422 200 kg,and the output value was 22 755 000 yuan RMB. During the implementation of the project,by conventional fertilization,in comparison with the control,the average number of new shoots per plant increased 310%,the length of new shoots increased 113%,and the optput per plant increased 174%;by prescription fertilization,the average output per plant increased 125%,the eatable part of the seeds increased 15%;by artificial fruit thinning,the average number of new shoots per plant increased 311%,the length of new shoots increased 115%,the suspension rate of seeds in water was merely 1%.while that was 86.4% in control. For the ginkgo demonstration forest grown for 7～8 years, in comparison with the conventional cultivars,the average output per plant of Huakoudabaiguo increased 420%,Dafoshou increased 200%,and Damaling increased 300%～400%.The demonstration of this project solved the problems of ginkgo production, such as late bearing,scattered planting,and low economic benefit.

For the purpose of understanding dynamics of sexual regeneration seedlings of Sabina vulgaris communities in Mu Us sandland,we had investigated continuously for six years. Results indicated that:The annual average increment rate of seedlings height and crown width was about 24.69% and 44.48% respectively. The trendline of seedlings height and crown width was ascendling. The dynamic variation rate of tolal numbers of seedling was 31%, death rate of marked seedlings was 8.88%, indicating that the increased rate was higher than death rate, showing regenerative condition was well. Three seedlings that height over 20 cm were dead within five year, about 7.89% of total tead seedlings. The death rate of seedlings declined gradually with increasing of seedlings height. The growth speed of seedlings that height over 20 cm reached 9.43 cm·a^-1, which was the most quick compared with that of other height levels. Direct ratio was revealed between growth speed and seedlings height. At the same time, linear correlative analysis was conducted on selecting meteorologic elements that might influence natural regeneration. The result showed there was the positive correlation between the average height of seedlings and winter (Nov.—Mar.) rainfall, and the negative correlation between the average height of seedlings and the summer (June—Aug.) temperature. The crown width of seedlings was negatively correlated with the summer temperature. There were the positive correlations between the dynamic variation rate of total seedlings and the precipitation in winter and in spring (Apr.—May). Whereas the death rate of marked seedlings was related with the annual mean temperature negatively.

Based on survey and statistic analysis, this paper takes urban forest microcommunity in Shenzhen as a case study. The structure relativity among individual number of communities and its diameter, height, species number was studied. With the ordination of 10 diversity indices value, including species richness index, species diversity index, evenness index and ecological dominance, the diversity differences of forest communities were analyzed in Shenzhen. This paper put forward conception of cumulative index, community synthetic index (K) and its application. The results showed that analysis of the diversity should fully consider the height, diameter and structure, and that the comparative standard also should be identical. The value of diversity synthetic index of various microcommunities in Shenzhen was between 3.21～16.65 and the average value of synthetic index was 9.11.

A new species of leafhopper, Arboridia surstyli Cai et Xu sp. Nov., injurious to Common Macrocarpium is described. Length of the male is 2.5 mm,female 3.0 mm; length incl. Tegm. Of the male 3.5 mm,female 3.3 mm. Holotype♂and paratypes 5♂♂3♀♀, Linqi, Chun'an Co., Zhejiang Prov., 2003-IX-27, coll. Yu Chunlai, host plant: Macrocarpium officinalis. This species resembles Arboridia (Arborifera) sohii Dworakowska, from which it can be distinguished by frontoclypeal area with a dark brown U-shaped patch, spiny apex of paramere, and aedeagus with five processes. The type specimen is deposited in the Insect Collection, Soochow University.

504 bp fragment of mtDNA COⅠ gene of 37 individuals including 24 geographical populations of Anoplophora glabripennis, 4 geographical populations of Anoplophora nobilis, 8 sibling species and Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger were sequenced. The result indicated that there were evidently regular differences between Anoplophora glabripernnis populations and their sibling species. Sequence of samples from China, USA and Korea had their own sequence character, and reveals four populations among those samples: north China,south China,USA and Korea. Thus there weren't any evidence to prove that Anoplophora glabripernnis occurred in the USA were from China. Results of this study also showed that there were little different bases between Anoplophora glabripernnis and Anoplophora nobilis which strongly supports the findings that the two may in fact be a single species.

The volatile compositions of Chinese Pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) are analyzed. The main turpentine volatiles are ?-(+)-α-pinene, (S)-(-)-β-pinene, (S)-(+)-3-carene (the largest) which occupy more than 97% of the total. There are also myrcene, (+)-limonene, camphene, terpinen and phellandrene. In the experiment of Electroantennograms(EAG), the male of red turpentine beetles are sensitive to (S)-(-)-α-pinene、limonene and (S)-(+)-3-carene; while the female of the red turpentine beetles are sensitive to (S)-(+)-3-carene、limonene、(S)-(-)-α-pinene and myrcene. The female are more sensitive to the volatiles than the male. There is much difference in response of Dendroctonus valens in Chinese pine compared to that in USA in ponderosa pine. The volatile difference of the two pine species and the environment condition may contribute to this change. Further study on the mechanism of the change is needed.

It was studied that the biology, effective accumulate temperature and population dynamics of Euteranychus orientalis. The results showed that in 18～30℃, the development duration decreased and the development rate increased with temperature increasing; in 22.5～27.5℃, the life-span of female adult mite was 8～10 d and the life-span of the male adult was 4～6 d. The females have significant behavior of “protecting their eggs". The development zero(C), effective accumulate temperature (K) and generation number in a year were calculated by least square method, linear regression method, least variation coefficient method and directed optimization method. Results of the four methods had no significant different. Amount of the mite appeared 2 peaks in a year. The first peak was from the last ten-day period of May to the middle ten-day period of June; the second peak was from the middle ten-day period to the last ten_day of September. In the first peak the amount of the mite appeared largely and injuring was serious.

The author elaborate nutritive value of bamboo to Giant Panda through observing, collecting, analyzing much research materials of Giant Panda's protect biology, feed and disease. According to experimental material of bamboo's nutritional composition, the new views was put forward: the bamboo provide the nutrition and energy for the Giant Panda, but impair the Giant Panda's digestive organ and function. To avoid or alleviate this kind of negative effect, it was put forward using bamboo power compound-feed for livestock Giant Panda, and throwing bamboo power compound-feed for wild Giant Panda in fixed-point.

Historical forest fires datum from Alaska State (1950—2000), California State (1895—2001), USA and Heilongjiang Province (1980—1999), P.R. China were used to calculate the longitude and latitude of annual burned area's centroids of these regions. Fluctuation phenomena by year were analyzed using spectrum analysis. The results showsed that burned area's centroids in these three regions are in fluctuation condition encircling the distribution center. The distribution centers in Alaska State, California State and Heilongjiang Province are 151.11°W Longitude, 64.96°N Latitude, 120.02°W Longitude, 37.11°N Latitude and 127.07°E Longitude, 49.59°N Latitude respectively. Fluctuation of burned area's centroids in Alaska State and California State in longitude has clear periodicity, and the periodicities are 4.2 a, 6.25 a in Alaska State and 6.24 a,106 a in California State. Fluctuation of burned area's centroids in Heilongjiang Province has periodicity both in longitude and latitude, and the periodicities are both 3.3 a, 6.67 a. Fluctuation of burned area's centroids in Alaska State and California State in latitude does not have periodicity, and low frequency large forest fires domain most of them.

Greenhouse environment is a complex and nonlinear system. Flat fuzzy rules adopted settle the problems of input and output for system, however, great number of rules result poor readability. Greenhouse environment model based on hierarchical collaborative structure(HCS) is presented. Hierarchical sub-fuzzy model of greenhouse environment was built on physical sub-model on environment variables. Experiments showed that the fuzzy algorithm of greenhouse environment on hierarchical collaborative structure had merits in reducing the number of rules, advancing readability for rules, lowing system cost and keeping pretty prediction accuracy.

Using the panchromatic wave band of high spatial resolution remote sensing image-QuickBird as the data source, the crown of plantation White Bark Pine (Pinus bungeana) with relative high crown closure was accurately estimated by applying the semivariogram theory of spatial statistics. It is concluded that the semivariogram method of spatial statistics may be as an effective means of estimating the crown of pure forest stand with relative high crown closure. This study provides a new way and method for solving the problem of automated estimation of forest stand crown.

The latest research advances on microsites and regeneration within canopy gap were systemically reviewed. The death of overstory trees creates gaps in forest canopies. As a kind of frequent small-scale disturbance, these canopy gaps make a positive impact on forests, including enhancing species diversity, getting the driver of temporal and spatial pattern variety. Disturbance firstly beget the difference of light within gap, further induce the change of temperature, humidity and soil character, finally result in temporal and spatial heterogeneity of microsites within gap. Gap disturbance have important effects on the emergence, survival, establishment and growth of seedling within gap through affecting microsites. The variety of species richness in seedband within gap is large, which is a important factor determining the distribute of seedlings. The seedling survival probability and seedling growth rates vary with the canopy opening size and seedling distance to gap edge. In the end of this paper, the near future development and the questions still need to be studied in detail were put forward.

Recently zoonosis has been a major public health problem, affecting all continents. The role and importance of wildlife as a reservoir of many zoonotic pathogens are being increasingly recognized. This article introduce the occurrence, prevalence and epidemic caused by major age-old or emerging zoonosises in which the role of wildlife is introduced. The cost-effective prevention and control of these diseases are discussed in this paper.

The research about eco-security is the forward question of the sustainable development. The eco-security of wetland means that the wetland ecosystem should be of integral and normal structure and function, and can provide sustainable and stable services or resources which are necessary to human being. This study is to establish the index system of wetland eco-security by the principle of integral, sensitive ,eco-fragile scientific and manipulatable. Binding the conception model of “pressure-state-response" and the realistic environmental problrem which Zhalong wetland is facing, we evaluated the eco-security condition of Zhalong wetland. The comprehensive evaluation result shows that: the eco-security of zhalong wetland is about 4.717, It is alert. The eco-security of the whole wetland inclines to high alert to be worse, the protection should be strengthened.

It is an effective way to save and take full advantage of limited water resource in China by breeding and applying water-saving cultivars of plant. Relative studies showed that water use efficiencies (WUE) of poplar were obviously different among clones, but its physiological mechanism was not very clear. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in field to probe it through surveying WUE of different age leaves, diurnal dynamics of leaf WUE of 4 clones with the portable photosynthesis system of LI-6400, and the experimental clones were XMH-4 (Populus deltoides×P.nigra), MH-8 (P.trichocarpa×P.deltoides)、XMH-12 (P.deltoides×P.nigra)、DMH-3 (P. trichocarpa× P.nigra). The results indicated that: 1) WUE was remarkably different between clones, and the WUE of XMH-12 and DMH-3 was higher than that of XMH-4 and MH-8. 2) In general, the leaves distributing at middle part of stem had higher WUE than those locating at two ends of stem. This reflected that WUE changed from low to high, then to low with leaf aging. 3) Diurnal dynamics of WUE generally declined from morning to evening. 4)The main physiological factors to influenc WUE were stomatal aperture, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and activity of photosynthestic system. And the ecological factors included PAR intensity, temperature, air humidity,etc. It was clear that the regulation of stomatal aperture was central to the water use efficiency. Light, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration will all act in some way either directly or indirectly on the stomatal aperture, together with internal circadian rhythms, leaf water status and xylem borne signals.

A novel 1.3 kb cDNA was amplified from cDNA library of Lycium barbarum by PCR.This cDNA clone was further inserted into pGEM-T. The sequence analysis showed that the cDNA was 1 292 bp long with an open reading frame of 1 275 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 425 animo acids. Its cDNA sequence showed 75%～80% identity, and the amino acid sequence shared 70%～80% identity with those of PSY from Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays respectively, indicating that the full-length PSY cDNA was isolated from L. barbarum.

The results of inoculation on apples with heterokaryotic strains show that heterokaryotic phenomenon is one of important reasons of poplar canker pathogenicity variation. The pathogenicity of heterokaryotic strains relates with the weak wild parental strain significantly. The study of cytology manifests nucleolus have transferred between vegetative compatibility strains. The wild parental strain usually has only one nucleolus per cell, while the heterokaryotic strain often has two or more nucleolus per cell. The analysis of ITS-rDNA-RFLP implies the pathogenicity variation may be related with cytoplasm flow.