Abstract: In this study, one survey plot was selected and 10 simulative plots of 100 m×100 m were set up. Four edge correction methos of the buffer zone, the 8 neighborhood reflection, the 8 neighborhood translation and the distance determinant method of the 4^th neighborhood on the neighborhood were compared with mingling index and angle index of tree spatial structure parameters and the ratio of the trees taken part in the calculation. The results indicated that:1) 8 neighborhood translation, the buffer zone, the distance determinant method of the 4^th neighborhood were exacter than 8 neighborhood reflection in analyzing the spatial structure; 2) the distance determinant method of the 4^th neighborhood was much better than the 8 neighborhood translation in applicability of plot shape; 3) the distance determinant method of the 4^th neighborhood was more effective than the buffer zone in the ratio of the trees taken part in the calculation.

Abstract: Carbon density,storage and spatial distribution of three different age classes(4-year-ld,7-year-old and 11-year-old) of Acacia mangium plantation ecosystems were investigated in the city of Nanning,Guangxi.The results indicated that carbon density in different organs of A. mangium ranged from 455.4 g•kg^-1 to 494.5 g•kg^-1,which in the order as follows: bark＞stem or leaf ＞branch＞root.The vertical distribution of carbon density within the stand was in the following order: tree layer＞shrub layer＞herb layer. Carbon density in the 0～80 cm of soil increased with the stand age increase, and decreased with the inrease of soil deepness.The total carbon storages in three age classes of A. mangium plantation ecosystems were 117.63,176.70 and 202.08 t•hm^-2,respectively.Of the total storage of carbon,25.67%～50.91% was distributed in tree layer,1.62%～1.82% at herb and shrub layer,44.59%～69.84% at soil layer,only 2.68%～2.88% at litter layer. Annual net carbon storage at three age classes of A. mangium plantation was respectively up to 10.66,5.70 and 12.55 t•hm^-2a^-1 and 70.17%～74.58% of the total annual net carbon storage was distributed at tree layer,with the 44.59%～69.84% at little layer.Therefore, A. mangium plantation could obviously increase the carbon storage of ecosystem and prompt the potential capability of sequestrating atmospheric CO₂.

Abstract: An elite hybrid clone of Populus×euramericana cv. Nanlin 895 was used as the receptor material for transgenic transformation, and Agrobacteriummediated method was applied to introduce DREB1C gene encoding a transcription factor related with stresses.A total 80 resistant plants were gained via strictly selection by hygromycin. Among them 30 positive transgenic plants were verified by PCR and real-time PCR analysis. It is indicated that DREB1C gene was probably integrated into genome of Nanlin 895. Furthermore, results of resistant experiment showed that resistance of transgenic plants to drought and salt was stronger than non-transgenic plants.

Abstract: Diversity of 6-Corylus-species distributed in China was analyzed by 11 SSR markers isolated from C. avellana. A total of 81 alleles were amplified by 11 high informative SSR primer pairs from 34 DNA templates of the accessions tested. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 13 with an average value of 7.36. Average value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.73,ranged from 0.47 to 0.86 Sequencing the PCR amplified DNA showed there existed microsatellites of C.avellana in 6-Corylus-species. Other short tri-nucleotide repeat sequence also exhibited variable in repeat numbers at CAC C28 locus. In addition,the average Nei's gene diversity index was 0.59 for all the loci of three species, including Corylus heterophylla,Corylus mandshurica and Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis, which were of potential commercial value. This study demonstrated that the silver-staining SSR was a useful tool for genetic diversification, source conservation, variety identification and construction of molecular map among species of the genus Corylus.

Abstract: Based on the natural distribution of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, three cone size traits (cone length, cone width, and cone length/width ratio) were measured for the cones collected from natural stands of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in five sites (Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami) of different longitudes(81°05′—93°41.5′E) in Tianshan Mountains with similar latitude. Cones were collected from the lower limit to the upper limit of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica.The aim is to analyze the variation of cone size traits along the altitudinal and longitudinal gradient. The results showed that the cone size varied with different range of altitude in each longitude site. The cone length and the ratio of cone length to width decreased along the altitudinal gradient, while the cone width did not significantly change along the altitudinal gradient.The variation of cone width was lower than that of cone length at each site of longitude. The cone size traits varied with altitude, slope and longitude. The variation of cone length was mainly influenced by the altitude and slope, while the variation of cone width was mainly influenced by the longitude, however, variation of the ratio of cone length to width was influenced by altitude, slope and longitude.

Abstract: Tree-0ring cores of Pinus massoniana were collected from different elevations of Zigui County, Three-Gorge reservoir area in China. Tree-ring width chronologies including RES and STD were established using standard dendrochronological methods, respectively. The relationship of P. massoniana radial growth with climatic factors of different elevations was assessed by dendrochronological techniques including correlation functions and single-years analysis. Finally the correlation model between tree-ring width index and climatic factors in the different elevations was simulated by multi-factor regression. The results showed that the character of ring width index of P. massoniana was different for the altitude gradients due to complex topographic. The ring growth in different elevations had a significantly different response to temperature and precipitation. In normal climatic conditions, the growth at 300 m elevation was significantly affected by mean monthly precipitation and humid index in previous June and October. There was no significant correlation to climatic factors of the current year. The growth at 600 m elevation was significantly correlated to temperature in previous June and mean monthly precipitation and humid index in current July. At 900 m the growth was not only affected by temperature of current February, but also affected by mean precipitation and humid index of this December. The relationship was verified by single year analysis.

Abstract: The activities and isoforms of superoxide dismutase peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the contents of proline, soluble protein (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plantlets of Broussonetia papyrifera subjected to salt stress treatments of 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mmol•L^-1 NaCl were studied. Our results demonstrated that soluble protein content increased with NaCl concentration at low level of NaCl concentration, and it decreased when NaCl concentration exceeds 100 mmol•L-1. SOD activity showed a slight decrease in low concentration of NaCl and then an increase with further increase in NaCl concentration. Moreover, the isoforms of SOD were affected by salt stress. POD exhibited a similar trend in enzyme activity as compared to SOD, However, the POD isoforms were minimally affected by NaCl treatment. CAT activity was increased by salt treatment. Moreover, proline contents markedly increased while the contents of MDA was increased at first and decreased subsequently in response to salt stress.

Abstract: our or five year old potted plants of Paeonia suffroticosa ‘Huhong’were subjected to the chilling treatment for different durations (1～7 weeks) to investigate the chilling requirements for shoot flush and flower initiation. Chilling was followed by forcing for up to 8 weeks in greenhouse until flowering finished. Based on the effects of different chilling durations on germination and flowering and the plant hormones dynamics during the chilling treatment, the process of the chilling treatment were divided into four stages of chilling accumulation, dormancy switching release, dormancy basically release and dormancy entirely release. The dynamic variation of GA₃, ABA, CTK, IAA and their ratio in the buds were tested in every chilling treatment stage and after moved into greenhouse. The results demonstrated that GA₃ and CTK induced, however ABA inhibited the dormancy release. The process of the release was well reflected in the change of the activators and inhibitor, among which the ratio of GA₃ to ABA was directly related to the dormancy releasing progress. Finally, it was proposed that chilling treatment result in dormancy release probably through regulating the balance of activators and inhibitors existed in the buds, and the progress of dormancy release of the buds was a result of multI-factors regulation.

Abstract: We used the 3 year seedlings of Larix principis rupprechtii and Picea meyeri to investigate their growth and physiological changes, and survival differences and other functional traits in response to the four light regimes (0%, 55%, 75% or 95% shade) and five planting densities. After a whole growing season, the relative root collar diameter growth (RCDG) of larch seedlings was significantly increased under deep shade (95%), while the survival rates were also significantly increased under moderate shade (55% and 75%). The relative growth rate (HG) and chlorophyll content of spruce seedlings significantly increased with decreasing light, but the survival rates were not affected at all. Under different planting densities, the larch seedlings did not show significant difference in their growth and physiological performances, but the survival rates under moderate planting densities were significantly higher than those under higher and lower planting densities. Furthermore, the HG and chlorophyll content of spruce seedlings mixed with larch were significantly higher than those of pure spruce seedlings, while no difference in survival rates was observed between of them. These results suggest that moderate shade and moderate planting densities can improve the growth performance of larch seedlings to some extent and significantly increase their survival to warrant the larch successfully established, while moderate shade and mixing plantation are favorable for the growth of spruce seedlings.

Abstract: The genotypes of forest trees and the optimum mixture ratio for fertilization are crucial factors for breeding superior seedlings. In this experiment, seven half-sib families were selected for the culture of Betula platyphylla seedlings. During the growth period, three different nutrient solutions, with different mixture ratios of N.P.K, were used to fertilize the seedlings on the leaf surface regularly. Hitherto, this paper for the first time reported a systematical study of the effects of the formula fertilizer on different families of Betula platyphylla, which could provide theoretical bases for breeding superior seedlings with higher survival rate after being transferred from the nursery. After the variance analysis and multiple comparisons of several indexes, including the height and height to caliper ratio and shoot to root ratio, of each families under three different fertilization treatment as well as control, we found the optimum fertilizer prescription for each family. The results were as follows: the optimum fertilizer prescription for F1, F3, F4, F5 was T2, promoting the seedling height by 13.43%～35.74%; the best fertilization prescription for F6, F7 was T3 which was able to enhance the seedling height by 24.93% and 26.46%; and the optimum fertilizer prescription for F2 was T1. The three fertilizer prescription all improved the growth during the seedling period. As for the seven families as a general, T2 was the best fertilizer prescription.

Abstract: In the light of research achievements on the factors affecting growth and development of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector insects, four basic conditions (i.e., plant autoeciousness, B. xylophilus pathogen, vector insects and environment) affecting the survival and spread of B. xylophilus were comprehensively analyzed by applying the theories and methods of synthetic assessment of fuzzy mathematics, geographical information system and geostatistics, and the relatively exactly potential distribution region of B. xylophilus in China and the more detail potential distribution region of B. xylophilus in Yunnan province were estimated. The above results would provide scientific bases for making policies in quarantining, preventing and controlling B. xylophilus.

Abstract: Pissodes yunnanensis is one of the serious pests of Pinus yunnanensis. Antennal sensillum of P. yunnanensis was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the antennae of adult females and males were geniculate and made up of scape, pedicel and flagella that consised of 7 segments. Six types of sensillum were observed on the antennae of both adult females and males. They were sensillum trichodea, sensillum basiconca, feet-like sensillum, bud-like sensillum, finger-like sensillum and sensillum coeloconica. The antennae had more sensillum trichodea and finger-like sensillum than the other types of sensillum. In addition, the femal antennae had double-bud-like sensillum and the male antennae had sensillum auricillica. Finger-like sensillum, feet-like sensillum and double-bud-like sensillum were for the first time reported presented in insects of Coleoptera. The shape, distribution of these sensilla and their differences between sexes were described.

Abstract: GC-MS was used to determine the composition and the amount of the terpene volatiles collected from the infested cones (by Gravitarmata mairgarotana larvae) by means of head space absoption, during the oviposition period of female adult Dioryctria pryeri. Results showed that 6 kinds of terpenes were found in the volatile blends of the infested and uninfested cone-shoots in Chinese Pine ( Pinus tabulaeformis ), and the emitting amount of the terpenes was to some extent different between night and daytime. During the oviposition period the cone-shoot volatiles at night was very important to coneworm adult due to nocturnal trait of the moth. In those time, specific blend of the herbivore-induced cone in Chinese Pine was composed of 1R-(+)-α-pinene,β-myrcene and D-limonene. Measurement of electroantennography (EAG) in cones of Chinese Pine and armand pine ( Pinus armandi ) showed that EAG response of D. pryeri to the infested cones was significantly higher than the uninfested cones in Chinese pine, but there was no significant difference in EAG response to the infested and uninfested cones of armand pine. A tropism of both sexes in Y-olfactormeter showed that tropism response of female moth to host volatiles was more active than male moth, and the trend response to CH₂Cl₂ extracts from Chinese pine cones was stronger than that from armand pine cone. Moreover, the volatiles of CH₂Cl₂ extracts of one year old needles and the infested cone in Chinese pine attracted more females than that of the uninfested cone did. A tropism experiment of monoterpene standard compounds showed that α-pinene had an important role in attracting the coneworm moth, and a mixture of 1R-(+)-α-pinene, β-myrcene and D-limonene had strong attracting effect to the moth. Furthermore, the infested cone and its extracts could obviously stimulate female to oviposite. The result suggested that CH₂Cl₂ extracts of the infested cone in Chinese Pine might contain ovipositive stimulants of the female. However, CH₂Cl₂ extracts of the cone in armand pine inhibited the femal to oviposite and therefore, they might contain ovipositive deterrents of the female.

Abstract: This paper describes two new species of leafhoppers injurious to Bamboo. 1. Bambusana brancha sp. nov. Body length (incl. tegm.): ♂5.5～5.7 mm，♀5.8～6.0 mm.Holotype ♂,Kuankuoshui, Guizhou Prov., 1-5,Aug.1984coll.by Li Zizhong; Paratypes 8♂♂，17♀♀，same data as holotype; 11♂♂，25♀♀，Fanjingshan,Guizhou Prov.,11-14Aug.1994, coll.by Chen Xiangsheng.Host plant: Phyllostachys heterolado Oliv.This new species is similar to Bambusana bambusae (Matsumura,1914) in appearance,but can be distinguished from latter by the ventral margin of pygofer side at apex indentationlike and its middle with one branchlike process,the apex of aedeagua forked. 2. Bambusana leigongshana sp. nov. Body length (incl. tegm.): ♂4.0～4.2 mm，♀4.8～5.0 mm. Holotype♂, Leigongshan,Guizhou Prov.,1-2 June. 2005 coll.by Li Zizhong and Zhang Bin; Paratypes 5♂♂，2♀♀，same data as holotype. Host plant: Chimonobambus angustfolia C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao.This new species is allied to Bambusana jenjouristi (Anufriev,1969) in appearance,but can be distinguished from latter by the ventral margin of pygofer side indentation-like,and pygofer side without a serrated protrusion subapically on ventral margin, aedeagus shaft without a ventro-basal tooth-like process.The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology,Guizhou University.

Abstract: Take two softwoods and two hardwoods as test materials, studied on microstructure evolves of non-flaw and crosswise crack-contained specimens under bending break process by acoustic emission (AE) technology, and using the AE characteristic parameters to distinguish several damaged types. The results indicate: the ratio of AE hits occurred of non-flaw specimens were small during the initiation of loading,and mainly appears low amplitude and low energy AE signals. As the load reached the peak and during the fracture stage, a large number of AE hits occurred and its amplitude and energy were high. Using the AE set monitor the entire damage-fracture process of crack-contained specimens under three-point-bended, may distinguish the crack tip to sidewise initiation and expansion on different stages obviously. AE signal characteristic related to damage pattern, the AE signals are large amplitude,large energy and long duration when cell-wall break, but AE signals are low amplitude, low energy and short duration as cell-wall interface damage,interlaminar fracture, cell yield and collapse damage. The Kaiser effect appears at lower loading level, but the Felicity effect appears at lower loading level.

Abstract: In this paper, the effects of high temperature heat treatment at 185 ℃ in commercial scale on mechanical properties of ash ( Fraxinus mandshurica ) wood were investigated. The results showed that there was no visible difference between modulus of elasticity (MOE) in tangential direction and that in radial direction of treated wood, which was the same to the reference. There were negative effects on modulus of rupture (MOR) in tangential direction and partial compressive stress perpendicular to the grain of ash wood by this method, but had hardly any effects on MOE in tangential direction, compressive strength parallel to the grain, surface hardness, etc.. If comparing the mechanical properties of treated wood with the reference in service condition, it was concluded that the above mechanical properties of treated wood were better than the reference except for MOR in tangential direction.

Abstract: Longitudinal air permeability of Masson Pine ( Pinus massoniana ) specimens was determined at different flow rates from 1.3×10^-6 to 1.0×10^-5 m³•s^-1. The flow rate exhibited a linear and nonlinear relationship with the pressure difference between the ends of specimen within the investigated range. The nonlinear flow component increases with increasing of pressure difference or flow rate. The flow rate (or the pressure difference) had influence on the measured values of the longitudinal air permeability of each specimen. Of six investigated specimens, the relative difference between the maximum and minimum of the longitudinal air permeability was from 3.1% to 5.7% for five specimens, while one specimen had the relative difference as high as 34.2%. It suggested that measurement of air permeability of specimen should be made at different flow rates. Air permeability of wood should be taken from arithmetic or weighed average of values from measurement at different flow rates or different pressure differences. Moreover, the range of flow rates or the pressure differences should also be presented together with the air permeability of wood.

Abstract: Combining diametrical planks and strain gauge method,the radial distribution of ILRS (internal longitudinal residual strain) of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis plantation logs was measured. Results showed that radial distribution of ILRS was symmetrical across the diameter. From the bark to pith,the largest tensile strain was near the bark,to the pith direction,tensile strain absolute value declined and turned zero at certain radius,after that tensile strain changed into compressive strain which presented obvious increasing tendency to the pith direction. The regression equation of radial distribution of ILRS was y=-21.075x²+4.529 7x+890.75,significantly correlated below 0.01 level (correlation coefficient was 0.87). Tree radius of crossover point from tensile strain to compressive strain was 0.618R. Radial distribution pattern of ILRS at different heights was similar,regression curve was significantly correlated below 0.01 level,but the correlation coefficient decreased with log height increasing. Radial distribution changing gradient of ILRS was greatly affected by log diameter; the curve of the smaller tree was much steeper. A new viewpoint was advanced in this study,namely there was a critical value for log stem diameter which had relation to radial distribution changing gradient of ILRS. When log stem diameter is less than the critical value,the gradient of ILRS will augment evidently with log stem diameter decreasing. The critical value is 19.9 cm for Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis plantation wood in this study.

Abstract: This paper introduced flower pigments composition, and related enzymes and genes involved in the main pigments biosynthetic pathway in yellow flowers, and reviewed the advances in study on the biochemical and molecular biological mechanism of yellow flowers' formation are summarized, and analyzed the feasibility of using genetic engineering to breed yellow flower plants. The main pathways include inhibiting the gene expression of the key enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthesis or introducing some exotic related genes about yellow flower generation. This review intended to offer the reference on yellow flower molecular breeding. Finally, main problems and perspectives about the research of yellow flower genetic engineering were discussed.

Abstract: This paper reviewed past research works and current research progress regarding disturbance regime,degradation and restoration status,and analyzed the following key issues on restoration and reconstruction of the degraded natural forests on the upper reaches of Yangtze River. By integrating the classical and basic ecological theoretical rules into restoration and reconstruction practice,the Chinese traditional concept of "closing hills for forest conservation" was replenished with some new meanings. The restoration and reconstruction strategies of degraded natural forests were as follows: based on the law of natural succession imitating the species composition and community structure of the old-growth,making full use of the natural driving force of spontaneous succession,and taking rational assistant measures timely to introduce appropriate key species at a critical successional stage. As a result,the degradation process can be reversed,or a given succession stage can skip or shorten,and therefore,the restoration process and reestablishing sound structure and function of the degraded natural forests can be accelerated. Indigenous species are encouraged to be used for species introduction when appropriate as assistant measure. The following four rehabilitation and restoration models were proposed. 1) Protecting the old growth,primitive natural forest strictly for conserving gene bank and biodiversity and model stands; 2) For badly degraded sites where natural forest are totally lost,human-assisted measures must be taken to restore the habitat environments in terms of soil functions and re-establishing pioneer population; 3) For moderate degraded secondary naturally regenerated forest,appropriate human-assisted measures are needed to facilitate its natural succession process and to enhance its ecosystem services by regulating the species composition and community structure at the early successional stage; 4) For pure plantations,in particular,pure conifer plantation,dense canopy coverage and simplified structure should be changed in order to switch on natural regeneration mechanism and adjust species composition toward to close to nature reference stands. It is strongly suggested that the landscape pattern and heterogeneity should be taken into consideration of degraded natural forests,i.e.,optimal land use pattern and land cover configuration by forest landscape planning.

Abstract: Based on a review of studies on Kunming EXPO'99, this paper proposed a concept of speculated optimization landscape management. We conducted a picture questionnaire survey, in which the tourists were let to compare and choose the better one between the two kinds of the landscape pictures which were respectively the one maintained and the other optimized by computer. Taking the tourist esthetic experience as the point of view ; we proposed its optimization landscape measures, such as the cost reduction of the plants management in its main garden road, the space separation of its scenic spots, the naturization of its landscape, and so on.

Abstract: This paper investigated spatial distribution of Zanthoxylum bungeanum fine roots, which were sampled by excavating monoliths. The results showed that the root length density, surface area, volume as well as biomass were decreased with an increase in depth from 20 cm to 100 cm. The roots mainly distributed in 0～40 cm in the verticality, and the root length density, surface area, volume as well as biomass amounted to 72.0%,65.6%,59.2% and 57.5% of the corresponding total amount. Minimum and maximum of specific root length were respectively exhibited at 0～10 cm and 70～80 cm in the verticality. In addition, the root horizontal distribution reached to 110 cm, however most fine roots distributed within 50 cm and the horizon. And the root length density and biomass accounted for 71.5% and 76.4% of the total amount respectively. The minimum and the maximum of specific root length were exhibited at 10～20 cm and 70～80 cm in the horizon.

Abstract: In this paper, a protocol for efficient shoot regeneration was successfully developed from hypocotyl explants of Euonymus fortunei var. radicans. Some factors that influenced shoot regeneration such as different combinations of plant growth regulators, types of medium and inoculation ways were studied in order to establish an efficient plant regeneration for transformation. The results showed that hypocotyl explants were horizontally cultured on a basic medium composed of MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg•L^-1 BAP and 0.01 mg•L^-1 NAA for induction and development of adventitious shoots. Ninety-four percent of regeneration frequency and 5.1 shoots per explants were obtained after 30 days of culture. Regenerated shoots proliferated efficiently on a shoot multiplication medium consisting of MS medium containing 1.0 mg•L^-1 BAP and 0.1 mg•L^-1 NAA. Microshoots were rooted on a rooting medium made up of MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg•L^-1 IBA and 0.5 mg•L^-1 IAA. After hardening, 90% of plants were successfully established under greenhouse conditions. Histological observation revealed that shoot primordium originated from subepidermal cells of hypocotyl explants and directly developed into adventitious shoots without callus formation.

Abstract: In this paper，the authenticity of 4 reciprocal progenies from Taxodium distichum and T. mucronatum was identified by SRAP (Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism) markers. Firstly, 48 SRAP primer combinations were randomly selected and polymorphism primers between two parents (T. distichum and T. mucronatum ) were selected. As a result, all primers amplifid clear bands, and 29 primers had polymorphism bands of two parents, accounted for 60.4% of all primers, and 14 primer combinations with specific bands both two samples. Authenticity of 4 progenies from T. distichum and T. mucronatum was identified by 12 polymorphism primer combinations selected from above 29 polymorphism primer combinations. The results showed that 4 progenies were all identified to be true hybrids owing to their specific bands from male parent. Among the primer combinations, Me9+Em10 produced specific bands of both male parent and female parent in every progeny, that is to say, with this one primer combination alone, the status of 4 progenies can be identified. Efficiency of molecule identification were much improved. The results of hybrids identification provided a solid evidence for the hybrids further study and application. The experimental results also proved that SRAP molecular marker technology can be effectively applied in the researches on Taxodium.

Abstract: Paulownia witches' broom disease which was caused by the paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma (PaWB) is one of the severest diseases in paulownia production. Antigenic membrane protein ( Amp ) gene was cloned from Paulownia plants infected with Paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma in Shaanxi Province. The gene was 696 bp in length, encoding a predicted protein of 231 amino acids. Homology analysis of sequence from PaWB and other 8 phytoplasmas of GenBank available showed that amp gene of PaWB was 100% identical to PaWB-Japan, and closely related to those of onion yellow ( AY ) and aster yellow ( OY ) in the same 16Sr Ⅰgroup with nucleotide acids sequences homology rate of 97%; However it had a lower nucleotide acids sequences homology rate of 37% with western X disease in 16Sr Ⅲ group. Prediction of protein structure showed that molecular weight of Amp was 24.7 ku and isoelectric point was 9.935. The Amp protein possessed acentral hydrophilic region and two hydrophobic transmembrane regions. There were several potential cleavage sites of signal peptide, the strongest cleavage site was at the end of Amp and there was no potential cleavage sites in the middle Amp. The information suggested that the protein should be of good antigenicity.

Abstract: A full set of disease resistance ( R ) candidate genes encoding nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) in a complete genome of Populus trichocarpa was identified and characterized by structural diversities, physical positions, phylogenetic relationships. Based on structures of N-terminal motif and leucine-rich repeat domains motif, we found 381 NBS-coding sequences with 122 non-regular NBS genes and 259 regular NBS genes that were further classified into 13 types such as TNL, CNL, NL, XNL, TN and other minor types. Meanwhile 81.9% of the NBS genes were distributed in cluster, and 81.8% of the cluster genes had duplicates. The results showed that there were many duplicate phenomenon occurred in the evolution of disease resistance genes of P. trichocarpa. After analysis of NBS standard phylogenetic tree in the genome of P. trichocarpa, the structure of tree exhibited a star topology, and the regular NBS genes were classified into 68 groups by less than 30% amino acid sequence diversity in each domain.

Abstract: The influences of Ginkgo biloba leaves on survival and fecundity of Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus viennensis were elucidated by the bioassay on resistance of G. biloba to spider mites. The mortality curve and oviposition curve of spider mites confined in Ginkgo biloba leaf with the method of petri dish were visually analysed, and then the probit analysis simulated the regression relationship between mortality and survival time. Results demonstrated that T. urticae and T. viennensis inoculated on a G. biloba leaf all died respectively in 192 h and 96 h, and there were the normal phase linear regression relations between the mortality and the survival time. The median lethal time ( LT50 ) of T.urticae and T.viennensis on a G.biloba leaf was 102.00 h and 57.32 h, respectively. There was significant difference between the median lethal time ( LT50 ) of treatment and the median mortality time ( MT50 ) of control. The fecundity of T. viennensis inoculated on G. biloba leaves was fully inhibited in four days, and T. urticae never oviposited on ginkgo leaves during the experiment. In comparing the two spider species, ginkgo leaves affected more adversely the survival of T. viennensis, while inhibited more strongly the fecundity of T. urticae.

Abstract: Data from a survey in the Hasi Mountain areas of Jinyuan County in Gansu province of China showed that 83.3% white birch ( Betula platyphylla ) stand was infested by the Asian longhorned beete,Anoplophroa glabripennis. The longevity of the beetles was (41.2±11.5) days for a male and (39.1±13.1) days for a female when twigs of white birch were used as a sole source of food for the adult beetles. The area of twig barks consumed by a pair of beetles in their life time was (9.93±8.15) cm2. A female can make (12.4±12.1) egg pits in average during the period when they were alive and caged. If removal of the infested tree is used as a management measure, it must be excuted consecutively for two years to be effective. Field tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to treat infested trees with imidacloprid through trunk injection, soil injection, and soil drench. The results showed that the number of dead adults under the treated trees was 6.3 times for trunk injection, 5.1 times for soil injection, and 4.9 times for soil drench more than that under the untreated control. The number of live larvae decreased by 95.8％ for trunk injection, 83.3％ for soil injection, and 85.5％ for soil drench in comparison with larva mortality in control. The number of egg pits made on tree trunks by an adult was decreased by 87.1％、77.4％and 82.6％for imidacloprid trough trunk injection, soil injection, and soil drench, respectively, compared with the untreated control.

Abstract: The parasitism of Orgyia ericae, which causes damage to Ammopiptanthus mongolcus,Heclysarum mongolicum,Hedysarum scoparium and Caragana korshinskii was investigated in Hangjin Qi and Etuoke Qi of Erdosi in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that 8 insect species of the natural enemy were found to parasitize the O. ericae, including Tetrastichus sp. at egg stage, Pimpla disparis、Itoplectis viduata and Aprostocetus sp. at pupa stage, Monodontomerus minor and Aprostocetus sp. at larva pupa stage, Exorista larvarum and one species of Apanteles spp. at larva stage. Among them the ichneumon flies and chalcids were found sometimes to parasitically co-live in a pupa. There was significant difference in parasitism rate on H. mongolicum between the two regions in the same stage, and was also significant difference over the different stage in the same regions and hosts.