Species composition and diversity of the 4 main secondary forest types were studied in this paper. The results showed: 1) A total of 378 plant species from 215 genera in 78 families were found in this region during the observations in two growing seasons. In the 37 sample plots that were set up in the second growing season, we found 183 plant species belonging to 123 genera in 58 families, among which, 34 arbor specieses, 33 shrub specieses and 116 herb specieses. Besides several common tree species, such as Quercus mongolica, Betula costata, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Acer mono, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Euonymus alatus var. pubescens, Rubus crataegifolius, Meehania urticifolia, Cardamine leucantha, Carex siderosticta, Dryopteris crassirhizoma and Adiantum pedatum were the most frequently appeared species in the secondary forests. 2) To the plant communities of secondary forests in the montane regions of eastern Liaoning Province, China, the minimum sampling area for diversity investigation was 16 m×16 m and 20 m×20 m which contained 80% and 90% of all the plant species, respectively. 3) The values of Shannon-Weiner index in this region were between 3.200 and 3.600. The maximum value appeared in the mixed broad-leaved forests with Shannon-Wiener index of 3.567. Diversity of arbor layer, shrub layer and herb layer among the four major forest types exhibited different patterns, I.e., the diversity of arbor layer was lower than those of shrub layer and herb layer in most types.

Sixty-nine plus-trees were selected from naturally regenerated Pinus tabulaeformis stands in Guandi Mountain Forest Zone for stem analyses. The collected data were processed and analyzed with XLSTEM and SYSTAT. The reference age of site index for Chinese pine was established integrating the application of a tree's age when reaching breast height in a stand index model. By analyzing relationship between the age reaching breast height and stand conditions, growth intercept and variable growth intercept, were used to construct a variable growth intercept model. The authors conclude that: 1) The reference age of site index for naturally regenerated Chinese pine in this area is 35 years when reaching breast height, with actual ages ranging from 42 to 45 years; 2) The age of Chinese pine reaching breast height is not correlated with stand conditions; 3) The variable growth intercept model for naturally regenerated Chinese pine stands can be used to accurately and reliably evaluate the sit qualities of Chinese pine forest, which ages are from 3 to 35 years when reaching breast height.

The transpiration variation and relationship between supply and demand of water for the Cornus officinalis plantations in the rocky mountainous area of north China were analyzed through the experimental data of the C. officinalis plantations sap flow and rainfall, which was measured by thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe and meteorology automatic monitoring system respectively .The trees were 15 years old. The experiment was conducted in April to September of 2005 and 2006. The aim of this study is to provide the essential evidence about water ecology for developing C. officinalis plantations in the area. The results as follows: 1) The daily variations of transpiration(Tr) is characterized with that Tr rises gradually in April, and reaches a peak during about June, falls down readily in July. In 2005 and 2006, the total Tr (ToTr) was 265.3 and 194.9 mm in the main season(April to September),respectively. In April, May, June, July, August and September, the ratio of the monthly Tr to ToTr is 10.7%, 22.3%, 21.6%, 21.2%, 12.9% and 11.2% in 2005. Respectively, 16.2%, 20.2%, 20.3%, 17.9%, 13.6%and 11.2% in 2006. 2) In all months during the growth season of 2005 and 2006, Tr showed significantly compound correlated with the solar radiation (R_a), air temperature, humidity, and wind speed over the canopy(α=0.01), and R_a is the most important micro-meteorology factor effecting on Tr through comparing the partial coefficient; 3) In terms of an whole growth season, the ratio of rainfall to transpiration is more than 1.0. So, there was no water supply and demand conflict, or water shortage and water stress as for the main growth season in the experiment area.

Models for estimating total number of primary branches and spatial distribution within the live crown were developed in Pinus sylvestris stands in Maoershan experiment farm of Northeast Forestry University. Data of crown attributes were collected from 2002 to 2003 and from 53 sample trees ranging from in age from 17 to 38 a,diameter at breast height(DBH) from 8.61 to 21.5 cm and total height(HT) from 7.48 to 18.24 m. The total number of primary branches in upper part of crown in vertical location show tendency with alternating variation in per whorl, and linear decreasing with the depth into the crown(DINC) in lower part of crown. Analysis of branch azimuths on a whole-tree basis indicated that a uniform distribution was appropriate and a strong positive correlation was found for consecutive whorls of the same number of branches. Overall the models were suitable in dynamic simulating tree crown structure of Pinus sylvestris stands.

Calycanthus chinensis is an endangered species which has survived from the tertiary period, and now it is only distributed in Zhejiang Province of China. In order to provide a scientific basis for conservation and cultivation of the plant, the effects of soil drought stress on antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in leaves were investigated using 2-year-old pot-cultured seedlings. Fifteen pots of the seedlings with a similar growth rate were subjected to different levels of drought stress (no stress, mild stress, moderate stress, severe stress and extremely severe stress). In comparison with no stress and mild stress, antioxidant ability in leaves of C. chinensis significantly increased, while lipid peroxidation remained steadily under moderate stress. Proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities significantly increased, while the content of glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid and carotenoid and catalase (CAT) activity significantly decreased under severe stress. As a result of increase in generating rate of superoxide anion (O₂^-· ) and content of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), membrane permeability of leaf cells and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, while net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximal photochemistry efficiency (F_v/F_m) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) decreased to different extents. The present conclusion is that C. chinensis growth could be inhibited by enhancing lipid peroxidation under severe and extremely severe drought stress.

The anatomical structure and stomatal characteristics on the leaf of Ginkgo biloba var. epiphylla found firstly in China from Yiyuan county of Shandong Province were studied in this paper. The results of analyses showed that the mesophyll of normal leaf blades had the differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue,but the mesophyll of leaf blades with ovule-like organ was composed of the homeotypic parenchyma cells. There were ridges on the sites with ovule-like organ,and the mesophyll cells in ridges were composed of large parenchyma cells. The location of their veins was divided into two types,I.e. distributing at the both sides of the ridge and distributing just above the ridge. Moreover,the veins in ridges were denser than those of normal sites. Three to four layers lignified cells located at the lateral border of phloem,in the ground tissue of the petiole of the leaf with ovule-like organ,which was reported for the first time. The stomata of G. biloba var. epiphylla were amphistomatic,the stomatal apparatus was monocytic; and stomata in the lower epidermis of some leaf blades with ovule-like organ arranged irregularly in rows along the veins. The genetic relationships among G. biloba var. epiphylla,fern,and other gymnosperms were discussed.

Young seedlings developing from the seeds were cultured as the initiation explants to investigate the micropropagation of Taxodium mucronatum. Cultured young seedlings on DCR medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L^-1 BA and 0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA was the best way of inducement and differentiation,with inducement rate higher than 80%,mean number of induced buds around 2～5. For elongation of the induced buds,the suitable culture medium was DCR+Gln 500 mg·L^-1 . The medium of 3/4 DCR+0.05% AC was used for rooting,and the rooting rate was more than 75%. Using hormone to induce roots could produce mass of callus on the end top of cuttings and it was not benefit to the plantlets survival after transplanting. In addition,it was easy for the plantlets with long internode and vigorous stem to induce root system. When the roots developed to 2～4 cm long,the plantlet could be transplanted after 3～7 days acclimation.

Six indicators for cold resistance assessment of different Zenia insignis provenances by correlation analysis were converted to integrated index by principle component analysis, and their weight for establishing the assessment system was determined. Integrated index value of cold resistance of each provenance was obtained based on weight and its function value. The cold resistance order of different provenances was as follows: Tongdao of Hunan>Xingyi of Guizhou> Xincheng of Guangxi >Yingde of Guangdong>Jianghua of Hunan>Jingxi of Guangxin. Theses provenances of Z. insignis could be divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis. Tongdao of Hunan and Xingyi of Guizhou had better cold resistance, Xincheng of Guangxi and Yingde of Guangdong had moderate one and Jianghua of Hunan and Jingxi of Guangxi were the worse.

The community structure, stand volume and plant diversity of larch plantation (22 a) and natural swamp-forest were studied by using transect methods along the swamp-forest water environment grads in Daxing'an mountains. Furthermore, combined with economic benefit and environmental effects, the effects of man-made forest in swamp-forest ecotone were evaluated, and the management style of swamp-forest was provided. The results showed that: 1) The dominant species of natural swamp-forest varied along the swamp-forest environment grads, but the larch was only dominant species in artificial swamp-forest. The natural swamp-forest was more entity in community vertical structure than artificial swamp-forest. 2) The stand volume of artificial larch swamp-forest was increasing (4.349 7～6.990 5 m³·hm^-2 a^-1) along the swamp to forest grads, but that of natural swamp-forest was decreasing (6.689 8～1.411 8 m³·hm^-2 a^-1); 3) The species richness index of artificial larch swamp-forest was 9～25 more than that of natural swamp-forest in the same habit, but the Shannon-Wiener index and J_sw evenness index of artificial larch swamp-forest were less 0.221 4～0.858 2 and 0.234 3～0.404 2 respectively than those of natural swamp-forest. 4) The underground water level and peat deepness of artificial larch swamp-forest were less 15.5～36.1 cm and 9.6～25.2 cm than those of natural swamp-forest. 5) The benefit of culturing larch could be grained in swamp-forest ecotones (the ratio of income and outcome was 1∶2.4～1∶9.6). 6) The management style of swamp-forest was that the natural state should be maintained in the swamp habit, the Alnus sibirica var. hirsute and Larix gmelinii should be cultured in the downland and upland of swamp-forest ecotone, respectively.

The antioxidant properties of the melanin extracted from testae of Armeniaca vulgaris var.ansu were investigated with various methods: β-carotene-linoleate model system, scavenging of radicals such as hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide anion (O ^-· ₂) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·). The reducing power and the total phenolic content of the melanin also were determined. The melanin strongly inhibited β-carotene oxidation and exhibited dose-dependent free-radical-scavenging activities against hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and DPPH radicals. The melanin was also found to have excellent reducing power. The reducing power of the melanin was higher than that of ascorbic acid (VC) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 100～500 μg·Ml^-1 indicating that the melanin from testae of A.vulgaris var.ansu had a strong electron-donating capacity. These antioxidant properties of the melanin opened up a vast range of prospects for making use in many fields, especially in functional food industry and pharmacy.

A provenance-by-phosphorus-interaction trial of Masson Pine at infertile site with phosphorus deficiency located the west of Fujian at age 10 was used to investigate the growth response characteristic of superior provenances to fertilizer supply and persistence of phosphorus effect. Significant differences in growth response to phosphorous fertilizer among five provenances were detected, providing sufficient evidence that both Xinyi, GD and Wuping, FJ were excellent provenances with tolerance of low phosphorus, while Cenxi, GX was sensitive to phosphorus in the early growth stage and less sensitive in later stage. For Gaozhou, GD and Chongyi, JX, phosphorus effect for height growth was marked in early stage, while phosphorus effect for DBH and volume was significant at age ten. Thus, appropriate scheme of fertilizer application ought to be arranged according to the growth responses differences to phosphorus between provenances. Phosphorous effect was found to be varied with provenances tested, but to be obvious and last for a long period for all the provenances. Compared to height growth, the influence of phosphorus to DBH was greater and more permanent. Result showed the effect of high phosphorus supply was greater than low supply, indicating that phosphorus supply was an effective method just as breeding in high-yield plantation establishment of Masson Pine. The experiment showed that provenance by phosphorus interaction was significant in early age and absent at later growth stage, implying that relative growth performance of provenances tested was not influenced by phosphorous supply. Though tree height differentiation among provenances was increased by phosphorous supply, the influence to differentiation of DBH was small. Further, individual growth heterogeneity within provenances were markedly reduced by phosphorous supply.

According the analysis of the history record of the climate, the low humidity and fewer precipitation in spring time of 1997 in Shanxi are the main factors for the infestation of the Dendroctonus valens in 1998. With the data of 305 weather stations around the country and Arcview3.2, the pest potential distribution area are supposed and shows that the climate suitable area is with more drought, north to the present infested area. Once the pests are introduced there, there will be more serious than present occurrence area. The pest population density in infested area will decrease following the regular climate recurring. The similarity analysis of monoterpene volatiles involved the attractant of the beetles shows that Pinus bungeana and Picea asperata are more dangerous host species besides Pinus tabulaeformis in the infest area.

The forest fire danger composite index(FI) is constructed by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the relative humidity. Support vector machine (SVM) methods used for forest fire forecasting prediction test. Using meteorological data and secondary planet remote sensing data, the classification illation model and regression illation model of forest fire were based. The forecasting test was progressed too. The results show that classification illation model has favorable prediction ability, its prediction effect is superior to successive regression technique. But there is little difference in prediction effect between the regression illation model and successive regression technique.

Ormyrus coccotori (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is a parasitoid of gall-making weevil Coccotorus chaoi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on young twigs of bunge hackbreey tree. Its biology and relationship with the host were observed in lab and woods. The results showed that the species is a single ecto-parasitoid of mature larva of the gall-making weevil. It developed two generations per year, and overwintered as mature larva inside the host gall, pupated in later May next year. The whole life history accomplished in the gall. Its parasitism rate was 13.7% in Shandong totally, and in Beijing it was 30.7 % in the second generation. Meanwhile, the parasitoid was two generations while its host only one generation per year, I.e. it can parasitize twice one generation larvae of the host weevil. So one may say that the parasitoid play an important role to control the population of the weevil, and it is a dominant natural enemy agent for biological control the insect pest.

In this paper, 1 new genus and 1 new species of leafhopper subfamily Mukariinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Guizhou Province, China, Pseudomohunia gen. Nov. and P. nigrifascia sp. Nov., attacking Chimonobambusa Makino (Gramineae: Bambusoideae), are described and illustrated. This new genus is closely related to Mohunia Distant, but can be distinguished from the latter by the forewing with 4 apical cells, the aedeagus with 2 gonopores, dorsoatrium short, and the connective Y-shaped. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University.

Based on the data obtained form field surveys, this paper mainly deals with relationships between the pest and natural enemy guilds of arthropod communities and distribution characteristic of common arthropod species between in the canopy and lower layer of Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Pubescens forest managed with five different measures, including long-term cultivation and fertilization, cultivation, weed cutting, non-management and herbicides application. The result indicates that, compared to the non-management forest, the common species of natural arthropod enemy between in the two forest layer decreased to some extent because of breakage of the undergrowths disturbed by other four management measures. These missed common arthropod species are largely in the categories of Arancuda and Hymenoptera. Thus, the mutual promotion effects of the natural enemies between the lower layer and the canopy have been weakened which might decrease the pests control use of the natural enemy and favor the pests outbreaks. So we can conclude that it is helpful to enhance the potential of pest control in a way of proper reservation of some undergrowths while implement of these management measures.

The correlation between near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) determined crystallinity of Slash Pine wood, and the effect of reducing and selecting spectral wavelengths on prediction ability by near infrared spectroscopy were investigated in this paper. The results showed that there are strong correlations between NIR predicted and X-ray diffraction determined crystallinity based on reducing the spectral range, the correlation coefficients are 0.943 with low RMSEP values based on the reduced spectral ranges between 2 000～2 500 nm. Using smaller wavelength ranges (1 400～1 660 nm or 2 020～2 250 nm) and/or even selecting certain wavelengths consistent with known chemical absorptions did not have a significant effect on the results of NIR prediction. The result shows that the NIR prediction model based on only several spectral variables yielded high r value at 0.930 with low RMSEP value, indicating it is important to ensure that the selected wavelengths are consistent with known chemical absorptions in NIR modeling, and it's feasible to use smaller and lighter portable spectrometer in field applications for tree breeding programs and for wood optimal utilization in the near future.

This paper describes that the production tests of domestic laminated boards from small-diameter(14～24 cm)and low-grade(grade 3)oak logs using the techniques of SDR and convention,respectively,according to the principle of the internal connection and impact among sawing、drying and further processing solid products, as well as related theoretical basis. Living sawing increased the lumber recovery factor and production rate and effectively controlled the drying deformation of flitch. The results of production tests indicated that the technique of SDR increased the wood utilizing percent from log to laminated board by 5.41%, compared to the technique of convention, under the condition of the planed lumber grade yield being not decreased.

Stem respiration is an important part of the carbon balance research of forest community and ecosystem. A new method to estimate stem respiration, demonstrated in the United States, namely mass balance approach, was introduced in this paper, including the theory, measurement methods and some study cases. Mass balance theory considers that the CO₂ production of a segment of stem tissue should be sum of CO₂ fluxes, including CO₂ leaving the segment by diffusion through bark (efflux to atmosphere), CO₂ entering and leaving the segment in flowing sap (influx and efflux transported) and the CO₂ increased or decreased in mean sap concentration over time (storage flux). The key item of mass balance approach is to determine the CO₂ flux of sap flow (storage and transport flux and efflux). There are two methods to estimate CO₂ concentration in sap flow by mass balance approach: 1) Directly measurement using instruments; 2) Indirectly estimation by calculating the efflux deference between the sap flow ceased or at vary low velocity (night time) and the sap is flowing (day time). Mass balance approach provides a more accurate method to evaluate stem respiration and makes the results more reasonable.

The Nature Reserve Law that was published in 1994 has not been suited the need of constructing and administration the nature reserve in the new stage. The National People’s Congress has decided to make Nature Reserve Law. During the time of lawmaking, how to choose the legislative mode, and how to deal with the necessary problems during legislative course including the objects of adjustment, the law enforcement subjects, capital investment mechanism,government conduction,and resource property right.

The effects of soil temperature on soil respiration in natural forest of Picea crassifolia were evaluated by using the Li-6400-09 soil respiration rate apparatus. The results indicated that during the growth phase of P. crassifolia, both the soil respiration and temperature were all in a single apex curve which reached summit in July. Furthermore, the soil respiration was positively correlated to temperatures in the forest and on the ground surface(from the surface to 10 cm depth), and the corrections could be described by linear regression equations. Thirdly, temperature was the major factor that affected the soil aspiration before the month of utmost rainfall. Concerning the correlations between soil temperature and soil aspiration, the surface temperature was positively related to soil aspiration (R²=0.841 4), and the pertinence reduced with depth adding until the pertinence was minimized at 10 cm depth; In the end, according to air temperature and soil temperature(0, 5 and 10 cm) in Picea crassifolia forest,the index of Q¹⁰ was calculated which were 1.55, 1.20,1.42 and 1.65.

This paper studied the effects of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on improving walnut(Juglans regia) drought resistance. The one-year-old grafting walnut plants were treated by SNP of 0,250,500,1 000 μmol·L^-1 . The results showed that SNP treatment was able to alleviate the rise of membrane permeability and accelerate the accumulation of proline in walnut leaves under drought stress. After SNP treatment, both SOD activity and CAT activity increased. After recovering growth, the membrane permeability and MDA content of plants treated with SNP were significantly lower than those of grafting plants supplied with normal water, while the proline content was higher than that of grafting plants supplied with normal water. Both SOD activity and CAT activity were higher than those of grafting plants in drought control and similar to those supplied with normal water. This indicated that the SNP had a function of protecting walnut plants from being harmed by drought stress. In particular, the effect of 500 μmol·L^-1 SNP was more significant, 250 μmol·L^-1 SNP and 1 000 μmol·L^-1 SNP followed.

In this study, the vitrificated plants of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula× P.tremuloides) by micropropagation were used as the materials,and ELISA method was adopted to measure the content of endogenous plant hormones in the plants. At the same time, the factors that influenced the vitrification of the plant as well as de-vitrification method were also studied by changing medium's component, which was to provide useful information for commercial propagation of good hybrid clones of aspen. The results were as follows: 1)The ABA and IAA contents in the vitrificated plants were higher than those in the non-vitrificated plants obviously, and the GA content was little lower than that of the non-vitrificated plants. Therefore, the higher IAA or ABA content in the vitrificated plants was possibly the main reason for the vitrification of the plant.2)The ratios of endogenous plant hormones such as ABA/GA and IAA/GA in the vitrificated plants of hybrid aspen by tissue culture were higher than those in the non-vitrificated plants, which indicated that the equilibrium relationship among different endogenous hormones in vitrificated plants was deviated from the normal, then possibly resulting in the vitrification of the plant.

Clausena lansium, Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata belong to the different genus of Rutaceae. On the basis of LEAFY (LFY in brief) gene sequences of C. sinensis and P. trifoliata, a pair of 21 bp primers was designed and used to amplify about a 2 300 bp DNA fragment from C. lansium by PCR. The DNA fragment was cloned into pMD18-T vector and then sequenced. The sequence analysis showed that the genomic DNA clone with 2 346 bp contained a complete coding sequence of LFY homologous gene (ClLFY) which 3 exons were composed of a completed open reading frame and encoded 397 amino acids. The identities of nucleotide sequences of LFY genes between C. lansium with C. sinensis and P. trifoliata were more than 92%, and their identities of amino acid sequences were 95%.The result also indicated that C. lansium LFY gene was one amino acid less than the LFY homologous genes from C. sinensis and P. trifoliata.The research laid a sound foundation for studying the regulation and control in flowering mechanism in C. lansium at the molecular level in the future.

Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration plantlets were successfully induced from leaves of Euphorbia cotinifolia by tissue culture. The highest callus induction rate was 57.2% on MS medium with 6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1,NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1and 2,4-D 0.01 mg·L^-1. Embryonic callus could be induced on MS medium with ZT 1.0 mg·L^-1, 2,4-D 0.5 mg·L^-1and NAA 0.05 mg·L^-1after 3 times of subculture of callus, and the induction rate was 56.4%. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on MS medium with ZT 1.0 mg·L^-1and NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1,and the induction rate could be up to 35.4%.The regeneration plantlets and somatic embryogenesis were rooted on MS medium without hormones. The plantlets with root were successfully transplanted to the medium with vermiculite and ruby mica and sands by 3 to 2 to 1 in volume, and the survival rate could be up to 83.3%.

The design and implementation of virtual forest management system was finished from the aspects of system functions, system structure, implementing technique and etc. Using three-tier client/server structure, the system possesses not only management functions of forest resource inventory data and forest map, but also decision support functions based on interactive virtual forest environment, which is developed with VC.NET, ArcObjects and OpenGL. It will improve decision support in forest management, provide a new way of forest management, and exploit a new field in application of virtual geographic environment.

With Polygonatum cirrhifolium root as the donator, the wheat, cucumber and carrot as receiver plant, the potential allelopathic effects of petroleum extracts, acetic ether extracts, n-butanol extracts and aqueous extracts from donator on the seed germination and seedling growth of three receiver plants were studied by culture plate and filter-paper. The results showed that every extracts had different allelopathic effection on different receiver plant or on different position of same receiver plant. The allelopathy intensity were related to the concentration and strengthen along with the concentration raise. The different receiver plant had distinct sensitive to the the allelopathic effect, cucumber was more sensitive than carrot and wheat. Every extracts had inhibition against seed germination and seedling growth, but inhibited root growth at high concentration and stimulated it at low concentration. In a word, every extracts had more impact on the seedling growth, however, had weak inhibition against seed germination. The average allelopathic effection of acetic ether extracts was more stronger, then n-butanol extracts, aqueous extracts and petroleum extracts. The acetic ether extracts had extremely strong inhibition on the growth of seedling and root, and n-butanol extracts on the seed germination also, which implied the Polygonatum cirrhifolium contained the allelochemicals with high polarity. In rhizosphere soil of P. cirrhifolium , the root and seedlings growth of wheat was stimulated, while cucumber and carrot was inhibited.

RAPD analysis was adopted to identify the Tricholoma matsutake and T. bakamatsutake. With the method of BSA, a polymorphic band of 870 bp linked to T. matsutake was amplified, and the SCAR marker was developed from the polymorphic band by cloning, sequencing and designing primers. The SCAR marker only presented in the individuals of T. matsutake, thus, it can quickly and accurately identify and T. bakamatsutake at molecular level.