The leaching law of major ions in acid precipitation in a subtropical mixed forest was examined basing on the experiment at 4 sample sites in Shaoshan,Hunan Province from January 2001 to June 2002. The results showed that the pH value obviously increased and the ionic uptake evidences were proved by SO^2- ₄, NO^-₃, Mg²⁺ , NH⁺₄ and Na⁺, when rain water passing through the canopy. The dissolved percentage of SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ had the tendency to reduce with the increase of the rainfall. Dissolved percentage of Ca²⁺ , K+and Cl-showed a tendency to increase along with increase of pH value. Shaoshan forest canopy has the strongest effects on the uptake of SO₄^2-、NO₃^- under acid rain.The ionic leaching order in Shaoshan forest canopy was K⁺>Ca²⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺ >SO₄^2->NO₃^->NH₄⁺>Na⁺.

This paper gives an expatiation on significance and specific requirements of developing afforestation and reforestation project under CDM in Kyoto Protocol. According to the international rule and the current forestry development situation in China, the preferential development area for CDM afforestation and reforestation project (CDM A/R)is finally found after scientific selection and assessment on indicators, including the non-forestland area from 1990, growth rate of tree, afforestation cost, biodiversity and community development etc.

Five kinds of experimental bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) plants representing different flower bud differentiation stages were selected based on whole bamboo growth vigour, leaf colour and size, and farmers's cultivation experiences. Collected bamboo samples marked in the field which are supposed to have flower would be identified by later field observation, analysis and determination of bamboo rhizome and leaf in different flower bud differentiation stages on the dynamic change of 5 kinds of endogenous phytohormones of iPA、Zr、ABA、IAA and GA₃,flower bud differentiation of P. violascens could be divided into 3 stages, I.e. flower-bud induction, flower-bud initiation, and flower-bud development. CTK promoting P. violascens flower bud differentiation was iPA, rather than Zr. GA₃ was acted as a promoter during its physiological and biochemical differentiation stage, but a inhibitor during its flower-bud development stage. ABA role was the same as GA₃, but IAA is different with ABA and GA₃, IAA was behaviored as a promoter during all the flower bud differentiation stage. The start-up of bamboo physiological and biochemical differentiation was trigged by change of ratio of iPA to ABA and iPA to GA₃, I.e. bamboo flower induction was initiated once their ratio value reached a certain level. iPA/ABA role was much bigger than iPA/GA₃ in regulation and control of flower bud differentiation. Ratio value of 5 kinds of phyto-hormones was ranged from 1.2 to 11.3, particularly iPA was peaked at 11.3 during bamboo bud induction stage. High content hormones was produced inside bamboo leaves, not from production and transportation of rhizome and root; bamboo leaves were supposed as the sensor of receiving flowering signal to trig flowering procedure which played important role in bamboo flowering, but bamboo rhizome was not such a organ as bamboo leaves, therefore it did not play role in bamboo flowering.

The endoplasmic reticulum 18∶1 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2) is to provide 18∶2 fatty acid required for the correct assembly of cellular membranes throughout the plant. In this study, a full-length cDNA clone of PtFAD2 gene (GenBank accession number: DQ316788) was firstly isolated using the in silico cloning method in Populus tomentosa. It is 1 276 bp in length and the open reading frame encodes a peptide of 388 amino acids, which match the known peptide sequences. The predicted amino acid sequence shows significant homology with those of other plant species, which contain typical domains owned by FAD2 proteins. The transcripts of PtFAD2 are equal in leaves, stem and roots using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. When the shoots were experienced the cold treatments, the transcripts of PtFAD2 isn't reduced in 24 h. This suggests that the PtFAD2 may be a structural expression protein and it isn't induced by low temperature. This study provides the basis for not only cloning and research of poplar fatty acid desaturase gene, but also the genetic engineering of plant fatty acid in the near future.

The aromatic substances in the fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis (Shizitou,Shenghua,Douqing and Yulan cultivars)in Caozhou,Shandong,China were determined by using headspace solid phase microextraction and GC/MS. Differences of aromatic substances among four cultivars were analysed. The results showed that total 145 kinds of substances were detected,in which there were 70 kinds in Shizitou,Shenhua and Yulan respectively,and 69 kinds in Douqing. The relative content was 99.88%,99.7%,99.37%,99.97% respectively. The main aromatic substances in Chaenomeles sinensis in Caozhou were alcohols,aldehydes,alkyls,ketones,esters,mixed cycloes,and the alcohols with six C(1-Hexanol,2,4-Hexadien-1-ol,trans-2-methyl-Cyclopentanol) and the aldehydes with six C ((E)-2-Hexen-1-ol,2-Hexenal,(E,E)-2,4-Hexadienal) were the main substances.The results indicated that aromatic substances in four different cultivars were different,but most main compositions were the same. The difference of the main aromatic substances was the main cause of the different aroma of the Chaenomeles sinensis in Caozhou.

Young stem section with buds of cutting plantlets of Taxus media ‘Hicksii’ was used as explants for armpit bud multiplication plantlet regeneration experiment. The results showed, MS+6-BA 0.05 mg·L^-1 +NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1 is the optimal culture medium for startup culture, the startup rate is 89.55%. 6-BA is indispensable for startup, but the concentration of it should be low. The growth regulators were beneficial for the startup of the buds, but harmful for the growth of it. MS (double organic matter) culture medium with no growth regulators was suitable for buds to grow on. The valid buds rate is 72.73%; mean length of buds is 3.3 cm. The induction of adventitious roots needed to establish a suitable balance of auxin and cytokinin in the plantlet. Retting cuttings in IBA liquor (1 000 mg·L^-1) 30 s was a fit means for root induction; the rooting rate is 58.33%.

Twenty-three urban accessory greenlands of branches with 8 464 woody landscape plants belonging to 42 species(cultivars/variations etc.) in Shendong mining area were investigated, and growth conditions, function benefits (dust retention, CO₂ fixation, O₂ release, air temperature reduction, etc.) and water transpirations of all different kinds of woody landscape plants were measured. Simultaneously, their health grades, ecological adaptabilities (drought tolerance, wind drift sand tolerance, etc.) and scenic beauty were evaluated. In addition, other relevant indexes such as relative abundance were also analyzed. Finally, combined with those indexes mentioned above, preferential selection order of 42 kinds of woody landscape plants were comprehensively appraised by means of Gray Relation Analysis. The results were as follows: in urban accessory greenlands of branches in semi-arid areas such as Shendong mining area, Populus alba var. pyramidalis, Salix babylonica, Populus simonii, Sophora japonica, Sophora japonica f. pendula, Salix matsudana f. tortuosa, etc. should be selected preferentially for deciduous and broad-leaved arbors, and Syringa oblata, Rosa xanthina, Amorpha fruticosa, Sorbaria kirilowii etc. for shrubs; evergreen conifers should be selected in the order of Sabina chinensis>Picea asperata>Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica>Juniperus rigida>Pinus tabulaeformis>Platycladus orientalis; While Ulmus pumila, Tamarix chinensis and Berberis amurensis should be lastly considered.

The RAPD technique was used to determine phylogenetic relationships of Chinese gallnut aphids and genetic differentiation in four populations of Schlechtendalia chinensis, a major Chinese gallnut aphid. 13 primers and 9 primers were selected from 40 primers and used to amplify their genome DNA. The genetic distances between genera, species and subspecies are 0.482 8 ± 0.170 8,0.252 0 ±0.178 0,0.147 2 ± 0.076 4, respectively. Dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance displayed the phylogenetic relationships of different taxa and almost coincided with morphological taxonomy. Our result suggested that there is a distinct difference between the Nurudea and other three genera. It may be implied that the Nurudea was the first differentiation group among Chinese gall aphids. The genetic distance among 4 populations of S. chinensis is 0.075 9± 0.030 2. A certain extent genetic variation among the populations had emerged and it maybe caused by the geographical isolation.

By measuring the number of bacteria adsorbed on root surfaces and contained in roots of 2 eucalyptus clones with different extent in resistance to the bacterial wilt and a non-host species after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli,it was found that the number of adsorption of R. solanacearum to the root surface of susceptible host was greater than that of the resistant hosts and non-host, the number of ingression of the pathogen to the root of susceptible host was greater than that of the resistant hosts but smaller than that of the non-host; the number of adsorption of pathogenic bacteria to susceptible eucalyptus root surface was greater than that of the non-pathogenic bacteria, the number of ingression of the pathogen to susceptible host root was greater or smaller than that of the non-pathogen depending on whether there were wounds on roots. During a period of 24 h after inoculation, the number of R. solanacearum both adsorbed on root surface and contained in root exhibited an increasing tendency in susceptible eucalyptus but a decline pattern in resistant host and non-host. Statistically, R. solanacearum demonstrated a certain degree of selectivity in terms of adsorption and ingression to host root, the selectivity, however, was of little biological significance since the pathogenic bacteria could adsorb to and ingress into the roots of resistant host and non-host in a great quantity, and non-pathogenic bacteria could also adsorb to and ingress into the root of eucalyptus in a great number. R. solanacearum did not show an evident recognition behavior to the root surface of eucalyptus.

Dendrolimus superans is one of the important pests feeding the needles of Larix gmelinii. The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of D. superans were tested to the standard compounds: (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1S)-(-)-α-pinene, ocimene, (1S)-(-)-β-pinene, R(-)-α-phellandrene and camphene, the main profiles of the volatiles from L. gmelinii. The result showed a regularity that the EAG responses follow the regularity: the virgin females>mated females>males no mated to 0.1 μL·μL^-1 R(-)-α-phellandrene, and the mated females>virgin females>males no mated to the other volatiles and concentrations. There were significant differences between the EAG responses of virgin females and males no mated (P<0.05), and the EAG responses of mated females had an extremely significant difference from that of virgin females and males no mated (P<0.01), which showed that the mated females are more active to the volatiles of its host plant. The EAG responses of the mated females, virgin females, males no mated were more sensitive to R(-)-α-phellandrene. In dark period, activity time for the EAG responses of mated females and males no mated is during 20:00—4:00 o'clock,the same to its eclosion, mating and oviposition period.

A new method of measuring wood growth ring density and growth width was produced with X-ray combind image processing in this paper.First gray-scale of X-ray image was got by the software developed ourselves and pretreated the image, then micro-density was measured directly by applying the linear relationship between gray scale and penetrate material density and contrasted with the result of microdensitometer in order to validate the correctness. The results indicate that the average error of the density values is 0.45%,correlation coefficient is 0.966 4; the error of the width of growth ring is 0.34%, correlation coefficient is 0.996 2, they are high correlation. X-ray combined image processing can be used to measure the density and the width of wood growth ring. X-ray image is a new way of measure technique of wood's micro-density and it is better than microdensitometer ragure growth ring.

The present study has shown that the composite of high quality could be successfully prepared using straw and recycled low density polyethene(LDPE)as main raw materials with isocyanates and hydroxyl acrylates copolymer emulsions(PA) synthesized as coupling agents,through the process of high temperature moulding.Influencing factors on properties of the composites were studied based on orthogonal experiments.The results showed that:1)Isocyanate of high free isocyanate groups content(PAPI), PA containing higher hydroxy content and lower glass transition temperature(T_g),could significantly improve the properties of composites,such as internal bonding strength(IB),IB of boiling water for 2 h later ( 2 hWIB),modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE) and thickness expansion rate of water adsorbing for 24 h(24 hTS); 2)There were not significant effect on the properties of composites with 30/70 and 70/30 mass ratios of isocyanate to PA; 3)When 4.5% coupling agents were added,IB,2 hWIB,MOR,MOE and 24 hTS of corresponding conposites were better than others; 4)Increasing LDPE proportions in raw materials,IB,2 hWIB and water resistance of the composites inceased significantly; 5)IB,2 hWIB,MOR and MOE of composites improved with densities change form 0.85 to 1.0 g·cm^-3 ,moreover water resistance decreases a little; 6)When 4.5% coupling agents(1.35% PAPI and 3.65% PA4) were added,the properties of the composite satisfied the standard GB/T 4897.7-2003 for heavy duty load bearing boards for use in humid conditions.

According to the structure and oxidation mechanism of rosin, the light-colored reaction of polymeric rosin with phenols, phosphite ester, thioester and etc.was studied. The results indicated that n-Dodecanethiol, epoxy soybean oil, SWC-80 were the preferable color-lightening agents for polymeric rosin. Light-colored polymeric rosin named glyceride with Gardner color 2 was prepared by reacting polymeric rosin with color-lightening agent SWC-80 in the presence of Dy_nO_m catalyst. Its acid value was 12.1 mgKOH·g^-1 and softening point was 135 ℃. At the same condition light-colored polymeric rosin named pentaerythritol ester with Gardner color 3 was prepared. Its acid value was 22.1 mgKOH·g^-1 and softening point was 143 ℃.

The Forestry in China has been converted into the ecological direction, therefore the expectations and requirements for forestry is increasing. Maintaining and improving the forest healthy level, and fully using the multifunctional benefits of forests in long-term, are new requirements for sustainable development and harmonized society. Forest health has been become one synthesized new branch of forest science and technology, and it is increasingly accepted worldwide. The advanced forestry countries in Europe and North America regard forest health as one important issue. The related study and monitoring have been implemented for more than 20 years, thus rich experiences have been accumulated, scientific knowledge have been deepened, many techniques of monitoring and evaluation have developed, and some attempts have been carried out for healthy management of forests. All these can be used as reference for the forest health development in China. In this paper, the development of forest health in Europe and North America has been systematically summarized, including the development course, forest damage types and influencing factors, national and international forest health monitoring programs, monitoring network and monitoring techniques, monitoring indicators, health evaluation and health regulation. Also the development in China has been briefly overviewed. Further, the shortages of current research have been pointed out. Firstly, the current theory and techniques of forest health are to be further perfected, the monitoring of forest environment has not got enough attention, and the services and functions of forests were not enough considered; Secondly, the development of forest health evaluation is lagged than forest health monitoring, the lack of integrated evaluation methods leads to a lower ability of forest health prediction; Thirdly, the techniques to guide forest health management is not well developed, there is no systematical summing-up for forest health regulation, and there is no whole set of regulation techniques until now. Based on the current development of forest health and the new requirements for forestry, it is pointed out that: 1) Forest health should be an integrated evaluation of forest ecosystem structure, forest environment and forest functions, forest health management is the regulation of the interrelation between the three aspects to maintain their harmonization and to improve the forest ecosystem stability and functions; 2) It is very important to strengthen the technical research of forest health monitoring, evaluation and prediction, this will provide a scientific base for proper decision in forest management and environment protection, establishing a forest health monitoring network is the essential and certain requirement of modern forestry; 3) Forest health management is the technical approach for realizing the sustainable multifunctional utilization of forests under global change, the basic research and international exchange and cooperation are urgently required; 4) Forest health has very clear features of trans-sector, inter-discipline and trans-region, it is very necessary to intensify the coordinator role of government and to strengthen the inter-sector cooperation, and to set up a long-term national plan for forest health monitoring, evaluation and regulation.

Heptacodium miconioides is an endangered species mainly distributed in Zhejiang and Anhui Province, China. To understanding its endangering causes, previous studies were reviewed from aspects of plant migration in history, present geographical distribution and resources, biological and ecological characteristics and effect of human disturbance. The results showed that the strong climatic changes might result in a massive shrinkage of its distribution in history, which might be main cause for its modern habitat fragmentation and rare resources. Low genetic diversity due to the bottleneck and founder effect decreased its ecological adaptability. Moreover, its inherent characteristics, such as low genetic diversity, sexual reproductive obstacle and special status in forest, limited its population recruitment. To preserve this species, in situ conservation plan establishing nature reserve or spot and enlarging its population size were recommended.

The structure difference of seedlac originated at home and abroad was introduced in detail in this paper, as well as the present manufacture process of the series downstream products of seedalc were also carried out, such as lac wax, lac dye, aleuritic acid and bleached shellac. Moreover, the trend of seedlac products development and design involved in the modification, the mechanism of bleaching, the technique of bleached shellac dechlorination, and novel area usage of seedlac etc., were demonstrated in the article. In a summary the suggestion and orientation of seedlac process were put forward.

This article summarizes factors, such as tree species and wood property variation, stress level, temperature and humidity etc.,influencing creep behavior in wood material, and analyses the creep models under stable and variable conditions respectively. The research on creep especially on mechano-sorptive creep in China is not enough, the intensive study considering all creep affecting factors to establish creep models in wood should be strengthened urgently in China.

The actuality and potentiality of forest carbon trade market at home and abroad were expounded. The problems of forest carbon trade market in China were analyzed. The result showed that the international forest carbon trade market has got fast growing. The forest carbon trade market in China is still in its earlier stage, and the market is establishing and expanding. There remain some problems. But there are great potentialities in forest carbon trade market development. Some suggestions were given in this paper.

Soil organic carbon mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils were determined to understand the effects of litter on soils in natural evergreen broadleaved forest, Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation. Soils were collected in the 0～20 cm layer and incubated for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days in the laboratory at 25 ℃ with natural water content and different litters. The results indicated that organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils showed the ranked order of natural evergreen broadleaved forest > Sassafras tzumu plantation > Cryptomeria fortunei plantation when the forest litter was not added to the soil. The added forest litter increased the organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils regardless of the forests. Comparing with the litter from the Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation, the litter from the natural evergreen broadleaved forest led to higher organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils. The results suggested that the artificial regeneration of the natural evergreen broadleaved forest into the Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation might lead to the low organic carbon mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils.

Eight Juglans populations (4 populations of J. sigillata and 4 of J. regia), which are distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Henan, and Shanxi Province, were selected to investigate their genetic structure and diversity using 8 microsatellite loci. A moderate level of genetic diversity was observed at population level by the total 71 of alleles. The mean expected heterozygosity (H_e) of all populations was 0.618. The proportion of genetic differentiation among populations accounted for 19.6% of the whole diversity, and the gene flow between populations (N_m) was 1.02. The result of UPGMA clustering indicated that the populations were congregated according to their geographic distances instead of tree species.

Cytochimeras are important materials used to study the behaviors of the cells with different ploidies in a tissue. The epidermal cell size and pollen size are commonly used to indirect detective the cell ploidy levels in L1 and L2 layers, because ploidy is one of the parameters that influence cell size; higher ploidy levels usually result in proportionally larger cells. To my knowledge, there is not any published report for direct determining ploidy of the somatic cells in different layers of a cytochimera. During a histological investigation of Pelargonium zonale ‘little lady’, a method was developed, which was able to directly determine ploidy by counting chromosome number of the somatic cells in different layers of cytochimeral tissue in embedding slices stained with Toluidin blue. In the mean time, the processes of nuclear division in cytochimeral tissue were observed with this method. Therefore, it can not only be used to directly determine the ploidy of the somatic cells in different layers in cytochimera, but also be used for study of cell division procedures of mutated cells in cytochimeras.

In 2000, the effect of thinning intensities with five different treatments of 0%(CK), 30%(slight thinning), 48.75%(middle thinning),53.75%(intense thinning) and 65.6%(super intense thinning) on the soil enzyme were carried out in the 9-year-old aerial seeding Pinus tabulaeformis stands with initial density of 8 000 trees·hm^-2, in QingQuanPu Aerial Seeding Center, Yanqing County of Beijing Municipality. Five years later, the activities of the five soil enzymes such as soil urease, alkaline phosphatase, inertase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the different soil layers of A(0～20 cm), B(20～40 cm) and C(40～60 cm) were compared. Moreover, relationships among soil enzymes, soil physiochemical properties and the diversity of the undergrowth were analyzed to prove the availability of using soil enzymes to evaluate the thinning intensities. The results showed that soil catalase varied slightly while the other four soil enzymes decrease with increasing soil depth. And the soil enzymes in the layer A were enhanced distinctly compared with in the layers B and C. Also, the five soil enzymes in the layer A were affected differently by thinning intensities, showing that soil urease and alkaline phosphatase were highest response to slight thinning followed by the middle thinning, opposite to the trend of inertase and polyphenol oxidase. There are significantly positive relationships between soil enzymes and soil physiochemical characteristics and the organic C and total N was more dominant than available K as well as available P. Except soil polyphenol oxidase, the other soil enzymes showed positive relationships with biodiversity of the undergrowth. It was concluded that reasonable thinning intensity was benefit to the development of the undergrowth and so can be to soil enzymes. Generally, when the stand with initial density of 8 000 trees·hm^-2 grows up to 9 years old, the reasonable thinning intensity should be about 48.75%.

This study used 40-year-old Pyrus bretschneideri cv. Dangshan Su pear trees in Dangshan County, Anhui Province as experimental materials. Four positions at the crown of the pear tree with different light intensity were observed, including the south exterior and interior and the north exterior and interior of the middle crown. The ZD-ZA illumination meter was adopted to measure the light intensity, the anthracene ketone method to survey the soluble sugar, the standard acid-soda to measure the organic acid, and the 2,6-dichloropheonlinolphenol to survey the Vc. Sampling began in the first week after the anthesis, following a time schedule of one times every two weeks within two months of the prophase of the fruit development, and one times every four weeks of the later period until the fruit ripens. Correlation analyses, variance analyses and multiple comparison were applied to process the data.The results showed that: 1) the soluble sugar level increased with the growth of the fruit, slowly in the initial 7 weeks after the blooming, but rapidly from the 7th week on, and the positive correlation was found between the sugar level and the number of weeks after the anthesis (r=0.961), and between the sugar level and light intensity (r=0.95); 2) the organic acid level presented the trend of falling with the growth of the fruit, and the correlation between the organic acid level (not apparently related to the light intensity) and the number of weeks after the anthesis was negative (r=-0.814); 3) the sugar-acid ratio rose with the growth of the fruit, in positive correlation with the soluble sugar level and not significant correlation with the organic acid level; 4) the variation of Vc content indicated a low-high-low pattern, with the value of 25.76 mg·kg^-1 in the first week after the blooming, and a rise to 68.32 mg·kg^-1 in the 5th week, then a decline with the fruit growth to 18.82 mg·kg^-1 in the 7th week, and the significant correlation was not found with the number of weeks after the anthesis and the light intensity; 5) the light intensity was positively correlated with the soluble sugar, while not significantly correlated with the organic acid and Vc. The quality of fruit was improved with the increase of light intensity.The result suggests that different measures need to be taken to adjust the nutrition of the pear tree in the different fruit-growth phases. When the tree is properly trimmed, sunlight can be fully utilized to achieve a perfect photosynthesis which contributes to a better inner physiological system, and thus the fruit quality will be improved.

One virus of Diprion nanhuaensis was separated from the died D. nanhuaensis, the virus belongs to nuclear polyhedrosis virus, bacilliform virus particle in inclusion body appears SNPV(single nucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus) by electron microscopy. The structure of inclusion body appears polyhedron and close to rotundity, and the length of diameter of inclusion body ranges 0.5～1.0 μm, a little proportion of them shows anomalistic form. There are many bacilliform virus particles in one inclusion body. Six virus particles in one inclusion body take up a large proportion and one virus particle in one inclusion body only takes up a small proportion, the length of virus particle ranges 125～200 nm,and the length of diameter of virus particle ranges 25～30 nm. Meanwhile,the virus can infect the 2～3 instars Neodiprion xiangyunicus and the 2～3 instars D. nanhuaensis in laboratory.

Effects of Glomus mosseae and water stress on morphology and fractal characteristic of root system in Broussonetia papyrifera were studied in this paper based on scanner-based image analysis. The results showed that drought and VAM inoculation had a large, significant effect on plant development. Biomass, total length, surface area, volume, number of root nodes, average diameter and fractal dimension of root system in B. papyrifera decreased with the reduction of soil moisture, while they were increased by VAM inoculation. Special root length in non-AM plants increased when soil moisture was reducing, but it was decreased by VAM inoculation. It was concluded that G. mosseae inoculation improved the drought resistance of B. papyrifera, especially in moderate stressed conditions. The contribution of AM symbiosis to plant to avoid the stress or to increase its tolerance might be the result of modification of root morphology and fractal character.

The antiviral substances of walnut leaves were extracted by different solvents and methods, and its antiviral activities were determined. The results showed that antiviral substance activity is dissimilar based on extracts from walnut leaves with different solvent and methods. Inhibition rate on TMV of the extract with 95% (V/V) ethanol is the best, 100%; Optimum condition of the cold soak are: 95% (V/V) ethanol is used as solvent, the ratio of material to solvent is 20/100 (1∶10), soak time is 18 h. The inhibition rate of the extract to TMV infecting Nicotiana glutinosa is 100% under optimum condition.

To establish a simple and accurate method for delecting resin aromatic matter in virgin forests, resin aromatic matters in virgin forests was enriched by Tenax-TA,injected by thermal desorption separated with capillary chromatographic column,determined by GC-FID. Results showed that adsorption rate solid phase is more than 90%,the recovery rate is 90.1%～100.9%,RSD is 5.1%～7.7%,the lowest detected limit is 0.21～0.03 mg·m^-3 . The method is accurate,simple and sensitive.

This paper deals with the chemical composition of three kinds of rattan canes species, I.e., Calamus tetradactylus, C. simplicifolius and Daemonorops margaritae. The preliminary results were as follows: 1) The holocellulose, pentosan and lignin were major chemical composition for the rattans, and its contents in the C. simplicifolius was the highest and that in D. margaritae was the lowest. The extractives of benzen-alcohol, hot water, cold water and 1%NaOH were minor chemical composition for the rattans, and its contents in the D. margaritae were the highest and that in the C. simplicifolius were the lowest. 2) There were some differences in content of the chemical composition among the root, middle and top of canes. For C. tetradactylus cane the holocellulose in root and the lignin in top were the highest and there were a little difference in pentosan content among the root, middle and top of the canes, and the holocellulose, pentosan and lignin in top were higher than that in root for C. simplicifolius and D. margaritae. 3) The extractives had been shown a difference in contents in different places of canes. For D. margaritae the extractives of the canes in top was higher than that in other places, and that of C. tetradactylus and C. simplicifolius had been shown a ruleless. 4) The major monosaccharide of the three kinds of rattan were glucose and xylose and shown a higher contents of 42%～46% and 20%～24%, respectively. It showed that the rattans were similar to hardwood.