Scientia Silvae Sinicae

Investigation on the Frozen Snow Damage of Main Afforestation Tree Species in Hubei Province

Tang Jingming Song Congwen Dai Junhua Liu Henggui Zhen Xiaoyan

2008, 44(11): 2-11. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081102

Abstract ( 2147 )

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The frozen snow damage of main afforestation tree species in southeastern and southwestern Hubei from February to March in 2 008 was investigated with a sampling method in typical plots, that was set up 20 m×20 m square. The results showed: 1) Damage rate, damage grade and damage index of forest trees in southwest Hubei was respectively 2.0%, 12.0%, 12.1% higher than that of forest trees in southeast Hubei. 2) Damage rate, damage grade and damage index of evergreen tree species was respectively 177.0%, 260.0%, 117.2% higher than that of deciduous tree species in southeast Hubei, whereas that of evergreen tree species was respectively 23.4%, 33.0%, 33.0% lower than that of deciduous tree species in southwest Hubei. 3) Damage rate, damage grade and damage index of coniferous tree species was respectively 14.7%, 46.7%, 48.2% higher than that of broadleaved tree species in Hubei. 4) Damage rate, damage grade and damage index of introduced tree species was respectively 54.4%, 95.5%, 92.6% higher than that of native tree species in Hubei. 5) Stand structure had an important effect on the frozen snow damage of forest trees. Both too high and too low stand densities could make the frozen snow damage of the trees more serious, and damage extent of pure forests was more serious than that of mixed forests. 6) Topographic factors had directly influence on damage extent of the frozen snow damage of forest trees, and their damage extent showed: high altitude＞low altitude, north facing slope＞south facing slope, upper slope＞lower slope, steep slope＞gentle slope. 7) Scientific　management, for example timely tending thinning and applying fertilizer, was beneficial to lighten the frozen snow damage of forest trees. Therefore, we suggest to take the following measures: further study mechanism and evaluate risk of the frozn snow damage of main afforestation tree species; pay more attention to superior native tree species, prudently introduce exotic tree species, but do not easily abandon the exotic Larix kaempferi and ryptomeria fortunei; carry out the principle of ‘proper trees on proper sites’, and accomplish scientific afforestation; emphasize the near natural mixed forest cultivation; implement necessary silvicultural thinning for natural forest.

Damage of Sub-Alpine Larix kaempferi Plantation Induced by Snow Storm in Western Hubei

Xu Yezhou;Sun Xiaomei;Song Congwen;Du Chaoqun;Chen Bairu;Zhang Dingqing

2008, 44(11): 11-18. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081103

Abstract ( 1862 )

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General survey and typical sample plot investigation were used in this study to investigate the snow induced damage degree of Larix kaempferi plantation and the related influence factors in a stateowned forest farm in Jianshi county. This paper analyzed the correlations between the damage degree with the site index, stand structure and individual growth characteristics, as well as influence level of the factors to provide reference in enhancing the ability to defend for snow induced damage. The results showed that the elevation had extremely significant influence to damage degree. There was a significant difference in damage degree between area above 1 800 meter and area under 1 800 meter, and the damage degree in the high elevation area was twice of that in low elevation area. There was also a significant difference or extremely significant difference in the damage degree in different slope and slope type. Eastern slope was most serious and the damage degree on the different slope types was half shady slope >sunny slope>shady slope. The ability in defending snow induced damage enhanced with the increasing stand age and the damage degree was obviously lighter in stands older than 25 years. The damage degree of stands with density over 2000 trees•hm-2 was extremely serious and was about three times serious of that of stands with density less than 1 000 trees•hm-2. There was a significant difference in their biological characters between uprooting individual and undamaged individual. The individuals which had lesser ratio of height to diameter, more main lateral root quantity, thicker main lateral root and more root biomass had obviously stronger ability of defending snow storm. The results suggest that the measures of choosing right trees to adapt the local sites, appropriately controlling stand density and promoting rooting would effectively enhance the ability of defending snow induced damage.

Harm of Frost and Snow Suppress to Near Mature Stands of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

Zhang Jianguo;Duan Aiguo;Tong Shuzhen;Sun Honggang;Deng Zongfu;Zhang Shougong

2008, 44(11): 18-23. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081104

Abstract ( 1343 )

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The damage of the near mature stands of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese Fir) plantations by the frost and snow press disaster was investigated in Dagang Valley forests in Jiangxi Province. The relationships between the harm extent and stands structure, or site index were analyzed. Three main conclusions were drawn. 1) Frost and snow press disaster had caused a proportion of up to 66.84% Chinense Fir plants damaged in Dagang Valley forest. The harm was severe, and the harm of Chinese Fir plant could be divided into six stypes: top bended, top broken, trunk inclined, trunk broken, stem conversed and uprooted, among which, trunk broken and top broken were the major harm types. 2)The stand structure of Chinese Fir had obvious regulation effect on loss caused by the frost and snow press disaster. The relatively small trees were more vulnerable to the disaster than the bigger ones, and the bigger the diameters of trees were, the more gently the harm extent was. The stand density had significant and positive correlation with harm intensity of stands, and the high density stands had more damaged plants. Stand density mainly affected two irreversible harm types that were trunk broken and uprooded. Reasonable density control was very important for resistance of Chinese Fir to the frost and snow press disaster. 3)Site condition of Chinese Fir stands was closely correlated with harm extent, and the stands in high altitude, high slope location and steep slope were more vulnerable to the frost and snow press disaster. The stands with relatively high site index alleviated damages by the frost and snow press disaster.

Impact of the Freezing Rain and Snow Disasters on Five Plantations in the Southeast Yunnan

Wen Qingzhong;Wei Xuefeng;Zhao Yuanfan;Luo Shunhong;Zhang Zhenghua;Wang Zhenhe

2008, 44(11): 23-28. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081105

Abstract ( 1168 )

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Early in 2 008, a frozen rain and snow weather spreading over most parts of south China caused a big disaster. Forest resources in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province, as a subtropical region, had been seriously damaged. This paper investigated impacts of the disaster on the plantations by estimating the damage degrees, analyzing the damage types and comparing the forest closure, diameter at breast height. The result revealed that large scale afforestation with exotic species, without considering appropriate trees adapting to the local environment, was one of the main reasons that caused serious loss in the investigated region. At the current stage of China’s ongoing right reform in using the collective forest land, the majority of farmers will truly become the operators of woodland, and forest classification management is under being fully implemented. This article in this context distinguished the difference between management and operation of the main objectives, proposed the recommendations for a scientific and rational choice of tree species in future plantations, provided a reference for technical and management of afforestation.

Abnormal Litterfall and Its Ecological Significance

Wu Zhongmin;Li Yide;Zhou Guangyi;Chen Bufeng

2008, 44(11): 28-32. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081106

Abstract ( 2085 )

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This paper described the concept of abnormal litterfall and the differences between litterfall and abnormal litterfall and presented some methods for measuring to the abnormal litterfall caused by ice snow disaster, typhoon and geological disaster. In addition, the ecological significances of abnormal litterfall have been discussed.

Investigation on the Damage of Moso Bamboo Caused by Freezing Rain and Snow in Anfu, Jiangxi Province

Xiao Fuming;Chen Hongxing;Jiang Xiangmei;Li Wanhe;Peng Xinghuo;Zhang Xiaojun

2008, 44(11): 32-36. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081107

Abstract ( 2174 )

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Based on the investigation on the damage of Moso bamboo caused by freezing rain and snow in Anfu, Jiangxi Province in 2 008, the relationship between the damage rate and related factors, such as ages of the culm, the stand and the slope etc. were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that Moso bamboo damage had significant correlation to altitude, stand density and its age. Its damage was 51.8% and 71.7% at 350 m and 1 000 m altitude, respectively. The Moso bamboo damage in 3～5 years and 1～2 years bamboo was 29.7% and 53%, respectively. Its damage was 32.5% in 2 400～3 000 trees•hm-2, 48.3% in over 3 000 trees•hm-2 and 90.3% in below 2 400 trees•hm-2, respectively. Meanwhile, Moso bamboo damage was affected by forest types, different slope, different aspect and so on. Its damage in the pure forest and on steep slopes and northwest slope was severer than that in the mixed forest, gentle slopes and southern slope, respectively. It is concluded that the damage in Moso bamboo plantation was an aggregate result of various factors.

Economic Losing Evaluation of Eucalyptus Plantations Subjected to the Frozen Catastrophe in Southern China

Lu Zhaohua;Xu Jianmin;Han Chao;Li Guangyou;Wang Wei;Xiang Dongyun;Guo Hongying

2008, 44(11): 36-42. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081108

Abstract ( 1765 )

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Damage of Frost and Snow Disaster to Moso Bamboo Stands and the Influencing Factors in Huangshan,Anhui Province

Su Wenhui;Fan Shaohui;Zhang Wenyuan;Qi Lianghua;Guan Fengying

2008, 44(11): 42-50. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081109

Abstract ( 887 )

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The damage of frost and snow disaster to moso bamboo stands caused in Jan.2008 was studied together with the influencing factors.The investigated spots were in Huangshan county in Anhui Province where was destroyed severely by this disaster.The result showed that this frost and snow disaster had damaged the bamboo stands greatly.In all the researched moso bamboos,the ratio of damaged Phyllostachys edulis reached 45.8%,and the damaged seriously style such as rhizome-upturned,broken and cracked bamboo ratio reached 13.9% and 9.4% respectively.In the influencing factors,the biological ones:DBH and age had small relatively effects on damaged extent.For the factors of bamboo stand conditions,six factors were studied.The altitude,landform,slope direction and bamboo density had significant influence on the damaged extent and the P(T-test)had arrived to 0.008,0.000,0.045 and 0.052 respectively,and the main destroyed type were different.However,management and tree species were not significant.

Investigation on the Damage of Pinus elliottii in the Freezing Rain and Snow Area and the Analysis on the Reason

Luan Qifu;Lu Ping;Xiao Fuming;Jiang Jingmin;Yu Mukui

2008, 44(11): 50-55. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081110

Abstract ( 912 )

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Investigation on the damage of Pinus elliottii in the freezing rain and snow area of southern China was done in 2008.The results of the survey in 15 forest region revealed that the damage of P.elliottii,which have the same age and altitude location approximately,was increased from about latitude 30°—26° N in southern China.The percentage of broken and collapsed trees was up to 80%.The 13～18 years old P.elliottii in the same forestry center were damaged most heavily because these stands with DBH lower than 20 cm were illegally taped early.While the 20-year-old P.elliottii with DBH about 20 cm were damaged heavily either because being taped for several years.The single pine with higher basic density and DBH usually couldn't be overpowered in the damaged forest although no significant differences exist between the damaged and undamaged stands in one forest area.The unmanaged stand was more susceptible to break and uproot than the managed one.

Status of Frozen Injury of Bamboo after Snow and Ice Disaster in Changsha

Peng Yinghui;Xiang Wenhua;Tian Dalun;Chen Feifei;Zeng Dongqin;Zhang Yun

2008, 44(11): 55-59. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081111

Abstract ( 935 )

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From the middle of January to early February in 2008,the southern China suffered from the most destructive snow and ice disaster since 1954.The damage status of bamboos including 75 species or varieties,forms and cultivars in Changsha,was investigated immediately after the snow and ice disaster.The growth status of the bamboos was also surveyed in April of the year when the temperature increased.Based on the freezing damage grades of the bamboos and three types of bamboo rhizoms,the damage status was statistically analyzed respectively in the different bamboo types.The results showed that 2,10,24 and 34 species(or varieties,forms and cultivars)were found to have been damaged at grade I,II,III and IV,respectively.However,Pseudosasa amabilis,Phyllostachys sulphurea var.viridis,Phyllostachys iridescens,Phyllostachys bambusoides f.lacrima-deae and Sasa argenteastriatus were not damaged by the frozen disaster.All species with frozen injury of grade I and 70% species with frozen injury of grade II belonged to the sympodial rhizome type,and 80% species without frozen injury belonged to the monopodial rhizome type.Among the species of sympodial rhizome type species suffered injury grade I,II and III respectively accounted for 10.5%,36.8% and 47.4% of total species.Grade I of frozen injury could not be found in amphipodial and monopodial rhizome type.In the former type most species suffered from grade IV while most species in the latter type were injured to grade III or IV.It should be noticed that the species without frozen injury a ccounted for 11.8% of monopodial rhizome type species.Of all bamboos in Changsha the species belonging to sympodial rhizome type suffered the heaviest frozen injury,while those of monopodial rhizome type had the lightest damages.

Performance Features and Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Urban Forest in the Ice-Snow Disaster

Wu Jiyou;Wang Xujun;Liao Dezhi;Cheng Yong;Hou Boxin;He Caisheng

2008, 44(11): 59-64. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081112

Abstract ( 904 )

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The performance features of different tree species and theirs arrangement pattern and different stand density of urban forest in Chenzhou City were investigated in the ice-snow disaster in March,2008.The results showed as following:1)Different growth performance of the same tree species showed different compressive strength,the stronger the trees grew,the more compressive the trees showed.As for different tree species,the deciduous tree species showed stronger compressive than the ever-green ones,and the native tree species stronger than exotic ones.2)Different arrangement patterns also showed different compressive strength.Cluster planting had stronger compressive than single one,and mixed stands stronger than pure ones.3)The stands with rather lower density showed rather stronger compressive than the higher one.These results would be of high significance for directing urban forest construction.

Forest Fire Occurrence in Short Term Under the Impacts of Snow Damage in South of China-Case Study in Hunan Province

Wang Mingyu;Shu Lifu;Wang Qiuhua;Zhao Fengjun;Tian Xiaorui;Yan Hou;Du Jianhua

2008, 44(11): 64-69. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081113

Abstract ( 1458 )

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Freaky snow and ice storms had plagued southern China since mid-January to mid-February 2008.This long time snow and ice weather severely damaged forest ecosystem,and also greatly impacted forest fire occurrence and firefighters' safety.This paper analyzed forest fire hotpot distribution from satellite image,forest fire occurrence,firefighters injured and dead number,and influence of weather on fire occurrence,to assessed the impact of the snow and ice damage on fire occurrence and firefighting safety in Hunan Province.The result showed:Up to 61.00% hotspots distributed in the area damaged by the snow and ice.Fire number and burned area were extremely high in March 2008.Fire number was 3 097,and burned area was 23 227.68 hm2.Fire number exceeded the total fires happened in all Marches from 1999 to 2007,accounted for 120.65% of the total fire number in Marches of 1999-2007,and was 10.86 times more than the average fire number in Marches of 1999-2007.The burned area accounted for 88.40% of the total burned area in Marches of 1999-2007,and was 4.69 times more than the average burned area in Marches of 1999-2007.The number of injured and dead fighters was 40,and was 72.73% of the total number in Marches of 1999-2007,and was 6.56 times of the average number of injured and dead in Marches of 1999-2007.The abnormal increase of fire number,burned area and the number of injured and dead go beyond the limit of weather change impact on forest fire occurrence.The number of injured and dead has significant correlation with fire number and burned area.Air temperature and rainfall does not have significant impact on fire number and burned area.The extreme increase of fire number,burned area and the number of injured and dead firefighters were impacted by weather,human activities under the background of great change of fuel accumulation,flammability,and fuel structure.

Quantity Analysis of Forest Fuel Under the Impacts of Snow Damage in South of China—Case Study in Hunan Province

Wang Mingyu;Shu Lifu;Zhao Fengjun;Wang Qiuha;Yan Hou;Dai Xing'an;Tian Xiaorui

2008, 44(11): 69-75. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081114

Abstract ( 882 )

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We used MODIS 1B dataset,ground truth data and plant distribution data to classify the forest fuel into broadleaf forest,masson pine forest,Chinese fir forest,mixed forest,other coniferous forest,and bamboo forest.We classified the damage level of forests based on ground truth and remote sensing analysis,and analyzed the increased or decreased amount of different fuel.We classified the damage level into 4 classes based on the difference of NDVI change before and after the snow damage.The results showed:the area of class Ⅰ was 4.000 7 million hm²,account for 41.68% of total area,the area of class Ⅱ was 4.039 5 million hm²,account for 41.93% of total area,class Ⅲ was 1.009 million hm²,account for 10.42% of total area,and class Ⅳ was 0.5776 million hm²,account for 5.96% of total area.After the damage the surface fuel loading increased dramatically,and the increased amount was different for various fuel and various damage levels.The maximal increas of times of surface fuel was 32.81 times,and the maximal fuel loading was 142.82 t·hm^-2.

Population Dynamics of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area after the Snow Calamity in 2008

Su Hualong;Xiao Wenfa;Ma Qiang;Wu Qianfeng;Nie Bihong;Wang Jianxiu;Hou Kunlun;Yang Quan

2008, 44(11): 75-82. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.200811315

Abstract ( 838 )

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From the end of March to the early of June after an exceptionally serious snow disaster occurred in January 2008,a survey was conducted upon the population dynamics of the territorial male bird during the breeding season of the Golden Pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus)in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.The investigation was carried out in six sampling zones(32 sample plots)that was the same places in which we did the same type of investigation in the previous years.With comparison with the previous data,the result showed that the population density had declined to 35.11% on an average.The habitat quality significantly affected the survival rate of the golden pheasant,which was the lowest(6.30%)in the habitat formed by large-scale artificial pure forest of Larix kaempferi,whereas the survival rate was relatively higher to the highest(54.66%～91.36%)in the natural secondary mixed forest formed by the deciduous broad-leaved forest + theropencedrymion,and the mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leaf forest.

Water Capacity Characteristic of the Broken Crown and Litter in a Cunninghamia lanceolata Stand Suffered from Ice-Snow Damage in North Guangdong Province

Xue Li Feng;Huifang;Zheng Weiguo;Fu Jingdan;Cao He

2008, 44(11): 82-87. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081116

Abstract ( 777 )

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The dry mass,water holding capacity,proportional water holding capacity of crown debris and litter were measured in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand suffered from ice damage.The dry mass of stems,branches,leaves,bark of the broken crown and litter were 11.42,7.03,5.76,1.78,5.93 t·hm^-2,respectively.The order of maximum water holding capacity of the components was stem(11.83 t·hm^-2)> leaves(11.24 t·hm^-2)>litter(10.88 t·hm^-2)> branches(6.73 t·hm^-2)> bark(2.38 t·hm^-2).The proportional water holding capacity as a percentage of dry mass in the components were 295%,272%,234%,196% and 193% for leaves,litter,bark,branches and stem,respectively.Water absorption rate of the components quickly decreased with increasing immersed time from the initial 0.5 to 6 hours and then decreased slowly.The total water holding capacity and proportional water holding capacity of thecomponents increased logarithmically with increasing time immersed in water,whereas water absorption rates of components decreased according to negative exponential equation with increasing time immersed in water.

Effect of Snow Disasters to the Garden Evergreen Woody Plants in Zhuzhou

Pan Baihong;Liu Kewang;Cao Tieru;Tang Sheng;Wu Jian

2008, 44(11): 87-91. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081117

Abstract ( 873 )

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Snow disasters in the early spring of 2008 to the garden evergreen woody plants in Zhuzhou was investigated with the quadrat method.The results showed that the ornamental plants in Zhuzhou,Hunan Province were seriously damaged by the heavy snow squall.The injured symptoms of plants were characterized by snow broken,snow inverted,and plants organs frozen.Cinnamomum camphora,Phyllostachys edulis,Cunninghamia lanceolata,and Pinus massoniana were more injuried by snow broken and snow inverted.The most injuried species were those introducted from south subtropical regions in recently years.Most of them died,and some survival ones need 2～4 years to recover.All native traditional plants hurt by the freezing flushed new leaves in late May and recovered to normal growth.The authos believe that it is possible to prevent from snow disasters.Some measures must be done for that.Scientific principle in introducing of exotic species must be obeyed.Sound rules for introducting exotic tree species must be carried out.Adaptable trees would be planted in adaptable sites.Garden plants are chosen according to forest site classification.The horticultural technology must be improved(for example coldproofing and frostproofing measures,pruning and sculpting).Cultivation and management measures such as planting mixed forests and shelterbelts can prevent snow disasters from injuring trees.

Reasons of Damage of Forest by the Ice and Snow,the Loss Evaluation as well as Suggestions on Reestablish ment of Forests after the Disaster in Hunan Province

Tan Zhuming;Zhang Canming;Bai Fangmin;Li Xiquan;Li Youzhi;Shen Airong;Yuan Suibo;Chen Hongchang;Zuo Jiafu;Yang Zhenghong

2008, 44(11): 91-96. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081118

Abstract ( 938 )

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A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the damage of forests in Hunan by the ice disaster occurred in January,2008 from January to March of the year by spot measurement,checking archives of compartments,photos and videos analysis.Results showed that large areas of plantation of Eucalyptus spp.Pinus elliottii,Phyllostachys edulis were destructed,and some parts of forests of Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata,broad-leave forests were damaged mechanically in the large.A large number of big seedlings for gardens and some fruit trees,such as Citrus reticulata,lost their commercial value.Most of tree species were damaged mechanically because of too much load of ice frozen on the branch twigs.However,fewer species,such as Eucalyptus spp.and Citrus reticulata were damaged for both mechanical and physiological factors.It was inferred that the basic reason for the ice disaster was abnormal climate in the winter caused by La Nina,and that the direct reason was intergrated meteorological factors in favor of formation of ice crystal in the air.The aerosol,formed by floating particles with nanometer scale(1～10 nm)from wasting gas of cars,or fume given off by factories,cooking,facilitated the formation of fog or haze.It was the combination of proper temperature for freezing,saturation humidity,and its long term steady maintain,caused the excessive development of ice crystal on the crown and twigs of trees.Some measures for reestablishment of forest and for alleviation of damage were proposed.

Bamboo Forest Damage Caused by Snow Storm in Sichuan Province in 2008 and Silvicultural Reestablishment Measures

Yang Guangying;Xu Xiaolin;Yang Langsheng;He Xingbing

2008, 44(11): 96-101. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081119

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The bamboo forest of Phyllostachys edulis at the central production region in Yibin City of Sichuan Province was heavily damaged by the ice-snow-frozen rain weather in the early spring of 2008.The damage intensity and categorization were investigated and analyzed.It was found that the average damage ratio was 14.6% of total plants.The moderately damaged stand with 10%～30% plants damaged took a percentage of 66.7 of the whole forest area and the major damage types exhibited as plant fallen and culm split,consisting of 78.3% of the damaged bamboos.The bamboo forest damage was mainly attributed to the accumulative weight of ice or snow on the surface of plant body.On the site of higher altitude,steeper slope and poorer soil or in the stand with poor management,the severer damage was found.The integrated measures were recommended for reestablishment of the damaged bamboo forest,including more effective site selection,more strict exercise of silvicultural standard or criteria,more successful application of improved bamboo varieties or species,and more efficient monitor and protection before the harsh weather coming.

Value Estimation of Service Function of Forest Ecosystem Damaged by Frozen Rain and Snow in the South China

Yang Fengwei;Lu Shaowei;Wang Bing

2008, 44(11): 101-111. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081120

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Based on the data of the area and grade of the damaged forest resources by frozen rain and snow disaster,as well as on the relevant researches,the forest ecosystem services standardized assessment criterions were used to estimate the erosion control,water storage,C fixation and biodiversity conservation of the forest ecosystem in the south China.The result indicated that frozen rain and snow disaster caused a loss of ecosystem services valued 711.7 billion RMB.The value loss of various service functions ranked as:water storage > C storage >biodiversity conservation > C fixation >erosion control.Comparing the value order of ecosystem services damaged in different provinces in the south China,Jiangxi and Hunan lost the most of value,that were 149.98 billion RMB and 146.375 billion RMB;Jiangsu,Shaanxi and Qinghai lost the least of value,that were 5.896,5.342 and 0.106 billion RMB respectively.The value losses of Masson Pine and Chinese Fir were the most serious and the value loss of Masson Pine was up to 157.016 billion RMB.The value loss of service functions in different species ranked as:Masson Pine > Chinese Fir >broad-leaved tree >bamboo> other tree species>economic forest tree> Slash Pine>eucalyptus.

Damage Investigation and Rehabilitation Thinking of Snow Storm in the Baili Rhododendron Nature Reserve

Li Weijie;Nie Zhongxing;Long Xiuqin;Peng Xi;Li Anding;Chen Xun

2008, 44(11): 111-115.

Abstract ( 779 )

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百里杜鹃自然保护区；杜鹃花；雪凝灾害；灾后重建

Impact of Freezing Disaster on Nutrient Content in a Koelreuteria paniculata and Elaeocarpus decipens Mixed Forest Ecosystem

Tian Dalun;Gao Shuchao;Kang Wenxing;Yan Wende;Xiang Wenhua;Fang Xi

2008, 44(11): 115-123. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081122

Abstract ( 1458 )

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Little is known about changes in mineral nutrients in forest ecosystems after a severe freezing hazard.Quantitative differences of nutrient content in tree,litterfall,soil and surface runoff before and after recent freezing disaster were investigated in a Koelreuteria paniculata and Elaeocarpus decipens mixed forest ecosystem in an abandoned manganic mining site in Xiangtan,Hunan Province.The results showed that after the freezing disaster,Ph value,electrical conductivity,dissolved oxygen and concentrations of K,Ca,Mg significantly decreased,while the concentrations of Zn,Mn,Pb significantly increased in surface runoff;soil water content and concentrations of P,K remarkably increased,while concentrations of available N,available P,and available K statistically decreased;the concentrations of microelements Cu,Pb,Co increased,and concentration of Fe,Zn,Mn,Cd,Ni declined in soils.The water content in twig,leaf and stem significantly decreased.The concentrations of N,P,Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cd,Ni,Pb,Co in the stem increased,and the concentrations of P,K,Mg in the twig and the leaf decreased,while concentrations of Cu,Fe,Zn,Mn,Cd,Ni,Pb,Co increased.The concentrations of K,Mg decreased,while contents of Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Co increased in un-decomposed,semi-decomposed,and full-decomposed litter components.This study indicated that the freezing disasters had significant influence on nutrient storage and dynamic in forest ecosystems,and provided a basic knowledge about influence of the unexpected natural disturbance on plant community,and resistant mechanism of forest ecosystem as well.

A Survey of Freezing Harm of Precious Trees in South China

Yang Zengjiang;Xu Daping;Zeng Jie;Guo Junyu;Lin Qingjin;Yao Qingduan

2008, 44(11): 123-128. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081123

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A long lasting weather of massive ice storm at the beginning of 2008 caused a large scale disaster to plants of forests in south China.A survey was carried out to evaluate harm of precious trees including Pterocarpus macrocarpus storthy after the disaster.The results showed that seedlings of Pterocarpus macrocarpus at the age of 1 or 2 a were inferior to those of Dalbergia and Santalum in cold tolerance.Pterocarpus macrocarpus seedlings were apparently harmed at 2.5℃,which was a critical temperature for the survival of the species and also a limiting factor to introduce the species to this region.Santalum album could tolerate a temperature as low as-1℃.Dalbergia odorifera could survive at-3℃ and Aquilaria sinensis could survive frosts for a short time of frosting.In addition,the seedlings with high quality and older age showed higher cold tolerance.

The Relationship among Environment,Management,Biological Characteristics and Snow/Ice Disaster in Phyllostachys edulis forest

Li Weicheng;Wang Shudong;Zhong Zheke;Zhou Yan;Sheng Haiyan;Sheng Biyun;

2008, 44(11): 128-134. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081124

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The stand condition and growth analysis characteristics of P.edulis were measured and the management type was quantified.Nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMS)was used to analyze the orientation of total sample plots and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)was applied to analyze the multifactor environmental variances;meanwhile,Monte Carlo test was applied to check up the results of above methods.Community separation was clearly shown by NMS ordination with a final stress of 7.734 5>5 and a final instability of 0.000 09<0.000 1.A three-dimensional solution was found after 143 iterations and total sample plots were divided into two parts,I.e.,Shuangshi group(SI)and Shimen(SII),which were depended on lowest height of living branch,stand density and gradient.Monte Carlo test proved that all three axes had a smaller stress than a random solution.CCA showed that 48.1% variance was explained by the first axes and 68.4% explained cumulatively in SI,60.5% variance was explained by the first axes and 95.6% explained cumulatively in SII respectively.So snow disaster was more complex than ice disaster.Furthermore,the correlations between sample plots and axis responded to the percentage of variance explained by each axe.Monte Carlo test showed that there was difference between eigenvalue of real data and simulated data(P<0.01)as same as species-environmental correlation(P=0.0350<0.05)of SI and SII respectively,what indicated that events were not at random,but did represent the relationship between environment variables and biological information.CCA implied that obtruncation influenced the quantity of uprooting,breakage and split,but it was not shown in the analysis of ordination.And stand density affected the morphological structure and sensitivity responding to snow/ice of P.heterocycla.Data did not show that the difference of slope direction,maybe,for the havoc in the investigation area both on south and north slope,but indicated that correlation between damage degree of snow/ice disaster and diameter at breast height existed,and there was one critical value between density and taper.So selective cutting should be appended on the list of management to achieve reasonable stand density and better taper of bamboo which was much less than arbor(average value=0.007 8<0.01)implying that it was easy to fall under snow/ice pressure.Properties of taper played an important role in bamboo forest management.Different phenomena like bending,breakage,uprooting and split were reflected by different series of variances showed by 3-dimension illustration,so it should be treated variously on forest management.As a whole,the nonlinear nature of energy and water exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere makes the aggregation of parameters a challenge for analysis,so CCA and NMS indicated that effects of all kinds of disturbance on bamboo ecosystem were a kind of multifactor integration function same to respond of plastical behavior of bamboo forest ecosystem.

Meteorological Reasons for Forest Damage by Ice and Snow in Hunan Province

Liu Xiaohong;Tan Zhuming;Yuan Yuelin;Zhang Canming;Yang Zhonghong

2008, 44(11): 134-140. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081125

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Based on the meteorological data and forest investigation data in several regions of Hunan Province during the huge ice disaster from January 13 to February 5,2008,damage degree of the forests was compared and analyzed.It was found that the forests were mechanically damaged by the stems broken,whole tree fell down,or tops and twigs broken.Some tree species also suffered from physiological harm besides mechanical damage.The proportions with intermediately to seriously damaged timber volumes were in a range of 40% to 100% for Pinus massoniana,Pinus elliottii,Cunninghamia laceolata,and the mixed wood of conifer and broadleaf trees in different regions,depended on intensity of the ice disaster.The most serious disaster occurred in the southern regions,such as Chengzhou,Yongzhou,Hengyang and etc.The disaster degree in the north part of Hunan,such as Yiyang,Changde and Yueyang,was relatively light.The other regions of Hunan were recognized as the serious disaster area.The meteorological reasons causing the ice disaster included high average dairy air temperature(-1℃-0℃)that was higher than that occurred during the terms when similar ice disaster happened in the previous years,combined with high average dairy relative humidity(greater than 85%).The weather lasted for many days so that ice crystals formed easily and over developed on the surface of trunks,twigs or electric wires.Those characteristics made this ice disaster different from others recorded ones in the same area.This rare phenomenon may relate to the global warming climate and the density increase of floating dust particles in sizes of nanometers.

Impact of the Snow Disaster Occurred in 2008 in South China to the Clump Bamboo in South Sichuan

Jiang Junming;Li Benxiang;Jiang Nanqing;Zhu Weishuang;Yu Ying;Chen Xiuming

2008, 44(11): 141-145. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081126

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Impact of snow disaster in January,2008 was investigated to 51 native and introduced clump bamboo species in a Bamboo Garden of Changning county,Sichuan Province.The results indicated that:1)The average frozen degree of the 51 species was 3.2,and among them 14 species were died,and only 3 species(Bambusa multiplex cv.Alphonse,Shibataea chinensis and Bambusa chungii)were not affected.2)Totally 11 species from 5 out of 15 genus,which were argesia,Cephalostachyum,Thyrsostachys,Cephalostachyum and Gigantochloa respectively were died out of freezing;The rank of frozen degree of 10 other genera was:Schizostachyum>Oxytenanthera>Dendrocalamus>Pleioblastus>Bambusa=Dendrocalamopsis>Indocalamus>Acidosasa>Neosinocalamus>Shibataea.3)The frozen degrees were the lightest of native bamboo species and species introduced from Nanchang,followed by those from Hangzhou,Nanjing.Species introduced from Nanning were frozen at middle extent,and the most serious frozen species were that from tropic area(Xishuanbanna),whose the mortality were up at 78%.The results showed the frozen degree was related with the origins.The more similar the climates were to the origins,the lighter damage the clump bamboo suffered of species from Menglen vivarium of tropic region suffered the most serious damage.The results suggested that the introduction of clump bamboo species should be based on the similarity of the climate,and bamboo species introduced in the south should pass the low temperature test before large scale demonstration.

Characteristics of Citrus Freeze Injury in the Newly-reclaimed Forest from Formland of Three Gorges Area in Hubei Province

Zhou Xihua;Xu Yongjie;Luo Zhijian;Zhou Guizhen;Deng Xianzhen;Cheng Junyong;Chen Chunfang;Fu Yun;Luo Yougang;Gao Benwang

2008, 44(11): 145-151. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081127

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From the beginning of February 2008,the characteristics of citrus low-temperature injury in the newly-reclaimed Forest from Farmland of Three Gorges area were surveyed.The results showed that different Citrus types were injured to different extent by low-temperature stress in this region.The freeze-tolerance was ranked as Satsuma> Pon-kan citrus > Navel Orange > Pomelo.The extent of low-temperature injury deteriorated with the altitude increase,and more than 80% Navel Oranges were injured scaled to 3 and more degree of injury above 600 m.The yield in previous year affected the injury degree,namely more yield severer injury.Aspect of slope of the citrus orchard affected the injury,the orchard on the south-facing slope was injured less than that on the north slope,and the orchards at both the top and bottom of the slope were hurt more severely than that in the middle of the slope.The Waters,shelterbelt,and artificial measures of protection such as coverage all could alleviate the low-temperature injury of citrus to some extent.Based on the results,some technical measures were presented in this paper to prevent citrus being injured and promote the growth restoration.

Investigation and Analysis of the Chilling Injury to the Common Garden Plants in Guangzhou,Early of 2008

Lin Ruifen;Yang Dongmei;Liu Dongming;Dai Jianyue;Xing Fuwu

2008, 44(11): 152-161. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081128

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The chilling injury to the common garden plants in Guangzhou city was investigated selectively in late February,2008.Results showed that a large number of the common garden plants were slightly or severely injured by the cold weather during this winter,belonging to 60 families,154 species,and the damaged grade ranked from I to V.It is found that those severely injured species mostly fell into several tropics-distributed families,such as Apocynaceae,Agavaceae,Pandanaceae and Heliconiaceae;Herbs were more vulnerable than wooden plants.The chilling injury degrees of the plants were also related with their habitats,planting time and cultivated management etc..According to these results,some suggestions about introduction and cultivation of garden plants in Guangzhou city were also proposed in this paper.

Influence of the Cold stress on Rubber Plantation at Xiqing State Farm in Hainan

Liu Shaokai;Xu Nengrui

2008, 44(11): 161-163. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081129

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The production of natural rubber is one of the main agricultural industries in Hainan Province.Hevea brasiliensis is sensitive to extreme cold weather.Freezing-hazard event in the Southen China in early 2008 caused big damage to natural rubber.Based on the investigation to the Xiqing State Farm in Danzhou,Hainan Island,this paper analyzed the influence of cold stress on the natural rubber and put forward some relevant suggestions.

Mechanical Damages to Woody Plants from a Snow Disaster in Yangdongshan Shierdushui Provincial Nature Reserve

Zhao Xia;Shen Xiaoqing;Huang Shineng;Luo Xinhua;Luo Tushou;Zeng Fanzhu;Zhang Na;Yu Weisheng;Xiao Yihua;Wang Xu

2008, 44(11): 164-167. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081130

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The mechanical damages to woody plants in Yangdongshan Shierdushui Provincial Nature Reserve,Lechang of Guangdong Province resulting from a snow disaster were investigated by sampling four 50 m×30 m plots located from 700 m to 1 000 m of elevation.in Shierdushui area of the reserve.The results showed that the woody plants suffered from five modes of damages:top breakage,stem bending,trunk breakage,uprooting and lodging.Stem bending was the prevailing mode of damage with an average of over 50% of damaged plants recorded in the four plots.The highest proportion of damaged plants in regard to DBH was recorded in the ≤3.0 cm DBH class,followed by the 3.1～5.0 cm DBH class,while the lowest found in the 7.1-9.0 cm DBH class.The mode of stem bending was mostly found in woody plants with mean DBH≤5.0 cm,while the other modes of damages were recorded in plants with mean DBH exceeding 5.1 cm.The woody plants with heights ≤5.0 m exhibited the most serious damage.In regard to the mode of damages,uprooting mostly occurred in plants with a mean height <5.0 m and stem bending and lodging in plants with a mean height less than 5.0 m.The mean height of top and trunk broken plants was from 3.1 m to 5.0 m.

Evaluation to the Sleet Freeze Disaster of the Non-commercial Forest in Zhejiang Province and the Reconstruction Measures

Li Tusheng;Qiu Yaode;Gao Hongdi;Zhou Zigui;Ying Baogen;Sheng Pingping

2008, 44(11): 168-170. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081131

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According to investigation on the disaster of non-commercial forest subcompartment of whole Zhejiang,it was found that around 78.15×10^{4<.sup> hm² of the 200×104 hm² non-commercial forest in the province was stricken by the spring sleet freezes in 2008.The seriously stricken area(I.e.,the ratio of damaged forest ≥30%)reached to 23.33×10⁴ hm²,and the stricken parts mainly consisted of the extremely important ecological areas and the areas whose ecological environment was very fragile,such as headwaters and natural reserves etc.Based on a preliminary estimation,the direct economic loss caused in the snow disaster was 26.08×10⁸ yuan,the biological matters were reduced by 1 172.61×10⁴ t and the various ecological losses in the forthcoming 10 years would reach to 942.71×10⁸ yuan.The countermeasures and suggestions,including comprehensively monitoring and evaluating impacts of the sleet freezes disaster on local environment,research on restoration technology for the damaged non-commercial forest ecosystems and implementation of reconstruction projects,have been proposed for reconstruction after the disaster in the end of the article.}

Effects of Snow and Ice Disasters on Forest Fuel and Fire Behaviors in the Southern China

Wang Qiuhua Shu Lifu Dai Xing'an Wang Mingyu Tian Xiaorui

2008, 44(11): 171-176. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081132

Abstract ( 863 )

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After snow and ice disasters,stands of Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata,Liquidambar formosana,Cinnamomum camphora and Phyllostachys pubescens and new burned forest areas in Hunan Province were surveyed in experimental plots.Water content and fuel load of combustible samples were measured and fire behaviors,such as rate of spread etc.,were calculated.The results showed that fuel load increased double in a short time,fuel thickness enhanced,fuel continuity swelled and water content of fuel decreased since shrubs and herbs died after snow and ice disasters.Load of fuel in 7 plots varied from 12.23 to 50.26 t·hm^-2.After snow and ice disasters,with fire environment changed,fire behaviors of burned forest areas were extraordinary complex.Fire intensity was 1 500～9 000 kW·m^-1,with average 3 500 kW·m^-1.Rate of fire spread was 111.67 ～972.71 m²·min^-1,and fire severity exceeded 50%.This situation suggested the forests were at the risk of the conflagration.

Effects of the Frozen Rain and Snow Disaster to the Litterfall of Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaved Mixed Forest in Yangdongshan Shierdushui Nature Reserve of Guangdong

Luo Tushou;Zhang Guoping;Wu Zhongmin;Weng Qijie;Luo Xinhua;Zhang Na;Xiao Yihua;Zeng Fanzhu;Wang Xu;Yu Weisheng;Zhao Xia

2008, 44(11): 177-183. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081133

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Based on the survey data of the evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest damaged by the frozen rain and snow at the plots in Yangdongshan Shierdushui Nature Reserve,Guangdong Province in early 2008.The forest damage degree and the existing falling biomass at different altitudes were investigated.The result showed that,the damage degree of the forest was directly proportional to the altitude.From 700 to 1 000 m of altitude,the vegetation damage was serious,and the abnormal litterfall was 13.96～19.59 t·hm^-2,and the total existing litterfall was 23.39～29.97 t·hm^-2,which was much higher than that of the usual annual amount.The disaster might also cause further potential dangers of secondary disasters.It was necessary to take appropriate health clearance of woodland,and other measures to promote renew and rehabilitation,for quickly restoring forest resources and the ecological environment.

Pieridae Fauna of Nanling National Nature Reserve and the Impact of Snow Disaster on the Population Densities

Wang Shengkun;Gong Yuening;Gu Maobin;Kang Lihua;Xu Daping

2008, 44(11): 184-187. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081134

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Totally 35 species of Pieridae,belonged to 16 genera,had been found in Nanling National Nature Reserve in a previous multiple-years investigation.The Pieridae fauna were 72 % similar to that in Hainan Province,and these butterflies in the two places had the same origin.An investigation was carried out again after a snow disaster which happened during the period of January to February 2008.The result showed that populations and species of Pieridae decreased obviously.Up to 20 species of Pieridae,accounted for 57.14% of total Pieridae in Nanling,were not found.It indicated that the snow disaster brought a destructive impact on the Pieridae biodiversity in Nanling National Nature Reserve.

Research and Analysis on the Utilization Benefit and Damaged Bamboo Utilization of Moso Bamboo

Zhou Yiquan;Gu Xiaoping;Wu Bolin;He Junchao;Yuan Na;Guo Yanhui

2008, 44(11): 188-192. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081135

Abstract ( 833 )

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Three processing ways of bamboo that turned over by ice and snow were done and the results show that the relation between the DBH and the utilization ratio was conical relationship,so does the relation between the DBH and the economic benefit.In processing way of bamboo mat and recombinant floor,the highest comprehensive utilization(59.4%),sales income(1.06 yuan·kg^-1)and profits(0.24 yuan·kg^-1)was obtained at 9.40 cm,9.15 cm,9.14 cm respectively.In processing way of bamboo mat and construction formwork,The highest comprehensive utilization(56.74%),sales income(0.99 yuan·kg^-1)and profits(0.20 yuan·kg^-1)was obtained at 9.40 cm,9.44 cm,9.27 cm respectively.In processing way of bamboo strips and floor,The highest Comprehensive utilization(58.27%),sales income(1.03 yuan·kg^-1)and profits(0.24 yuan·kg^-1)was obtained at 10.33 cm,10.63 cm、10.39 cm respectively.As for the broken bamboo,the comprehensive utilization,sales income,profits(45.37%,0.82 yuan·kg^-1,0.12 yuan·kg^-1)were lower significantly than normal bamboo(55%,1 yuan·kg^-1,0.2 yuan·kg^-1).The testing results points out that we should attach importance to bamboo waste utilization for raising the utilization ratio and economic benefit.The target of bamboo cultivation is attach more importance to improving output and cultivating medium diameter bamboo.

Economical Assessment of the Lose's Value Brought by the Blizzard and Frozen Disasters to the Forest in the Ecosystem Services——Take the Disaster Forest of Fujian Province as the Example

Xu Fenglan;Qian Guoqin;Yang Lunzeng

2008, 44(11): 193-201. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081136

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Firstly,the assessment index system for the economical loss brought by the blizzards and frozen to the forest ecosystem in the functional value of ecological environment services were established and the estimating methods for the various index were ascertained,according to the principles and methods of environmental economics.And then put to calculate the value of assessment indicators through the methods of quantitative and semi-quantitative converting,in order to reflect the loss of ecological functions value in the monetary form and achieve the goal of quantitative evaluation.At the same time,evaluated empirically the value loss,taking the disaster-stricken forest in Fujian province as an example,the results show that the indirect economic loss brought by 2008' blizzard and frozen disasters to Fujian provincial forest in water conservation,soil conservation,carbon sequestration release oxygen,purify air,biodiversity conservation,and other ecological functions value were 10.790 6,8.022 8,5.261 7,2.778 2 and 0.072 0 million yuan yearly,a total of the indirect economic loss in the value of ecosystem services reached 26.925 3 billion yuan yearly,and the direct economic loss brought by 2008 blizzard and frozen disasters to Fujian provincial forestry in provision of forest products is 4.597 5 billion yuan.The results indicated that the indirect use value loss of forest in ecological environment services is far greater than the value loss of the direct provision of forest products.

Legal Suggestion of Forestry Disaster Funds Relief

Zou Limei

2008, 44(11): 202-206. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081137

Abstract ( 813 )

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Forestry disaster funds relief must be consistent with the characteristics of forestry resources,and then the relief funds is one of the most effective way to restore forestry production.This paper discussed the necessity of legislation in forestry disaster funds relief and how to regulate forestry disaster funds relief by legal means,which included how to regulate finance relief,insurance relief,community donations and international relief.

Related Policy Analysis of Fujian Wood-Bamboo Sales after the Snow Disaster

Chen Kezao

2008, 44(11): 207-210.

Abstract ( 813 )

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This paper attempts to analysis the policy formulation,implementation,performance effect of Fujian wood-bamboo sales after the snow disaster,and draw inspiration that public policy should be formulated according to scientific procedures,policy objectives should be specific and feasible,let more stakeholders involved in,try to avoid direct interference by the executive etc.

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