Several assessment ratings from highly satisfactory to very unsatisfactory are usually identified to describe hydrological functions of wetlands. The concept of multi-grade fuzzy pattern recognition model is to calculate the membership degrees of target wetlands to different assessment ratings and then to identify their characteristic values of assessment ratings so that the status of their hydrological functions can be assessed quantitatively. The established model has been applied to the assessment of wetland hydrological functions in Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province in the year of 1980, 1988 and 2002 with a total of 5 ratings established from grade 1 (highly satisfactory) to grade 5 (very unsatisfactory). The calculation results showed that the ratings of this wetland was 2.296 in 1980, 2.937 in 1988 and 3.586 in 2002, indicating that hydrological functions of this wetland tend towards degradation.

Vegetation coverage plays an important role in decreasing soil loss, protecting environment and improving the standard of living. Therefore. It is very necessary to dynamically estimate the soil erosion in forest areas for guiding the environment protection activities. As the main information resources, remote sensing data can be applied widely for soil erosion estimation. In this paper, the main study focus on the methods of extracting landuse types by using remote sensing data, and estimating soil erosion using revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), for Chaocha forest area, Genhe Forestry Bureau of Inner Mongolia. Firstly, the land-use map of the site area was obtained using TM image. Secondly, slope map was created from digital elevation model(DEM). Thirdly, the flow accumulation for the site was calculated using DEM data with ArcVeiw software, and then compute the slope length_slope factor and average soil loss. Finally, based on the soil erosion intensity classification, soil erosion intensity map was obtained. The soil erosion and its spatial distribution were quantitatively analysed. The result shows that under present conditions, about 90% of the land in the site area was classified as stable, while 10 percent was at the level of high erosion or greater. The main deciding factor in this area was slope.

In China, there are many mining abandoned lands. Regeneration of mining abandoned lands is always a difficult problem. By field investigation-plant filtering-popularizing method, the article studied on not only nutrition element contents of plant but also physical and chemical characteristics and heavy metals contents of soil sampled in Xiangtan manganic mining abandon lands, Hunan Province. The results showed:the soil of tailing abandoned land was mainly consisted of the sandy powder, it happened to plash in the raining day for the poor ventilation and infiltrative coefficient. By contraries, the slag wasteland had bigger infiltrative coefficient, evaporation, and bad accumulation and tolerate-drought. The nutrition element content of soil in the two kinds of abandoned lands were low, but it had the higher contents of Mn and Cu, which had strong poision. Among plants settled down in the two abandoned lands, Phytolacca acinosa and Arthraxon hispidus were two hyperaccumulator plants. By analysis, plant situ-rehabilitation would be a economic and efficient method for generation to this wastelands.

The growth and photosynthetic system of the clones under different salt stress conditions and the differences among the clones were investigated using one-year-old seedlings of single poplar hybridization clones (Populus tomentosa×P.alba var. pyramidalis), double cross poplar hybridization clones [(P. tomentosa×P.alba var. pyramidalis)×(P. alba×P. tremula)] and their parent species (P. tomentosa and P.alba var. pyramidalis). The results indicated that there was genotypic difference in leaf growth, height and dry biomass in response to salt stress. With increasing salinity, the growth factors decreased rapidly, but differently in extent. The dry biomass was affected most under salt stress. The parts above ground of the plant were more susceptible to salt stress than that below the ground, leading to a higher root/stem ratio with increasing salt. The diurnal change of photosynthetic rates (P_n) in the four clones generally presented a single peak curve, but the P_n value decreased quickly with increasing salt stress. Under the salt stress, the P_n showed a single peak curve from the young leaves to the aged leaves. The P_n of young leaves was hardly influenced by salt stress but the P_n of older leaves decreased significantly. The influence of salt stress on P_n of leaves was even stronger with time. It was also found that the chlorophyll content of different clones declined and the curve of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics changed obviously under the salt stress, and the parameter q_N(coefficient of fluorescence non-photochemical quenching) increased, but q_P (coefficient of fluorescence photochemical quenching) and F_v/F_o (PSⅡ photochemical activity) decreased with increasing salt stress. According to the above analysis, the double cross hybrid clones of B430 was resistant, P.alba var. pyramidalis and P. tomentosa×P.alba var. pyramidalis were moderate resistant, P. tomentosa was the most susceptible to salt stress.

Diurnal variation of photosynthesis under natural conditions and shading treatment in summer in the leaves of field Tree Peony(Paeonia suffruticosa) was studied using the technology of gas exchange and analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence. The results indicated that the curve of diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was demonstrated single peak in spring,two peaks in clear days in summer,with midday depression of photosynthesis. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) and the carboxylation efficiency (CE) displayed significant midday decline. The maximal PSⅡ efficiency (F_v/F_m) and maximal fluorescence (F_m) demonstrated reverse single peaks, which decreased obviously in the midday. Through shading treatment in summer, the curve of diurnal variation of P_n was demonstrated single peak. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and limit of stomatal (L_s) decreased, but stomatal conductance (G_s) and the internal leaf CO₂ pressure (C_I) increased compared with those in sun-light. And the decreased amplitude of F_v/F_m and F_m declined obviously. Shading treatment hardly affected the F_o. These results showed that PSⅡ reaction center exhibited a dynamic change on revisable inactivation; PSⅡ function exhibited obviously down-regulation and photoinhibition under strong midday light in summer. Shading treatment in summer can improve photosynthetic function and accelerate products by abating photoinhibition.

Genetic improvement for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) in China has entered the second generation. Ellite individuals from the first generation progeny tests were selected and included in advanced seed orchard. Combined selection, I.e. selection of superior individuals with superior families, was adopted. In order to predict genetic gains of selection, correctly estimated heritabilities were essential. So far, several authors had published heritabilities for growth traits of Loblolly Pine in China. Most of them were estimated with biased data and plot means. Single-tree heritabilities were over-estimated in these cases. Up to date, there is no publication about within-family heritabilities for this species in China. In this paper, single-tree, within-family and family mean heritabilities for the growth traits of Loblolly Pine were estimated with the data from a two-site half-sib progeny test. The test was situated in Yingde (24°15′N, 113°45′E), Guangdong Province and Fuyang (30°15′N, 119°58′E), Zhejiang Province respectively. 24 common families from Yingde Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard were included. Randomized Complete Block design was adopted with 6 replicates, 6-tree row plot in Yingde and 8 replicates, 4-tree row plot in Fuyang. Variance components estimated by SAS^? /STAT VARCOMP Procedure with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method were used to estimate the heritabilities. Three types of heritabilities were 0.161, 0.129 and 0.579 respectively for height, 0.075,0.059 and 0.384 respectively for diameter breast-high (DBH) and, 0.104,0.082 and 0.471 for single-tree volume at the age of 6 years. Meanwhile, genetic gains of combined selection were estimated using 3 equations according to Hodge and White (1992), and Falconer (1989). In spite of the severely imbalanced data, results from the 3 equations were extremely closed, showing that the handy equation, which is conducted with the family mean and within_family heritabilities and the corresponding selection differentials, is practical and reliable.

The genetic diversity of 90 Camellia oleifera clones was investigated and the relationship between these clones was analyzed using RAPD technique. Correlations between three quantitative traits (disease resistance, the rate of oil and oil yield) and molecular markers were also analyzed. The results are as follows: The total number of amplified fragments is 593, among which there are 564 polymorphic bands, the percentage of polymorphic bands is 95.11%. There are 32 distinctive bands(including missing distinctive bands),accounting for 5.32% in total bands. Abundant genetic diversity exists among C. oleifera clones.‘Yangchun’ and ‘Ruanzhi’ of C. oleifera aggregated in the same subgroup, indicating that they have close relationship, and could be the same agronomic cultivar at molecular level. Bands related to disease resistance, the rate of oil and oil yield account for 13.1%, 25.2% and 34.5% respectively, and could be used as reference in selecting resistant C. oleifera cultivars with both high quality and high yield.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the effects of some fertilizers on the soil nutrient content of one-year-old (1 a) and two-year-old (2 a) potted seedlings. The results showed that: on the N-deficient and P-deficient acidic soil, with the increase of N fertilizer on 1 a seedlings, obvious changes in the soil nutrient contents were observed. pH and total potassium content (TK) went down, while the concentration of total nitrogen (TN), hydrolytic nitrogen (HN), water-soluble calcium (Ca) and water-soluble magnesium (Mg) rose up. The variation of total phosphorus (TP), availabe-P(AP), rapidly-available potassium (AK) was unnoted. Some of 1a seedlings were damaged by the overhigh of N concentration. For 2 a seedlings, TN, HN, Ca, and Mg in soil went upward with the increase of N fertilizer, while TK, AK and pH dropped. The change of organic matter and TP was not significant. Differed from 1 a seedlings,the decrease of pH activated the occluded phosphorus and led to the increase of AP, which was good for the growth of the 2 a seedlings. Under the N_deficient and P_deficient conditions, TP, AP, AK and pH went up, while TK, Ca and Mg fell down. But no remarkable change took place for organic matter and HN. The correlation analysis between soil nutrient content and growth indexes indicated that the application of P fertilizer eliminated the P stress and accelerated the growth rate of the 1 a seedlings. For the 2 a seedlings, the gradual increase of P fertilizer made TP, AP ascend and TK descend, but pH, organic matter, TN, AK, Ca and Mg had no notable change. The correlation analysis showed that the use of P fertilizer caused soil nutrition imbalance instead of improving the growth status. The 2 a seedlings were still in the situation of nutrition deficiency. On the N_adequate and P_deficient soil, with the increase of NP compound fertilizer applied to the 2 a seedlings, TN, TP, HN and AP in seedlings climbed up and AK went down. According to the correlation analysis, application of NP compound fertilizer to the 2 a seedlings could enhance the absorption and utilization of AK, resulting the transference of photosynthetic production from leaves to roots, therefore accelerate the growth rate greatly.

By using observation data over 50 years, the paper systematically analyzed the relations of different stand density with diameter, height, crown of trees and so on. The result showed that the suitable formula for stand density under moderate site condition (index of 14) was N=21 182×D^{-1.182 7} . Stand quality was promoted by adjusting existing stand density. Compared with contrast, annual diameter and height increment were increased by 15%～20% and 5%, respectively, which would greatly reduce the duration of breeding large pole. According to investigations of plant and analyses of physical and chemical property of soils under different density, species diversity and biomass were decreased with the increase of density. Conversely, the nutrition and soil physical property were enhanced with the decrease of density. Twenty years observation indicated that seed production had direct relations to stand density and age. Based on the standard of the research, under the conditions of suitable stand density, cutting 3～4 branches and trunk at the top of tree in the first winter after abundant year, multi-tips would be gotten. As a result, multiple coning branches would be reached. Combining with pruning, wood quality could be promoted and seed production would be greatly increased. In an abundant year, cones could be increased about 39 kg·hm^-2 and net benefit could be 780 yuan·hm^-2 in a 39 a stand.

The density effect on the growth and yield of Daemonorops margaritae plantation has been analyzed on the basis of experiment of planting density including 3 m×3 m(A), 2 m×3 m(B), 1 m×3 m? and 1 m×2 m (D) 4 density levels. The result showed that suckering ability, mean length of mother stem and mean total length of the clump all increased with the age but decreased with planting density; suckering abilities among different density levels were different respectively at the 0.05 and 0.01 level when the stand was 6 and 14_year_old; plant density had no significant effect on mean length of mother stem in all ages but highly significant effect on mean length of rattan clump at the age of 14. The self-thinning rate of 14-year-old stand increased with the density, gaining highly significant difference among density levels; the stand diameter descended with the density approximately and was different at 0.05 level among density treatments but they didn't exert significant effect on diameter when the density increased or decreased to some extent. The clump output reduced with planting density which caused significant or highly significant difference to the clump output under the different density levels one another except level A to level B and level C to level D, indicating the most effect of density on the stand diameter; by comparison, the stand output increased first and then decreased gradually with the density with no significant difference among different treatments but a peak value under the density of 3 333 individuals per hm². Based on these results, the spacing of 3 m×1 m or 3 m×2 m should be recommended for the purpose of both higher output and better management of Daemonorops margaritae plantation according to practical situation.

A new species, Neogreenia sophorica Wu, collected from Beijing inside bark tissue of Sophora japonica is described and illustrated with its adult female, egg, 1^st and 2^nd instar nymph. The new species can be easily distinguished from other species in genus Neogreenia by claw with 2 minute denticles. A new combination is constructed for Kuwania osmanthus, transferring from genus Kuwania to genus Neogreenia. A key to the world species of genus Neogreenia is also given. All type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collections of Department of Forestry Protection, Beijing Forestry University. Adult female:body elongate with marked segmentation, orange yellowish in colour, 3.75～6.05 mm long and 1.70～2.75 mm wide. Antennae ten-segmented. Mouthpart developed. Leg in 3 pair, at apex of tibia with a tuft of 5～8 digitules acute in form,tarsus bowed distinctly, claw with 2 denticles and 1 pair of acute digitules. Thoracic spiracles each with a group of multilocular pores at inner end of atrium; abdominal spiracles in 6 pairs, all smaller than the thoracic ones, with small amount of multilocular pores within its atrium. Derm bearing 2 types of disc pores: the one being multilocular pore, the other simple disc pore. First instar nymph: body elongate, yellowish in colour, about 0.76 mm long and 0.27 mm wide. Antennae seven-segmented. Mouthpart and legs much developed, claw with 1 denticle at its plantar surface. Abdominal spiracles only 1 pair. Abdominal sternite Ⅵand Ⅶ each with a circulus. Second instar nymph(cyst): body oval, about 3.8 mm long and 2.0 mm wide. Antennae reduced. Legs entirely absent. Abdominal spiracles in 5pairs. Holotype: 1 adult female, Dongcheng District, Beijing; inside bark tissue of Sophora japonica, May 3, 2004; Coll. Cheng Guifang. Paratypes: 10 adult females, 8 1^st instar nymphs and 7 2^nd instar nymphs, from April 24 to May 3, 2004; other data as holotype.

Using TCT-GC-MS technique, the composition and relative contents of volatile compounds were analyzed in undamaged (control), insect-damaged (ID) and artificially-damaged (AD) leaves of Pinus massoniana in field at different times and levels of damage. The results showed that, although volatile substances were highly released earlier in AD leaves plants, they were significantly less abundant in AD than in ID leaves treatments. Also, the damage level considerably influenced the changes of induced volatile products from leaves. Compared with the control, the emission rate of camphene, β-pinene, phellandrene, caryophyllene and (E)-farnesene was high after 1 h in 25%～40% ID-affected leaves, whereas that of tricyclene, myrcene, camphene, β-pinene, phellandrene and caryophyllene reached its maximum after 24 h in 60%～75% ID-affected leaves. In the same manner, some volatile compounds in AD leaves treatment displayed their peak just after 1 h, but others after 24 h. AD and ID leaves at 25%～40% damage level did not exhibit an obvious regularity with time, however, in 60%～75% AD leaves, peaks of volatile substances were attained after 1 or 2 h. The results also showed that the relative contents of β_pinene increased and was higher in damaged than control plants. Β-pinene plays an important role in inducing insect resistance of P. massoniana trees.

From May 2002 to Sept. 2002, Soil fauna communities were investigated by modified Tullgren and hand sorting method at natural secondary coniferous forest(A), natural secondary mixed coniferous and broadleaf stands(B), artificial coniferous forest?and artificial mixed coniferous and broadleaf stands(D). 30 045 individual (24 unidentified) of soil fauna had been collected,belonging to 56 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, of which 7 631 collected in soil layer(0～15 cm)and 22 390 in litter, which belong to 41 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, and 56 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, respectively. The number of individuals and communities were both D>A>B>C at 4 types of forest stand, and vertical distribution were significant at the same forest, in generally, the most of individual at 0～5 cm and the least at 10～15 cm, while the community decreased with the depth of soil. The maximum and minimum of diversity index(H′) varies with different community and month, and its relative value was D>C>A>B, either did Pielou index(Js)and Simpson index as a whole. The result by Jaccard(q)and Gower index analysis indicated composing of community was much more heterogeneous.

The production traits and its corresponding selection traits in breeding objective for breeding scheme were determined by the method of using total breeding value as the quantitative breeding objectives. When the breeding objectives were determined in Sika Deer, besides the velvet traits were mainly considered, the reproduction and service life traits should be considered properly, and the secondary traits which directly affecting velvet deer farming profits could not be neglected too. The formulas for calculating the marginal profits of the traits in breeding objectives for velvet Sika Deer had been deduced by the difference method. Biological, genetic and breeding parameters and economic values of Sika Deer had been investigated, and the marginal profits for traits in determining the breeding objective of the population were also calculated. When these parameters or values were changed, the marginal profits for traits could be calculated again by the given formulas. The economic importance of velvet, reproduction and service life traits in Sika Deer breeding were nearly in the proportion of 8∶3∶1. In the objective traits, velvet traits in Changbaishan Sika Deer and reproduction traits in Xifeng Sika Deer should be taken seriously.

On the basis of the regional characteristics and the present status of forestry in Jiangsu Province, an evaluating system for the forestry development in Jiangsu Province has been established,which includes 47 indicators of 4 subsystems, viz. status of forest resources, functions of the ecological environment, socioeconomic benefit and support systems. The weighting of the indicators is determined by Delphi method, method of frequency analysis and SSMII, and the evaluation of forestry development in Jiangsu Province has been made. It has been revealed that forestry in Jiangsu Province is at a transitive stage of initial modern forestry. Further more, the present status and the problems existing in the development of forestry in Jiangsu Province are analyzed based on the results.

Forest ecological compensation, essentially, is a means of eliminating “the external peculiarity". Reasonable legitimate compensation standard can optimize the configuration of the forest resources and led sustainable forest management possible. Based on a case study in Sichuan Province, the theory and method regarding the legitimate compensation was explored in this article. We found that the calculation of reasonable compensation must be based on the standard of present payment willing. Forests in Jiulong of Sichuan were employed as an example to calculate the ecological compensation of local forest resources. Results showed that the ecological benefit compensation value in Jiulong in 2002 reached 3.16 billion yuan·a^-1, an average of 1.745×10^{4 yuan·hm-2 a-1 , which was less than one third of theoretical compensation value.}

Decomposition of forest litter and simultaneous release of bioelements is one of the fundamental pathway of the flow of nutrient and energy in forest ecosystems, and an important component of the global carbon budget. The aim of this review is to summarize the changes of nutrient and chemical components during the decomposition, the factors controlling litter decay rate and its measurement. Decomposition of plant litter refers to the physical and chemical processes involved in reducing litter to its elemental chemical constituents. It includes two stages. First, litter is broken down by detritivores to small pieces which can be chemically reduced. Second, through the activities of micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi) these small pieces of organic matter are further reduced and mineralized into basic inorganic molecules. Also the course of nutrient dynamics during decomposition often can occur in three sequential phases, including an initial nutrient release through leaching, a net immobilization of nutrients by decomposer microorganisms and nutrient release from the litter, usually at a rate paralleling mass loss. However, the pattern of immobilization and release varies among species and ecosystems, and any particular litter type may not show all three phases. Litter decomposition rates are controlled by climate, litter chemistry, and by soil organisms. Climate has a direct effect on litter decomposition due to the effects of temperature and moisture. However, as a result of the climatic control of soil formation and nutrient cycling, it is to be expected that climate also has an indirect effect through the climatic impact on litter chemistry. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) is used as an index for the climatic control on decomposition. Mean AET in the humid tropical region is higher than in both the temperate and the mediterranean region and this results in rapid decomposition of litter. Especially, decomposition of litter (including root litter) contributes about 70% to the total annual carbon flux. Thus, changes in AET due to global warming will affect the global carbon budget through effects on the decomposition pathway. At a global scale, litter chemistry is only of secondary importance in explaining variation in litter decomposition rates. N and P concentrations, C/N and C/P ratios, lignin concentration and lignin/N and lignin/P ratios are considered as primary litter chemistry parameters, of which the lignin/N ratio and P related parameters exert significant influence on litter decomposition rates in the tropics. However, there is no consistent chemical predictor of litter decomposability in the temperate region. Also, there are indications that the chemical control of litter decomposition depends on the phase of the decomposition process. Generally, readily decomposable carbohydrates are lost at the initial stage, subsequently the decay-resistant materials such as lignin and cellulose are accumulated. High initial N, P and K concentrations lead to high initial decay rates, but to low long-term litter decay. Thus, there is clearly a need for more long-term studies on the chemical control of litter decomposition rates in various climatic regions. In addition, physical and chemical properties of soils and microbial communities also affect litter decomposition. Litter bag represent the most standardized method for studying litter decomposition, but it has several limitations. Litter bag may alter decomposition rates by altering litter microclimate, hindering soil contact and excluding litter macrofauna. Nevertheless, litter bags allow comparisons among species and experimental manipulations. Currently, the three most widely used indices of litter decomposition rate in forest ecosystem are release rate of CO₂, decay constant of k value and weight loss rate of litter. Despite intensive research in the last decade, uncertainties of litter decomposition in forest ecosystems still remain for further studies: long-term in situ observation; use of uniform methods to obtain comparable data; research on the mechanism of litter decay using models; the effects of global climatic changes on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems; and the assessment of management activities controls on the litter decay and nutrient release in forests.

In China,ecotourism has been just developed,and the whole process of ecotourism is unstandardized,including the definition,investigation,evaluation,plan,exploitation and management of ecotourism resource as well as the conservation of the surroundings of ecotourism,which results in series of problems.Combining with the spirit of the International Ecotourism Summit held in Quebéc,Canada in 2002 and the progress of ecotourism standardization on international level,the paper supposes that the ecotourism standardization construction in China could be started with seeking legal and policy support,building ecotourism authentication system and formulating industrial standards,educating and training the personnel interrelated to the benefit.

Forestlands in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region constitute a traditional forest industry base in Northeast China. With upstanding natural conditions and abundant forest resource, this area is an important ecological barrier of the north and a main wood & forest products strategic base of China. Forest industry system has formed and achieved great contributions to the nation with the development over 50 years. The long-term combination of government and enterprises system result in a stiff mechanism. Due to these, the forest was over-consumed and the economical development lagged. Even though, the middle aged and young aged woods resource is abundant and shows great potentiality. The development of northeast forestry base including the strengthen of ecological functions and the development of forest industry, will positively impact the social and economical development in this area, help to solve the supply and demand contradiction of wood & forest products in China. The foundation of development is strengthening forest cultivation and scientific operations. The precondition of development is deepening forestry enterprises reform, establishing modern enterprise system and increasing development vigor. Establishing new forestry mechanism is the key factor, and the strengthen policy support is the guarantee of development. Main suggestions: Speeding up the separation of governmental and enterprise function; To consider the development of northeast forestry base as key part of northeast industry base and fulfill all solutions; Authorizing general programming of northeast forestry base, listing it into National The Eleventh Five-Year-Plan" as national key project; Investigating and instituting policies to system innovation, mechanism innovation and financing; Consummating law and rules of forestry property right and forestry inspection policies.

Baseline, wich has been focused on the research and negotiation on CDM(clean development mechanism), is a crucial issues in the implementation of forestry carbon sink project in CDM. We discussed on some baseline issues associated with forest-based carbon sink project in CDM based on the essential implication of the baseline, types, basic criterion for the establishment of baseline and baseline methods. The processes of baseline methods for afforestation and reforestation projects are introduced, the strengths and weakness of the approach are analyzed,project-special semi-structural baseline that could improve the consistency, transparency of project baseline setting and contributed to the baseline methods for forestry-related projects of China are presented.

A new self-incompatibility gene was isolated and identified from Pyrus bretschneideri cultivars of Yingzhiqing and Daaoao via PCR amplification, DNA sequence analysis and cross pollination tests. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the isolated fragment displayed a high homology with S₁ ～S₁₁-allele, and the identity to S₁～S₁₁-allele at the deduced amino level ranged from 56% to 72%; the high degree of variances in the hypervariable (HV) region resulted from the presence of substitution, deletion and insertion of 9 to 15 amino acids. The new S-allele was named S₁₂-Rnase and its accession number was AY250987 in GeneBank. The sizes of HV region, intron, signal peptide, C1 region, C2 region were 39 AA, 341 bp, 27 AA, 11 AA and 10 AA, respectively. The cross pollination tests were carried out using Pyrus pyrifolia cultivars that contained S₁～S₉-Rnase genes as female parents, and the cultivars of Daaoao and Yingzhiqing as male parents, respectively. The results showed that all of P.pyrifolia cultivars were compatible with Daaoao and Yingzhiqing, whereas the cross pollination between Daaoao and Yingzhiqing were incompatible, further confirming that the DNA fragment isolated was a new S_gene.

Newly grown branch buds on node of Dendrocalamus latiflorus were used as explants to induce buds in MS, 1/2 MS, and N₆ media with different hormone combinations, and tube seedlings were obtained. In order to improve its reproductive coefficient, survival rate and rooting morphology, four aspects were tested: the number of the inoculated seedlings per cluster, multiplication culture, rooting culture and field transplanting. The results showed that the optimum medium for primary culture was MS+BA2.0 mg·L^{-1+IBA 0.5 mg·L-1; the reproductive coefficient reached 7.31 with sturdy seedlings during multiplication and rooting culture, if four seedlings were inoculated per cluster in MS+ BA2.0 mg·L-1 + IBA0.3 mg·L-1 medium; the optimal medium for rooting was 1/2MS+ IBA4.0 mg·L-1, with survival rate as high as 95%. The rooted seedlings were transplanted in the medium consisting of perlite+ earth+ cinders ash (1∶1∶1); After 3 to 7 days of hardening in the bottle and then growing for 10 to 15 days, 90% of the seedlings were survived. Through the above method, more than 2 million bamboo seedlings have been propagated so far.}

The selection of dens of Vulpes corsac was investigated at Xinbaerhu Youqi in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The result showed that the main factors notably influence on den habitats ofV. corsac were human disturbance and water resource. The table of frequency and dentrogram indicated that the suitable habitat of V. corsac's dens was: the flat grassland, hillside, and small hills with the distance from the water ≤1 000 m, from the human disturbance ≥1 000 m. the main resource of V. corsac is the scrap dens of Marmola bobak.