Biomass accumulation, allocation pattern and dynamics interspecies competition of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Caragana microphylla under different density and mixed planting proportion were studied. The results showed: Both average individual biomass decreased in mixed planting. Effects on C. microphylla was greater than that on G. uralensis. Root and individual biomass of mixed planted G. uralensis were decreased by 18.12% and 14.52% respectively, influences of underground part suffered was greater; At the same time, root and individual biomass of mixed planted C. microphylla were decreased by 36.51% and 44.74% respectively, infuluences of aboveground part suffered was greater. Different of biomass of root, stem, leaf and individual weren't significant between pure and mixed planted G. uralensis, while significant or high significant for stem, leaf and indivadual of C. microphylla. Relative yield total biomass of them decreased with growth time prolonging and density increasing under mixed plant condition. They showed a accreted relationship in low mixed density and repelled relationship in high mixed density because of limited resources, which repelling effects became more obvious with the time prolong. Their interspecies competition rate was different under different mixture proportion. For treatment of C. microphylla bigger proportion (20% G. uralensis; 80% C. microphylla), the interspecies competition rate of G. uralensis was less. For treatment of G. uralensis bigger proportion (80% G. uralensis; 20% C. microphylla) and same proportion, the interspecies competition rate of G. uralensis was bigger. G. uralensis had a bigger competitive advantage than C. microphylla in the seedling period.

Thirty-two sampling plots of ecological public-welfare forest that distributed in fourteen counties were investigated in over 100 000 km² zones of Zhejiang Province. Five quadrats were set in every plot by using diagonal method. From March 2000 to March 2001, litters were collected and analyzed every month. The results showed: In juvenile, middle-aged and mature stands Chinese Fir as the dominant species, the average annual litter productions was 56.2, 121.5 and 327.2 g·m^-2 a^-1 respectively. There was no significant difference at annual litter among Northwest, Middle, South and seaboard region of Zhejiang Province (p>0.05). The production ratio of the defoliation to the total litter was about 76.0%～96.4%, The litter component varied in distinct aged stands. The litter production of Chinese Fir dominance forest was less than that in mixed forest containing Chinese Fir; the more the species of arbor, the less the dominance of Chinese Fir, and the more the litter production. Chinese Fir dominance forest was not benefit on soil self-fertilization, keeping water and vegetation restoration deeply.

Maoershan forestry centre lies in Zhangguangcai Mountain of Changbai Mountain range. Main forest types are plantation (Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Larix gmelinii )and natural secondary forests(Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica and Populus davidiana) in Maoershan region. Fine roots have enormous surface, growing and turning over quickly, playing an important role in terms of substance cycle and energy flow in forestry ecosystem. This experiment was studied on dynamics of live, dead and total fine roots (≤5mm) biomass of 0～30cm soil layer by soil core method and the differences between the six stands in Maoershan region. The results showed: 1) The fine roots biomass in different stands had obvious differences. Total fine roots biomass of six stands from high to low were F.mandshurica(1030.0g·m^-2)>Q.mongolica(973.4g·m^-2)>P.koraiensis(780.9g·m^-2)>L.gmelinii(718.2g·m^-2)>P.davidiana(709.1g·m^-2 )> P.sylvestris var. mongolica (470.4g·m^-2);2) Except L.gmelinii, the trend of live fine roots biomass was in accord with the trend of total fine roots biomass. The maximum biomass of live fine roots in P.koraiensis or L.gmelinii' stand appeared in May, others in June; In F.mandshurica stand, the minimum biomass of live fine roots appeared in September, others in July or August; 3) The proportions of dead fine roots biomass were different in different stands; 4) Fine roots vertical distribution was affected by temperature, water and nutrient, the proportion of fine roots biomass centralized in 0～10cm soil layer. Fine roots biomass of six sands in 0～10 cm soil layer was over 40% of the total fine roots biomass, the proportion of F.mandshurica was 60.3%. Space-time dynamics of different stands had different characteristics. When researching on substance cycle and energy flow of all forest ecosystems, we should consider the characteristics of different stands in order to improve estimative precision.

For testing the practicability of using portable non_destructive meter of SPAD-502 and Agriexpert PPW_3000 for measuring the chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen changes during leaf autumn senescence, two local species of Syringa oblata, Maackia amurensis and one introduced species from north China, Amorpha fruticosa were measured from late summer (September) to late autumn (October) of 2003 by these SPAD-502, PPW-3000 and standard chemical method. The results showed that: 1) Readings from the two instruments could represent chlorophyll a,b and a+b and nitrogen content per unit leaf area, rather than per unit leaf fresh mass; 2) Although a general linear tendency between readings of PPW-3000 and SPAD-502 and real values of chlorophylls and nitrogen through 3 species was observed (R² =0.51～0.65),readings from these 2 instruments alone could not effective identify the real difference among these 3 species. Therefore, a calibration line for each species between real values and the readings should be determined in the interspecies comparison; 3)When description of chlorophyll and nitrogen difference in different phases of leaf autumn senescence, two equipments could effectively descript the chlorophyll and nitrogen changes of two local species of S. oblata, M. amurensis (R²>0.82). However, they could not make effective description in the case of introduced species of A. fruticosa (R²<0.66), and sometimes the correlation was not significant. The reason for this might be attributed to the fact that, comparing with local species, chlorophyll of introduced species didn’t degrade simultaneously with leaf autumn senescence and dewatering. Thus, these two instruments are more suitable for measuring local species with simultaneous changes in leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation; 4)Comparison on the practicability between PPW-3000 and SPAD-502 showed no obvious difference on the description of chlorophylls and nitrogen changes in the case of local species of S. oblata, M. amurensis. However, PPW-3000 showed better description on nitrogen changes of introduced species of A. fruticosa than SPAD-502.

Nowadays, there are two methods to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system, one is a single factor test, and the other is orthogonal design. In this study, two methods were used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system on Tilia amurensis in three levels of four factors(Taq DNA polymerase, Mg²⁺ , dNTP, primer)respectively. From the results we found that there were some differences between the two methods in suitable levels of factors. Through the deep analyze, a suitable ISSR-PCR reaction system was established, namely 20 μL reaction system containing 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺ , 0.20 mmol·L^-1 dNTP, 0.4 μmol·L^-1 primer, 1×PCR buffer, 30 ng DNA template. 14 primers with stable amplification and rich polymorphism for ISSR were screened. The optimal annealing temperature for ISSR-PCR reaction was proposed by gradient PCR. The result provided a standardizing ISSR-PCR program for the analysis of genetic diversity of T. amurensis.

A subtracted cDNA library was constructed via suppressive subtractive hybridization(SSH), in which the latex Poly(A+)RNA isolated from regularly tapped Hevea brasiliensis trees was utilized as tester while driver is Poly(A+)RNA derived from negative latex-producing leaf tissues. Total 79 positive clones were identified from screening of the subtracted library by PCR and Reverse Northern Dot-Blot, part of them were further verified by RT_PCR and Northern Blot.18 out of these 79 confirmed clones were randomly selected for sequencing analyses, of which the results were aligned with GenBank^? databases via BLASTN and BLASTX programs. It is shown that 5 of 18 candidates were identity with known genes in H. brasiliensis which exerted a positive role in rubber synthesis, 2 showed significant similarity to cis-prenyltransferase of H. brasiliensis, 11 were novel genes in H. brasiliensis.

Somatic embryogenesis was successfully induced from immature embryos of Cinnamomum camphora. The best carbohydrate form was sucrose under the condition of MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 BA + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 700 mg·L^-1 CH. After subculture of 2 years, embryogenic calli were observed on the somatic embryos. Embryogenic calli were transferred onto induction medium for somatic embryos initiation, maturation medium for somatic embryo maturing, and then to germination medium for shoot induction. The embryogenic calli could be induced to develop into plantlet and successfully transferred to outdoor environment.

Based on the detailed investigation of fine root vertical distribution characteristics in man-made Robinia pseudoacacia forest in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province, a model of Robinia pseudoacacia's fine root vertical distribution, S=Ah^B(C+Dh+Eh²+Fh³3), was established, which reflected growth of the fine root surface areas that influenced by the hybrid process of infiltrating water and deep level water. In this formula, A、B、C、D、E、F were experience coefficients, especially A>0、B>0、F≠0, S was the fine root surface areas values in a certain depth of soil(cm²·dm^-3 ), h was depth of soil(cm). The maximal depth of fine root distribution h_max and the depth of fine root's maximal distribution values h_p in theory can be determined, and also can got the fine root growth's maximal depth h_q which influenced by infiltrating water, h_q approximately was considered as the boundary point of infiltrating water and deep-site water to influence fine root growth. According to the model of Robinia pseudoacacia's fine root vertical distribution, the soil water in Robinia pseudoacacia woodland in vertical section could be divided into three layers: the first layer was water exchange activity layer, which was from soil surface to h_p, which was greatest influenced by precipitation. The second was soil water attenuation layer, which was between h_p and h_q, influenced by precipitation, water and fine root vertical distribution had the same change trend in the layer, they were all slow decreases from h_p to h_q. The third was soil water relatively stable layer, which was under h_q, hereunder soil water became relatively stable. The model could explaine the relationship between fine root distribution and soil water in a certain extent, and prove the causes of soil drification in the Loess Plateau, and provide theoretic basis for further carrying out the policy of matching tree species with the sites in the Losses Plateau.

The optimum evaluation of ten types of tree species(or clones) has been accomplished, including 13 indexes of 3 categories, such as adaptability and protecting effect of tree species, social economic situation by using the analytical hierarchy process(AHP).Results showed: Among all evaluation factors, the conservation rate of tree species makes the largest contribution to optimum evaluation, indicating selecting suitable tree species is the presupposition of construction protection forest. The windbreak effect of tree species is the key of playing a synthetically protection role of farmland protection forest. Besides, only considering social economic factors can a objective and exact conclusion be obtained. The optimum evaluation of ten types of tree species(or clones) is lined as follows:Salix J172> Salix J369> Salix J194> Salix sonjarica> Salix bylonica > Populus gansuensis C.Wang et H.L. Yang> Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis Bge > Populus hopeiensis Hu et Chow > Populus BT85> Populus B1008.

China is one of the original and distributional centers on bamboo in the world because of the abundance in bamboo germplasm. Nowadays lots of bamboo species are on endangered status because the increasing pressures from population,ecology and environment. Yet few of relevant scientific research and conservation are in progress. Based on the ecological amplitude, distribution area and population quantity, utilization value, native species of bamboo in China, this paper set up endangered bamboo criteria categories: Endangered, Rare and Vulnerable. And 56 bamboo species are listed (including 1 variety); including 10 endangered species, 24 rare species, and 22 vulnerable species.

Dividing height of living tree into clean length and height of canopy, obtaining the picture pair of clean height by close shot, the diameter and tilts angles in different positions of clean length are rebuilt by mean of stereo vision. Based on the method, the height of canopy is estimated and the height of tree is obtained, therefore, in the process of tree height reconstructing through stereo vision, the problem from canopy occlusion is solved. The experiment includes two kinds of trees: Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Comparing with actual tree height, max absolute error of reconstructing height is 0.043 5, min is 0.007 2, tree No. 3 is 0.002 6 in one aspect. These result show the method of tree height reconstructing in closed stand through stereo vision and stem curve is feasible.

“Y"-olfactometer and wind tunnel were used to study the selective behavior of the adults of Acantholyda posticalis to different trees. A. posticalis showed the highest preference to Pinus tabulaeformis and P. densiflora with the selection rate above 65% and the following are P. thunbergii and P. armandi with the selection rate above 60%, and this accords well with the factual occurrence of the wasp in forests. The preference of the adults to different colors shows significant difference, the selection tendency to green is evident (the selection rates of the female and male are 50% and 52% respectively) while the selection rates for yellow, red and pink are less than 20%. Different lights (red, yellow incandescence light, fluorescence light and natural light) have small influence on the selection of A. posticalis. The presence of female adults has great influence on the selection of male adults, and the male adults tend to select the trees on which the female adults exist.

GC-MS analysis was used to determine the composition and concentration of the terpene volatiles by means of XAD₂-absorption or CH₂Cl₂-extracts from uninfested and infested cones, and 1 year old needle of Pinus tabulaeformis and P. armandi during the oviposition period of female adult and the transferring-damage period of the overwinter larvae of Dioryctria pryeri. The results showed that the cone infested (by Gravitarmata margarotana larvae) of P. tabulaeformis contain 9 special terpene volatile compositions, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, D-limonene, β-mentha-1,4(8)-diene, geraniol ester acetic acid, germacrene D and caryophyllene. After the cone was damaged, the content of the sesquiterpene constituents significantly decreases. However, there are 8 major volatile terpenes in the uninfested or infested cones of P. armandi, nohost tree species, during the period, the compositions and contents of both cones are obviously different to Chinese Pine. During the oviposition period, the compositions and contents of the uninfested and infested cones (by G. margarotana or D. pryeri larvae) of Chinese Pine have great difference, the special terpene compositions of the infested cone are α-pinene, β-phellandrene/4-thujene, β-myrcene, D-limonene, unidentified constituent, caryophyllene and α-caryophyllene. In the 1 year old needle, there are 8 special volatile terpenes, α-pinene, bornyl acetate, camphene, β-pinene, p-mentha-1(7),3-diene, unidentified constituent, caryophyllene and α-caryophyllene, comparing with the uninfested and infested cones. The results of selection and preference of the larvae showed that the larvae of D. pryeri obviously trend and select P. tabulaeformis cone to P. armandi cone, and in selection experiments of uninfested and infested cones, and their extract with CH₂Cl₂ of P. tabulaeformis, the larvae obviously trend and select G. margarotana-infested cone and its extract.

The olfactory tendency preference was studied on the two predatory natural enemies, agreen lacewing, Chrysopa sinica and a ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, being attracted to the two kinds of trees, Diospyros kaki and Ziziphus jujuba that were damaged by a scale insect, Ceroplastes japonicus. The results showed that during around a year in the two stages, from May to June and from July to August, the two kinds of damaged host trees did not show the significant attraction to the two natural enemy insects. However, in the time from September to October, the attractive action showed strongly with a nocturnal and diurnal rhythm. In the midnight from 1:00 to 3:00 and in the afternoon from 13:00 to 15:00, the attractive effects reached significantly different level. Contrastively no attractive action was detected in the other two phases respectively in the morning from 7:00 to 9:00 and in the evening from 19:00 to 21:00. These effects as if related with the changes of temperature and humidity in one day. It was found that the source of volatile compounds come from the combination of the two host plants and Japanese wax scale,in which the former played the more important function than the later did. Compared with the volatile of undamaged persimmon, in the compositions of damaged persimmon trees, 6 components increased their contents, while 11 components appeared, including 3 kinds of terpenoids, 3 kinds of aromatic compounds, 3 kinds of hydrocarbons and 2 kinds of alcohols. Their function for attracting the predatory natural enemies was discussed.

The forest in state-owned forest region of Heilongjiang Province had made great contributions to construction of Chinese economy and society. Though integrated forest industry system has been formed in this region, but malpractice in forest industry construction had been shown to lead to low benefit of forest industry. With the changing of environment, it becomes more and more necessary and urgent to regulate and optimize forest industry construction. It must be on the basis of some theory, character and natural law of forest industry development and economic policy to regulate and optimize forest industry construction. There are scientific developing model and effective countermeasure to achieve the goal of forest industry construction becoming height and rationalization in state-owned forest region of Heilongjiang Province.

In this paper, the legislation relating to forest right in China was studied. Forest right refers to a collection of property ownerships and rights to use relating to forest, wood and woodland, which is fundamentally a property right to possess, utilize, profit from and dispose of the forest, wood and woodland. At present, certain defects remain within the legislation relating to forest right such as the realization channels for the right to profit and the restrictions on the right to dispose. Therefore, to safeguard the interests of parties entitled to forest right, efforts should be made towards a legal regime for forest right which provides clear entitlement identification, sufficient profit securing measures, free assignment mechanisms and reasonable restrictions.

Tree growth is strongly influenced by environment and climatic variables. This paper reviewed the advances and applications of tree-ring width, density and stable isotopic compositions on reconstructing the sequences of temperature and precipitation as well as atmospheric CO₂ concentration changes. The impacts of climatic change on tree-ring width, density and stable isotopic compositions, such as hysteresis effect and junior effect were analyzed. In addition, the existing questions and future trends of dendrochronology in climatic change were also briefly discussed. In future, on the basis of tree physio-ecological characteristics, dendrochronology should clarify the interaction mechanisms and quantitative relations between tree-ring and environmental variables on medium or small time-scales. The comparative analysis between the observation record and other substitutive data must be especially improved, accordingly, the validation of tree-ring-climate model must be strengthened. The study method should transit from empirical analysis to mechanism study, and interdisciplinary and integrated application should be more emphasized.

Evapotranspiration is an important component of water balance including evaporation and plant transpiration. About 60% of precipitation was transported back to atmosphere by evapotranspiration every year. In this paper, the historical development of study methods which involve the Greek and Roman period, the initial measurements and experimentation period in 17^th century and the foundation period of present theories in 19^th century are presented. Several traditional approaches to estimate evapotranspiration are critically assessed, including hydrological, micrometeorological, plant physiological, analytical model and empirical methods. The new theories of scintillometer and remote sensing technology used in evapotranspiration study are introduced, its applicability and constraints are discussed as well. Finally, future development and perspectives of evapotranspiration study are explored.

The progress of the study on the sex pheromones in Lasiocampidae in different respects, such as species-specific characteristics of the sex pheromones, its biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism and, its carriers and application in the field were reviewed. The important roles played by the sex pheromones in reproductive isolation were emphasized, and the relationship between pheromone captures and population dynamics in the field should be established.

Soil organic carbon approved affected by intensive practice. Phyllostachy pubescens forest has been managed in intensive way for long term in order to get higher economic profits. Soils under intensive management (IM) for 5, 10, 20 and 40 years respectively were compared with the soil of extensive practice. The result showed: Soil total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and mineralize carbon(MC) decreased greatly (P<0.05) after 5-year intensive practice; Soil TOC was continuing going down until 20-year, however, WSOC and MC kept constant after 5-year till 40-year. Soil TOC and MBC decreased by 34.70% and 49.35% respectively with the intensive practice in 20 years.The vertical distribution feature of different soil organic carbon were not altered by intensive practice in the soil section, the amount of organic carbon have decreased in the similar soil layer. Intensive practice caused a big loss of soil carbon and degradation of soil biological properties. It is recommended to amend the amount of organic matter or fertilizer annually to sustain the soil quality.

The paper reported antimicrobial function of different trees species in woodland along the Grand Canal, Yangzhou, China, at 16:30-17:00, Sep 5, 2004. The tested result showed that in different communities of Platycladus orientalis,Osmanthus fragrans, Cedrus deodara, Albizzia julibrissin, Cinnamomum camphora had antibacterial action. The content of pollutant bacteria in the forest atmosphere (1.5～1.8 m above the land) decreased obviously,which amounted to 23.59%～99.78% compared with the control in open area and 10.08%～99.71% compared with the near communities away from 15 m distance. There was nat antifungal (against mold) effect in general; only two tree communities for Osmanthus fragrans (decreased 40.66% compared with the near 15 m distance) and P.orientalis (decreased 24.73% than in open area) had less antifungal effect. At the same time, the antimicrobial activities were tested by the extractive volatile of foliage for more tree species in lab. The results showed that antibacterial activities to against Staphalococus aureus and Escherichia coli were the highest in P.orientalis , Manglietia yuyuanensis and C.camphora , and higher in Koelreuteria bipinnata, Viburnum macrocephalum, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Eriobotrya japonica, Ginkgo biloba, C.deodara, Magnolia grandiflora, Sabina chinensis. Most of the tree species tested had less antifungal activities against Fusarium graminerum and Glomerella cingulata. While Ginkgo biloba, Cinnamomum camphora, S.chinensis, Elaeocarpus sylvestris and C.deodara had higher antifungal activities against G.cingulata than others. The P.orientalis, C.camphora, S.chinensis Magnolia grandiflor, G.biloba, Acer mono, Acer palmatum had higher antifungal activities against F.graminerum than others.The research results recognized that the suitable cultivated tree species in cities were P.orientalis, C.deodara, C.camphora and M.glyptostroboides.

Study on the silvicultural management techniques for timber production of Populus tomentosa was carried out at the plains in west Shandong Province and the results showed that: 1) with a rapid growth rate, round stem form, high wood intensity and high wood quality,varieties of Populus hopeiensis var.yixian,Populus tomentosa var.lumao50,Populus tomentosa var.38,and Populus tomentosa var.39 were ideal for the establishment of plantations for the production of furniture and construction timber.2)main afforestation techniques for Populus tomentosa were:60～80 cm holes in the overall deep ploughing soil,Ⅰ、Ⅱ grade seedlings of 2 years old or Ⅰ grade seedlings of 1 year old,1/3 cut of the newly grown stem and total cut of the branches, 20～40 cm planting depth,600 m³·hm^-2 irrigation once at the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June in the normal precipitation year,better effect with yearly 450 g nitrogen fertilizer and best effect with the mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.3)intercropping was an effective way to improve the soil conditions and enhance the productivity of the forestland.The effect in order was consistent with the input of the intercropped crops,ie watermelon or vegetables>peanut or winter wheat>soybean.

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of Opogona sacchari, a important quaratine pest, from different hosts was studied by using the special primers designed by the highly conserved region sequence of 18S and 28S rDNA region, and the ITS sequences of Opogona sacchari from diffirent hosts were compared. The total length of O. sacchari ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S rDNA is 987 bp. The average of G+C contents is 47.2%. Length of ITS1 and ITS2 fragment is 443 bp and 358 bp. The ITS1 and ITS2 from different hosts are identical or unsignificantly difference.